scholarly journals USING THE METHOD OF SEQUENTIAL RESTRICTIONS FOR SOLVING A DUAL-OBJECTIVE PROBLEM OF PRODUCTION PLANNING

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Dovha ◽  
◽  
Hryhorii Tsehelyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Optimal Production ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Maximum Profit

The processes of optimization of the production plan according to certain criteria by modeling were investigated. Achieving effective results directly depends on the optimal production plan. The most important thing in determining the optimal production plan is the choice of modeling criteria. For the most part, the quality of decisions is characterized not by one but by many incomparable criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions based not on one but on many criteria. This so-called multi-objective optimization problem. For solving such problems is widely used mathematical methods. Mathematical approach can be used to solve problems in any particular activity as mathematics abstracted from specific features characteristic of a particular solution. Therefore, from the point of view of mathematics, the optimal result can be obtained with various established criteria, but from the economic point of view it is important to choose the ones that are of decisive importance. That is, their weight is important for the consumer when making a purchase decision, and for the manufacturer – in terms of production capabilities of certain types and results (production efficiency). The basis of the operation of any enterprise is a production program (production and sales plan). The main task of the production plan is to meet the needs of consumers in high-quality products, which are produced with the best use of resources, on the one hand, and the enterprise to get the maximum profit, on the other. With this in mind, a two-criteria optimization model that allows to make a production plan was proposed. The plan ensures that products are produced with the best use of available resources and at the same time ensures maximum quality of manufactured products and maximum profit from sales of these products. The solution of the problem with two objective functions and linear constraints is achieved by step-by-step solution of the proposed mathematical model of optimization of the production plan using the method of sequential restrictions. The simplex method was also used. An example shows an algorithm for solving the optimization problem.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Economic Efficiency of Rapeseed Culture in Conventional and Organic Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Elena ȘURCĂ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Revenue Structure ◽  
Crop System

From an economic point of view, efficiency implies the use of resources, of any kind, at maximum efficiency, or else the relation between effect and effort is over unit. In any kind of activity economic efficiency is the basis for its start. In the present paper, the level of economic efficiency for rape crops will be determined, according to two technological systems: conventional and organic. The revenue structure, and especially the expenditure, will be found in the income and expenditure budget of the culture. We will compare the value of production, production costs, but also yield or rate of return. In the continuation of the study, a set of indicators of economic efficiency will be calculated for each crop system, which will be subjected to a mirror analysis, to determine the feasibility of rapeseed crops as accurately as possible. Finally, the results will be presented, the profitability of the crop according to the system, the level of the profit and the recommendations regarding the future way of growing the rapeseed.

Werbungskosten oder Subvention? Zur Rechtfertigung der Entfernungspauschale und Perspektiven ihrer Ausgestaltung

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Homburg ◽  
Holger Karrenbrock ◽  
Johann Eekhoff
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Occupational Activity ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cost Factors

AbstractStefan Homburg points out that in Germany commuting expenses have been deductible from the income tax base for a long time. Germany’s grand coalition has now restricted this deduction. The article analyses whether or not this was justified from an economic point of view. It is shown that, in the long run, the tax treatment of commuting expenses has nothing to do with production efficiency. Commuting rather represents a form of household production. The overall conclusion is that the more restrictive tax treatment seems economically justifiable.Whereas Holger Karrenbrock deals with the arguments of the proponents of the so-called ‘Werkstorprinzip’, a principle which means that for tax purposes the sphere of occupational activity ends at the factory gate. He demonstrates that expenses for commuting to and from work are incomerelated and therefore have to be tax deductible. The commutation to and from work is a condition precedent to income production, and the corresponding expenses solely arise from the taxpayer’s occupation, which both is essential in his opinion.Johann Eekhoff, however, emphasizes that since 2007 costs of commuting in Germany are in principle no longer deductible from taxable income. This change in taxation is appreciated because commuting costs can be substituted by housing costs. Generally speaking, the sum of both cost factors is the same at any distances from work. Only for married couples costs of a second household near the workplace should be tax-deductible if both partners are employed at different places.

scholarly journals Effect of different staking methods and stem pruning on yield and quality of summer tomato

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-432
Author(s):  
MS Alam ◽  
N Islam ◽  
S Ahmad ◽  
MI Hossen ◽  
MR Islam
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Agriculture Research Institute

The study was carried out during summer of 2012 with BARI hybrid tomato 4, planted in the Olericulture farm of Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh to find out the response of plants to some staking and pruning treatments on yield, fruit quality and cost of production. A two factor experiment consisting of three staking methods and four level of pruning, laid out in complete block design with three repetitions. Plants were staked on inverted „V? shaped staking, high platform and string. The plants were pruned to two stem, three stem, four stem and no pruning as control. Results showed that significantly the highest total number of fruits per plant (37.1), marketable fruits per plant (33.7), yield per plant (1.68 kg) and total yield (44.6 t/ha) were produced by the plants having the treatment string staking with four stem. The highest fruit set (43.50%) was found in the plants staking with string having three stems. Plants grown on string staking allowing two stem gave the maximum length (4.71 cm), diameter (4.83 cm) and weight (53.4g) of single fruit as well as maximum fruit firmness (3.43 kg-f cm-2). From the economic point of view, it was apparent that summer tomato produced by string staking with four stem pruning exhibited better performance compared to other treatment combinations in relation to net return and BCR (2.10).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 419-432, September 2016

scholarly journals On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Salvatore Trubia ◽  
Alessandro Severino ◽  
Salvatore Curto ◽  
Fabio Arena ◽  
Giovanni Pau
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Economic Point

The goal of civil engineering has always been the research and implementation of methods, technologies, and infrastructures to improve the community’s quality of life. One of the branches of civil engineering that has the strongest effect on progress is transport. The quality of transport has a profound economic and social impact on our communities regarding trade (freight transport) and city livability (public transport systems). However, innovation is not the only way to improve the features above-mentioned, especially public transport, considering that it is usually beneficial to enhance and repurpose vehicles with appropriate adjustments to offer more efficient services. Other perspectives that influence public transport systems are the costs and times of design and construction, maintenance, operating costs, and environmental impact, especially concerning CO2 emissions. Considering these issues, among the various types of existing public transport systems, those of the so-called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) offer worthwhile results. The BRT system is a type of public road transport operated by bus on reserved lanes, and it is significantly profitable, especially from an economic point of view, in areas where there are existing bus routes. Nonetheless, for the construction of works minimization, it is closely linked to other features that improve its usefulness, depending on the vehicles’ quality such as capacity, but above all, the propulsion or driving autonomy that would guarantee high efficiency. This paper introduces an analysis of some BRT systems operating worldwide, presenting the background, general technical features, and the correlation with autonomous vehicles.

Perspectives and actions to improve water quality in European Union Member States

elni Review ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Guiseppe Sgorbati ◽  
Nicoletta Dotti
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Quality Of Waters ◽  
Water Issues ◽  
European Union Member States

Although the European rules on water, which are mainly based on the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC), have been in force for many years, the quality of waters in Europe still have huge room for improvement before they can fulfil the objectives set by the WFD and by its “daughters Directive”. Two questions are key here: Are the European rules adequate for this challenging goal? If yes, are the rules applied homogeneously and correctly in European Union Countries or do many issues remain which prevent their full implementation? This article provides a broad overview of water issues in Europe, focusing on the level of fulfillment of requisites from EU legislation and the level of its implementation in Member States. This point of view has been adopted because an uneven implementation of EU laws prevents several European citizens from fulfillment of their right to a healthy environment and a good water resource quality and, furthermore, endangers the level playing field across Europe, from a social and economic point of view.

scholarly journals Magnetic Levitation Cargo Ransport Role in World Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Smirnov ◽  
Olga Yu. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Magnetic Levitation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Cargo Transport ◽  
Cargo Transportation

Background: Currently, the car, water, railway, air and pipe transports are used for cargo and goods transportation. Each kind of cargo transport has its own specific competitive advantages that provide its most effective application at various stages of logistics chain. The economic efficiency of cargo transportation influences the overall economic efficiency, in particular, the gross domestic product. The quality of economic growth as applied to transport branch and its input to the national economy is relevant, since with the current organisation of different transport modes interaction, there are still high transaction costs. Aim: Study of influence of various modes of transport, including maglev transport, on the economy and economic growth. Methods: Theoretical and empirical. The paper considers the influence of various modes of transport, that operate in the cargo transport sphere, on the countrys economy. The comparison of existing modes of transport with the maglev transport from the point of view of desired effects is made. Results: The maglev transport possesses new properties and advantages, which makes it possible to view is as viable and able to provide a qualitative economic growth and resource-based economy if realised. Conclusion: The most efficient use of resources, the consumption of which should at least not increase and at most decrease, is achieved with the introduction of maglev transport into the transport system, as its economic properties already now excel those of the majority of other types of transport. It is obvious, as to the experts, that in transition to resource-based economy the maglev transport will be major transport for both cargo and passenger transit.

scholarly journals Regional Features of the Development of the Flax Sub-complex in the Context of Growing Crisis Phenomena

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.В. Великанова ◽  
Р.А. Попов
Keyword(s):  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Fibre Flax ◽  
Regular Production ◽  
Wide Range

Целью настоящей работы является оценка состояния льноводства в Российской Федерации в целом и в отдельных льносеющих регионах, выявление текущих проблем в отрасли, изучение программ государственной поддержки льняного комплекса и определение возможностей для его развития. В процессе исследования использовался широкий спектр аналитических методов изучения экономических явлений – монографический, статистический и другие. Особое внимание уделялось сопоставимости показателей для анализа динамики изучаемых процессов. Для России лён-долгунец – важнейшая техническая культура, максимально адаптированная к её почвенно-климатическим условиям, позволяющая в значительной мере обеспечить импортозамещение хлопка. Основная задача, стоящая перед льняной отраслью сегодня – создание надёжной отечественной сырьевой базы для льноперерабатывающих предприятий. От её решения зависит экономическая и стратегическая безопасность страны, которая определяется необходимостью наличия отлаженного производства отечественного волокнистого сырья и продуктов его переработки гражданского и оборонного назначения. Исследования показали, что реализуемые меры по поддержке отрасли на федеральном и региональном уровнях положительно влияют на её состояние, но пока не могут обеспечить высокую эффективность производства. Валовые сборы льноволокна не растут и стабилизировались на уровне 40 тыс. тонн, а площади посева льна-долгунца не достигают и 50 тыс. гектаров. Низким остаётся и качество льнопродукции. В условиях высокой затратности производства льнопродукции, диспаритета цен, недостаточного уровня инвестиций рентабельность производства льнопродукции довольно низка. Важными и актуальными задачами в развитии льняной отрасли являются увеличение объёмов и эффективности производства льна, повышение качества волокнистой и семенной продукции, техническая и технологическая модернизация льноводства. Поэтому, наряду с действующими программами (льготное кредитование, лизинг техники, субсидирование затрат), необходима разработка целевой комплексной программы «Развитие льняного подкомплекса региона», охватывающей не только сельскохозяйственных товаропроизводителей, но и предприятия перерабатывающей и лёгкой промышленности. The purpose of this work is to assess the state of flax cultivation in the Russian Federation as a whole and in certain flax-sowing regions, to identify current problems in the industry, to study state support programs for the flax complex and to determine opportunities for its development. A wide range of analytical methods for studying economic phenomena – monographic, statistical and others was used in the research process. Particular attention was paid to the comparability of indicators for the analysis of the dynamics of the studied processes. For Russia, the fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum) is the most important industrial crop adapted to its soil and climatic conditions as much as possible, which allows to significantly ensuring the import substitution of cotton. The main task facing the flax industry today is to create a reliable domestic raw material base for flax processing enterprises. The economic and strategic security of the country depends on its decision which is determined by the need for regular production of domestic fibrous raw materials and its derived products for civil and defense purposes. Researches have shown that the measures implemented to support the industry at the federal and regional levels positively affect its condition, but so far cannot ensure high production efficiency. Whole yields of flax fiber do not increase and have stabilized at the level of 40 thousand tons and the area of planting fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum) does not reach 50 thousand hectares. The quality of flax products remains low. In conditions of high cost of flax production, price disparity, insufficient level of investments, the profitability of flax production is rather low. Important and relevant tasks in the development of the flax industry are increasing the volume and efficiency of flax production, improving the quality of fibrous and seed products and technical and technological modernization of flax cultivation. Therefore, along with existing programs (easy credit terms, finance lease of equipment, subsidizing of costs) it is necessary to develop a targeted integral program "Development of the flax sub-complex of the region", covering not only agricultural commodity producers but also enterprises of the processing and light industries.

scholarly journals ENSURING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION – A TREMENDOUS CHALLENGE FOR THE TEACHER

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1863-1867
Author(s):  
Nataša Zloporubović
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Expert Teacher ◽  
Teachers Beliefs ◽  
Student Achievements ◽  
Tremendous Challenge

The first and most important task of the teacher is to teach, but when there are some real problems social development, the development of personality and the process of learning, teachers represents the main adult persons in children's lives.. They have a very important role in the development of personality and social development of students. Often criticized as ineffective although praised as important for the future community of the young people. However, whether the teacher/s like individuals can really achieve а success in the teaching due to frequent restrictions in national strategies and educational systems? What is actually the influence of teachers in the education system as a whole? Finally, the research discussed in detail the standing of teachers in the education system, school climate, productive school culture and risk factor. Some of the difficulties a teacher faces today have been aforementioned, as well as the steps that teachers can use in solving the problems they face. Some examples of teaching within the national context of expectations from both schools and teachers – are being designated, from a historical point of view. The aim of the debate was to shed light on doubts about the reality of the objectives of education, pointing out the meaning of terms a person educated and efficient teachers. The main task is exposed for a review of three studies, which speak in favor of the powerful influence of teachers on students' lives. In the first study is investigated the contribution of teachers in relation to student successes, the second was examining how the teachers beliefs have an impact on the student achievements, while in the third study discusses pursued observations which implies that the teacher can achieve – and actually accomplishes – an impact on students and the chances offered to them in their lifes. Still, time and experience are two important factors to become an expert teacher. A teacher like this has a rich hoard of well organized knowledge about many specific situations in teaching. This includes knowledge of the subjects they teach, their students, the general teaching strategies, specific ways of teaching certain subjects, organized frameworks for the learning, materials provided by the curriculum and educational objectives.

scholarly journals Quality of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings grown on substrates with decomposed babassu palm stem

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romário Martins Costa ◽  
Marcos Renan Lima Leite ◽  
Sâmia dos Santos Matos ◽  
Rayssa Carolinne Mouzinho de Sousa ◽  
Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Babassu Palm ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT The use of pre-sprouted seedlings in the implantation of sugarcane crops not only reduces the establishment period and production costs, but also has other advantages, such as a lesser requirement of propagules (stems) and greater phytosanitary control of the seedlings, when compared to conventional planting. Commercial substrates are also expensive and their use increases the cost of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings grown on substrates with different proportions of decomposed babassu palm stem (DBPS), as well as to recommend the substrate formulation that provides the most favorable environment for the growth and development of sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings. For preparation of the substrate (S), DBPS and soil were used in the following proportions: S1: 0 % of DBPS + 100 % of soil; S2: 20 % of DBPS + 80 % of soil; S3: 40 % of DBPS + 60 % of soil; S4: 60 % of DBPS + 40 % of soil; S5: 80 % of DBPS + 20 % of soil; S6: 100 % of DBPS + 0 % of soil. The use of S2 and S3 considerably improved the seedling quality parameters, such as sprout diameter and length, number of leaves and total, shoot and root dry mass. However, from an economic point of view, S2 is recommended for use.

Taxonomy of Payment Structures and Economic Incentive Schemes in Internet

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brij B. Gupta ◽  
Prachi Gulihar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Framework Design ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The One ◽  
Security Standards

Recently the study of economics of internet has emerged as an emerging field of study. The workstations being distributed across the network along with the users having varied interests has made this study very important from an information security and policy designing point of view. The main purpose of any framework design is to keep up with the security standards of confidentiality, integrity and availability without being an overburden on the deployer. The same goes for the users, the Quality of Service (QoS) should be in accordance with what they pay for. The concept of “tragedy of commons” plays an important role in distributing the limited resources of the internet. In this, the users because of their own self-interest destroy the collective interest of a community sharing the resource. A sustainable pricing strategy is the one which is able to cater to the competitive advantage of different network providers offering the same set of services but on varied prices. A pricing mechanism will help in differentiating the services offered to the users, but another important task is of fixing the incentives. The pricing strategy plays a very important role in facilitating varied kinds of QoS requirements. Security professionals have realized that while designing any security mechanism it is vital to keep in consideration the “theory of mind” which explains the way the attackers and benign users take decision to deceive of remain loyal to the system. So, studying the incentive and payment structure from economic point of view is important.

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