scholarly journals The Impacts of Indonesia and Russia Trade Relations on Indonesia’s Maritime Security

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Manurung
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
In The Beginning

This article is to examine the increasing development of the bilateral trade relations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Russian Federation. Also it aims at studying the Indonesia-Russia trade relations on Indonesia’s national security. Thus, in pursuit of its national interest, Indonesia is working very hard to further strengthen its bilateral trade relations with Russia. Marking the 50 year old relationship in the beginning of the 21st century, the two countries have booked an increasing trade in their relations. This research employed qualitative research methods featuring descriptive analysis of the data on the bilateral relations within “The Framework of Friendly and Partnership in the 21st century”. Therefore, the author exposed the works of two main consultation mechanisms, namely the Indonesian-Russian Joint Commission on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation and the Joint Commission on Military Technical Cooperation under the President Megawati Sukarnoputri administration (2003 - 2004), succeeded by the 1st team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004 -2009) and the 2nd team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2009-2014), and President Joko Widodo (2014 - present). An increase is recorded in the overall trade relations of the two countries. Nevertheless, Indonesia still suffered from trade deficit. In addition, the Indonesian defense capability has increased.  

The development of trade relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Soviet Union (1960-1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Argyrios Tasoulas
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Cyprus

This article studies the development of Soviet-Cypriot trade relations in 1960-63, based on research at the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVP RF). Concurrently, a historical analysis follows the events after the creation of the new Cypriot state and the two major Cold War crises (the building of the Berlin wall and the Cuban missile crisis). The efforts made by both governments to develop bilateral trade, the aftermath of the two major international crises and the results of the two governments’ policies have been identified and analyzed.

Inter- and Intra-industry Trade Relations between Bangladesh and India: Empirical Results

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-292
Author(s):  
Anisul M. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Economic Ties

Bangladesh and India are two neighbouring countries in South Asia having strong political, diplomatic, trade and economic ties with each other. This article reviews and updates on the inter- and intra-industry trade relationship between these two countries using more recent data. More specifically, it examines the relative position of the two countries in global trade followed by trends and patters of bilateral trade using aggregative data. At a disaggregate level, the commodity composition of Bangladesh exports to and imports from India by major product categories is examined focusing on the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to review and update the degree of inter-industry trade. Further, the Grubel–Lloyd index (GLI; Grubel & Lloyd, 1975 ) is examined to measure the degree of intra-industry trade by major commodity groups. The article finds that India has a much stronger relative position in the global trade vis-à-vis Bangladesh. India is also found to dominate Bangladesh in bilateral trade, resulting in a very large and persistent trade deficit of Bangladesh with India. At a disaggregated level, the article finds that India has a comparative advantage in more products than Bangladesh and that the GLI shows that the degree of intra-industry trade is almost negligible between the two countries.

scholarly journals AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT TRENDS, COMPOSITION AND TRADE INTENSITY OF NIGERIA-BRAZIL BILATERAL RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flow ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
High Possibility

This paper examines the trends, composition and trade intensity of Nigeria-Brazil bilateral trade relations for the period 2000-2017. Tables, graphs, and trade intensity index were employed. The results indicate that Nigeria's trade with Brazil has significantly recorded impressive growth. However, the share of major products exported to Brazil over the period remained insignificant with the exception of mineral fuels. The results further show that the share of major products imported from Brazil is significant, indicating that Brazilian exports to Nigeria are more diversified than that of Nigeria's export to Brazil. The trade intensity index indicates high trade intensities between the countries and the high possibility of increasing bilateral trade flow. Based on these findings, the study recommends the need for Nigeria’s export to be restructured in order to reduce the prevailing role of mineral fuels to Nigeria's exports through diversification and identification of new export opportunities in Brazilian markets.

scholarly journals CHINA- PAKISTAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS: A REVIEW OF FIRST TWO DECADES OF 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad ,Prof. Dr. Sayeda Daud, Prof. Dr. Farooq Aziz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
True Friendship ◽  
Game Changer

China - Pakistan have celebrated more than 6 decades of true friendship. Both countries have cooperated in various fields i.e. economic, political, defence and cultural etc. This research focused on the economic relationship between both states during the first two decades of the 21st century. In this research, it is tried to find out and present the positive and negative points of these relations. Research briefly described the gradual improvement in bilateral relations. The depth of friendship can be determined by the Chinese statement when they declared Pakistan as dear as Israel for the United States. Recently, the most important project CPEC has diverted all the attention of global politics and geopolitics and it is being called the game-changer in the region. This research is qualitative and would base upon interviews, books and articles to reach on a conclusion and bring out a clear picture of the advantages and even disadvantages of various projects advanced by China in Pakistan. The way of bilateral trade has been discussed and suggestions are prepared to make this trade more China - Pakistan have celebrated more than 6 decades of true friendship. Both countries have cooperated in various fields i.e. economic, political, defence and cultural etc. This research focused on the economic relationship between both states during the first two decades of the 21st century. In this research, it is tried to find out and present the positive and negative points of these relations. Research briefly described the gradual improvement in bilateral relations. The depth of friendship can be determined by the Chinese statement when they declared Pakistan as dear as Israel for the United States. Recently, the most important project CPEC has diverted all the attention of global politics and geopolitics and it is being called the game-changer in the region. This research is qualitative and would base upon interviews, books and articles to reach on a conclusion and bring out a clear picture of the advantages and even disadvantages of various projects advanced by China in Pakistan. The way of bilateral trade has been discussed and suggestions are prepared to make this trade more

scholarly journals The dynamics of China-Ethiopia trade relations: economic capacity, balance of trade & trade regimes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manickam Venkataraman ◽  
Solomon M Gofie
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Economic Capacity

China’s trade with Ethiopia currently at 1.3 billion USD annually is expected to rise to US$3 billion by 2015. This not only informs the level of bilateral trade ties that Ethiopia has had with China as compared to any other country in the region but also signifies the highest and the closest level of bilateral relations that Ethiopia has built upwith China over the past decade since the new government under Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) took over power in 1991. There have been extensive debates on China’s role in Africa - whether it could be viewed as a constructive partner or otherwise. This essay puts forward the argument that while trade ties as one important channel of bilateral relations that China has embarked with the outside world and particularly with Africa is uneven and lop-sided. This is true of the Ethiopian context as well particularly when we look at the economic capacity, balance of trade and at the two countries relations with international trade regimes. While China is a full member of WTO for over a decade Ethiopia on the other hand has been aspiring to become a member for some time now and hence one of the important aspect of Ethio-China trade relations is the heavy reliance on bilateral/international trade regimes. Therefore, this research is aimed at unraveling the dynamics in Sino-Ethiopia trade relations with emphasis on the economic capacity of the two countries, balance of trade and explore whether Ethiopia’s attempts to join WTO would lead to a more predictable trade relations between the two countries. In this attempt the research would largely rely on the analysis of relevant archival resources and literatures directly relating to the themes in this paper.

scholarly journals UZBEKISTAN AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: HISTORY MEETS AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammadbobur TURAXODJAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Heads Of State

The article is devoted to the history of high-level meetings, in it, in chronological order, the visits of the heads of state are considered. The author analyzes the results of the meetings, highlights the current state and main trends in the field of trade, economic and technical cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Korea. The article emphasizes that relations between Uzbekistan and South Korea have grown into a strategic partnership, bilateral relations are developing in political, trade, economic, investment, cultural, humanitarian and other spheres.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND BHUTAN DURING SAFTA PERIOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Harjeet singh Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Rules Of The Game

The multilateral trade among countries is governed by the rules of the game set out by international institutions such as GATT (1948-95) and WTO (since 1995), but the bilateral trade between countries is practically governed by their political relations and strategic interests. This is equally true about the trade relations between India and Bhutan. Since independence, trade relations between India and Bhutan are governed by Indo-Bhutan friendship treaty 1949. Since the signing of this treaty, Indo-Bhutan bilateral relations are operating under the free trade regime till now. It is important to know how these relations are affected by the changing political and economic environment in this era of globalization. Foreign trade is most important indicator that reveals the health of political as well as economic relations among the nations. Rising volume of trade, trade intensity and complementary indices among nations are signs of healthy political and economic relations. In this paper, analysis of trade relations between India and Bhutan has been done by using statistical techniques of trade openness, trade intensity and export complementarity in order to understand the bilateral ties between two nations in a broader way.

scholarly journals Development of Trade Relations of Bosnia and Hercegovina with Slovenia: Different Aspects and Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Snježana Brkić
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Trade Analysis

AbstractThe paper is aimed at identifying characteristics of trade relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) with the Republic of Slovenia (Slovenia) in order to contribute to determining the position of BiH in its bilateral trade. The foreign trade analysis has been performed in the context of the changing trade regime between the two countries, thereby including both institutional and functional aspects of bilateral trade relations development. Different trade indicators have been calculated and interpreted for the period of 2003-2017 and/or for selected years which were identified by a change in the institutional regulations of mutual trade flows. The research results indicate increasing trade intensity between the two countries, with almost balanced export and import flows and with prevailing inter-industry trade. The trade performance of BiH has significantly improved, with increasing intra-industry specialization and trade. However, the export structure and comparative advantage pattern are not favourable toward BiH, which points to the need for improving the country’s position in its trade with Slovenia.

scholarly journals Prospects for Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Azerbaijan

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
S. Gacim
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Simultaneous Existence ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Virtual Platform

The article examines the current trends and prospects for trade and economic cooperation between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The author considers the factors that determine the current state of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. It has been established that in modern conditions, the importance of the Azerbaijan Republic as an international economic partner of the Kingdom of Morocco is growing, which is due to the increasing role of Azerbaijan in the world economy through energy supplies. On the basis of statistical data of the two countries, a comparative analysis of foreign trade of the Kingdom of Morocco with the Republic of Azerbaijan and foreign trade of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the Kingdom of Morocco has been conducted for the period from 2009 to 2016. The paradox, which is the simultaneous existence of a positive balance in the bilateral trade of each of the countries being studied, has been revealed and explained. It has been proved that trade relations between the two countries are fragile. The problem of intermediaries in trade operations between the two countries has been underlined. The author concludes that the level of development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco with the Republic of Azerbaijan is low and there is a need to introduce appropriate organizational mechanisms for its development. Promising areas of bilateral trade and economic cooperation have been identified, for the revitalization of which the creation of an interactive virtual platform “Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Azerbaijan” has been proposed.

scholarly journals Bilateral trade trends and patterns of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Case of trade with Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-95
Author(s):  
Snježana Brkić ◽  
Amira Velić
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Export Composition ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Technological Intensity

A country's trade pattern reflects its supply (export) and demand (import) specialization indicating national performance and competitiveness in the foreign as well as in the domestic market. By applying two different concepts of trade specialization (one based on traditional trade theories of comparative advantages and the other based on modern trade theories), complemented with the analysis of export-import flows and relations, the paper aims to identify characteristics of the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in its bilateral trade. The paper investigates trends, patterns and variations in the trade of B&H with Turkey during the eleven-year time frame (2009-2019), with special regard to identifying industries with revealed comparative advantages and industries with dominancy of IIT. The analysis employs different indicators such as indices of export composition, sectoral diversification/concentration, IIT intensity and structure, quality of exports and imports based on relative unit values and classification of industries by technological intensity. The research results indicated an unfavourable position of B&H in trade with Turkey, with no prominent changes in the observed period. The trade deficit is constantly present, with low export-import coverage and a declining export trend. The analysis revealed a higher level of export product concentration primarily on low value added products, and comparative advantages of B&H in fewer industries, mainly resource-based or medium-technologically intensive. Trade with Turkey is extremely inter-industry trade, viewed both at an aggregate and industrial level, also pointing to B&H's low competitiveness in analyzed trade relations.

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