scholarly journals Soil and sediment analysis for agricultural and arctic landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Lemke ◽  
David Atkinson ◽  
Christopher Wellen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Local Soil

Soil plays in integral role in our terrestrial ecosystems. It is the membrane between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Soils provide a medium for vegetation, a filtration system for water, and contain the essential minerals and nutrients plants require (ref). Soil is composed of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) material. Soil development is a dynamic and ongoing process that depends on local climate, parent material, topography, vegetation, and time. The size of the inorganic mineral particles within a soil is referred to as grain size. Soil grain size is classified as Clay if the particle diameter is <0.002 mm, as silt if it is between 0.002 mm and 0.06 mm, or as sand if it is between 0.06 mm and 2 mm (Figure). The texture of a soil, or the distribution of particle grain size, can be a determining factor on how the soil drains or retains water, and its ability to retain nutrients, and its susceptibility to erosion, all of which can be direct factors in the development of natural vegetation or crop suitability. To classify a particular soils texture the proportions of particle size (% Sand, % Silt, % Clay) of a given sample is required. The use of a standard method is essential in order to compare data obtained at different locations (ref). A well-developed method for determining the quantitative proportions of particle size is the hydrometer method. Additionally, local soil conditions, or infrastructure (Roads) can have a direct impact on the water quality, specifically the turbidity of local water. The quantitative measure of sediment with water is known as Total Suspended Sediment, and can be related to other water quality measures such as conductivity. Total suspended solids is determined by filtering a known volume of water and measuring the mass of the suspended material that is captured on a fine filter.

scholarly journals Soil and sediment analysis for agricultural and arctic landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Lemke ◽  
David Atkinson ◽  
Christopher Wellen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Local Soil

Soil plays in integral role in our terrestrial ecosystems. It is the membrane between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Soils provide a medium for vegetation, a filtration system for water, and contain the essential minerals and nutrients plants require (ref). Soil is composed of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) material. Soil development is a dynamic and ongoing process that depends on local climate, parent material, topography, vegetation, and time. The size of the inorganic mineral particles within a soil is referred to as grain size. Soil grain size is classified as Clay if the particle diameter is <0.002 mm, as silt if it is between 0.002 mm and 0.06 mm, or as sand if it is between 0.06 mm and 2 mm (Figure). The texture of a soil, or the distribution of particle grain size, can be a determining factor on how the soil drains or retains water, and its ability to retain nutrients, and its susceptibility to erosion, all of which can be direct factors in the development of natural vegetation or crop suitability. To classify a particular soils texture the proportions of particle size (% Sand, % Silt, % Clay) of a given sample is required. The use of a standard method is essential in order to compare data obtained at different locations (ref). A well-developed method for determining the quantitative proportions of particle size is the hydrometer method. Additionally, local soil conditions, or infrastructure (Roads) can have a direct impact on the water quality, specifically the turbidity of local water. The quantitative measure of sediment with water is known as Total Suspended Sediment, and can be related to other water quality measures such as conductivity. Total suspended solids is determined by filtering a known volume of water and measuring the mass of the suspended material that is captured on a fine filter.

scholarly journals Quantitative approach to realization of ultrasonic grain refinement of Al-7Si-2Cu-1Mg alloy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Bae Kim ◽  
Young-Hee Cho ◽  
Min-Su Jo ◽  
Jae-Gil Jung ◽  
Young-Kook Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Melt Temperature ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Refinement Mechanism ◽  
Ultrasonic Melt Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUltrasonic melt treatment (UST) was applied to Al-7Si-2Cu-1Mg melt at various temperatures of 620, 650, 700 and 785 °C. MgAl2O4 particles which were often found to be densely populated along oxide films, became effectively dispersed and well-wetted by UST. Transmission electron microscopy work combined with crystallography analysis clearly indicates that MgAl2O4 particles can act as α-Al nucleation site with the aid of UST. However, with UST, grain refinement occurred only at temperature of 620 °C and the grain size increased from 97 to 351 μm with increase of melt temperature to 785 °C for UST. In quantitative analysis of grain size and MgAl2O4 particle diameter, it was found that ultrasonic de-agglomeration decreased mean particle size of the MgAl2O4 particles, significantly reducing size from 1.2 to 0.4 μm when temperature increased from 620 to 785 °C. Such a size reduction with increased number of MgAl2O4 particles does not always guarantee grain refinement. Thus, in this work, detailed condition for achieving grain refinement by UST is discussed based on quantitative measurement. Furthermore, we tried to suggest the most valid grain refinement mechanism among the known mechanisms by investigation of the relationship between grain size and particle size with variation of melt temperature.

Grain size of deposits in different plantation dunes on the eastern shore of Qinghai Lake

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihui Tian ◽  
Dengshan Zhang ◽  
Yang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Qinghai Lake ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Different Depths

&lt;p&gt;Soil particles are related to vegetation growth and source of depositsc in arid and semi-arid desert. It is worth mentioning that plantation is the one the most effective ways improving desert soil conditions. The sandy land on the eastern shore of Qinghai Lake is the biggest area in the desertified land of Qinghai Lake Basin. Some measures have been taken to prevent and control desertification in Kutu district since 2008. We chose the dunes that planted Salix cheilophila&amp;#12289;Hippophae rhamnoides&amp;#12289;Pinus sylvestris&amp;#12289;Populus simonii and Hedysarum scoparium as study sites, then collected deposits from topsoil to the depth of 60 cm to probe into the change of grain size features. The results show that: (1) All study dunes primarily are made up of medium materials for mean particle size (M) is medium sand widely distributed from 0.27mm to 0.31mm which are presented uniform. (2) The sorting coefficient of sediments is concentrated between 0.5 and 0.9 with better performance. The skewness value is between 0 and 1, which shows nearly symmetrical and positive skewness. The kurtosis is between wide and medium. (3) The vertical change of particle size composition at different depths of 60 cm indicates that plantation significantly changed the distribution of the surface sediments in the dunes, whereas particle compositions at different depths did not have obvious rules of different plants. (4) The vegetation recovery time in study area was short, therefore, interactions between wind sorting, terrain fluctuations and vegetation growth might affect the grain size features of surface sediments in study area.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The role of soils in regulation and provision of blue and green water

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20200175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Keesstra ◽  
Srikanta Sannigrahi ◽  
Manuel López-Vicente ◽  
Manuel Pulido ◽  
Agata Novara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Local Soil

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims for clean water and sanitation for all by 2030, through eight subgoals dealing with four themes: (i) water quantity and availability, (ii) water quality, (iii) finding sustainable solutions and (iv) policy and governance. In this opinion paper, we assess how soils and associated land and water management can help achieve this goal, considering soils at two scales: local soil health and healthy landscapes. The merging of these two viewpoints shows the interlinked importance of the two scales. Soil health reflects the capacity of a soil to provide ecosystem services at a specific location, taking into account local climate and soil conditions. Soil is also an important component of a healthy and sustainable landscape, and they are connected by the water that flows through the soil and the transported sediments. Soils are linked to water in two ways: through plant-available water in the soil (green water) and through water in surface bodies or available as groundwater (blue water). In addition, water connects the soil scale and the landscape scale by flowing through both. Nature-based solutions at both soil health and landscape-scale can help achieve sustainable future development but need to be embedded in good governance, social acceptance and economic viability. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

Application of Plakett-Burman Screening Design in Optimization of Process Parameters for Formulation of Canaglifozin Nanosuspension

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 5208-5216
Author(s):  
Nisha Patel ◽  
Hitesh A Patel
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Mean Particle Size ◽  
Screening Design ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Response Variables

In this study, we sought to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble BCS class IV drug canaglifozin, by preparing nanosuspension using media milling method. A Plackett–Burman screening design was employed to screen the significant formulation and process variables. A total of 12 experiment were generated by design expert trial version 12 for screening 5 independent variables namely the amount of stabilizer in mg (X1), stirring time in hr (X2), amt of Zirconium oxide beads in gm (X3), amount of drug in mg (X4) and stirring speed in rpm (X5) while mean particle size in nm (Y1) and drug release in 10 min. were selected as the response variables. All the regression models yielded a good fit with high determination coefficient and F value. The Pareto chart depicted that all the independent variables except the amount of canaglifozin had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the response variables. The mathematical model for mean particle size generated from the regression analysis was given by mean particle size = +636.48889 -1.28267 amt of stabilizer(X1) -4.20417 stirring time (X2) -7.58333 amt of ZrO2 beads(X3) -0.105556 amt of drug(X4) -0.245167 stirring speed(X5) (R2=0.9484, F ratio=22.07, p<0.001). Prepared canaglifozin nanosuspension exemplified a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the release as compared to pure canaglifozin and marketed tablet with the optimum formulation releasing almost 80% drug within first 10min. Optimized nanosuspension showed spherical shape with surface oriented stabilizer molecules and a mean particle diameter of 120.5 nm. There was no change in crystalline nature after formulation and it was found to be chemically stable with high drug content.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Root System Architecture in Diverse Tomato Genotypes during Early Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Alaguero-Cordovilla ◽  
Francisco Gran-Gómez ◽  
Sergio Tormos-Moltó ◽  
José Pérez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Local Soil

Plant roots exploit morphological plasticity to adapt and respond to different soil environments. We characterized the root system architecture of nine wild tomato species and four cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties during early growth in a controlled environment. Additionally, the root system architecture of six near-isogenic lines from the tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ mutant collection was also studied. These lines were affected in key genes of ethylene, abscisic acid, and anthocyanin pathways. We found extensive differences between the studied lines for a number of meaningful morphological traits, such as lateral root distribution, lateral root length or adventitious root development, which might represent adaptations to local soil conditions during speciation and subsequent domestication. Taken together, our results provide a general quantitative framework for comparing root system architecture in tomato seedlings and other related species.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Fabrication of Nanostructured Fe-Co Alloy Powders by Hydrogen Reduction and Its Magnetic Properties

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 1389-1392
Author(s):  
Young Jung Lee ◽  
Baek Hee Lee ◽  
Gil Su Kim ◽  
Kyu Hwan Lee ◽  
Young Do Kim
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Hydrogen Reduction ◽  
Internal Strain ◽  
Oxide Powder ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
Effect Of Microstructure

Magnetic properties of nanostructured materials are affected by the microstructures such as grain size (or particle size), internal strain and crystal structure. Thus, it is necessary to study the synthesis of nanostructured materials to make significant improvements in their magnetic properties. In this study, nanostructured Fe-20at.%Co and Fe-50at.%Co alloy powders were prepared by hydrogen reduction from the two oxide powder mixtures, Fe2O3 and Co3O4. Furthermore, the effect of microstructure on the magnetic properties of hydrogen reduced Fe-Co alloy powders was examined using XRD, SEM, TEM, and VSM.

An experiment in the control of the ground water-level in a fen peat soil

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Soil

1. The methods of investigation of the effect of ground water-level on crop growth, together with tho field installations in use, are discussed.2. Direct field experiments are handicapped by the difficulties of achieving close control on a sufficiently large scale, due to considerable variations of surface level and depth of peat within individual fields and to rapid fluctuations in rainfall and evaporation. Many recorded experiments are associated with climatic conditions of substantial precipitation during the growing season.3. Seasonal fluctuations of ground water-level in Fen peat soils in England, in natural and agricultural conditions, are described.4. The local soil conditions are outlined and the implications of profile variations are discussed.5. The effective control of ground water-level on a field scale requires deep and commodious ditches and frequent large underdrains to ensure the movement of water underground with sufficient freedom to give rapid compensatory adjustment for marked disturbances of ground water-level following the incidence of heavy rain or excessive evaporation.6. A working installation for a field experiment in ordinary farming conditions is described and the measure of control attained is indicated.

scholarly journals Preparation of Polyetherimide Nanoparticles by a Droplet Evaporation-Assisted Thermally Induced Phase-Separation Method

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1548
Author(s):  
Peng Zhu ◽  
Huapeng Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Thermally Induced Phase Separation ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Pei Nanoparticles

The droplet evaporation effect on the preparation of polyetherimide (PEI) nanoparticles by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) was studied. PEI nanoparticles were prepared in two routes. In route I, the droplet evaporation process was carried out after TIPS. In route II, the droplet evaporation and TIPS processes were carried out simultaneously. The surface tension and shape parameters of samples were measured via a drop shape analyzer. The Z-average particle diameter of PEI nanoparticles in the PEI/dimethyl sulfoxide solution (DMSO) suspension at different time points was tested by dynamic light scattering, the data from which was used to determine the TIPS time of the PEI/DMSO solution. The natural properties of the products from both routes were studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that PEI nanoparticles prepared from route II are much smaller and more uniform than that prepared from route I. Circulation flows in the droplet evaporation were indirectly proved to suppress the growth of particles. At 30 °C, PEI solid nanoparticles with 193 nm average particle size, good uniformity, good separation and good roundness were obtained. Route I is less sensitive to temperature than route II. Samples in route I were still the accumulations of micro and nanoparticles until 40 °C instead of 30 °C in route II, although the particle size distribution was not uniform. In addition, a film structure would appear instead of particles when the evaporation temperature exceeds a certain value in both routes. This work will contribute to the preparation of polymer nanoparticles with small and uniform particle size by TIPS process from preformed polymers.

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