scholarly journals Improving The Accumulation Of Gold Nanoparticles Using Ultrasound And Microbubbles To Enhance Radiation Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew John Rajic
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gold Content ◽  
Local Tumor ◽  
Survival Fraction ◽  
Cellular Accumulation ◽  
First Time

Gold nanoparticles have long been considered for use in conjunction with radiation therapy to enhance dose in a local tumor regions. However, limitation in cellular accumulation remains a hindrance for treatments to extend to clinical levels. Ultrasound and microbubbles have been shown to enhance the delivery of chemotherapies, genetic material and other molecules. This goal of this study was to demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the increase in PEGylated gold nanoparticle accumulation in cells due to the addition of ultrasound and microbubbles, and survival fraction. The results display approximate 3 fold increase in intracellular gold content independent of nanoparticle size, resulting in a 5 fold increase in cell death. Additionally, it was shown that USMB can facilitate nuclear localization of gold nanoparticles with nuclear localized signals to further enhance radiation therapy.

scholarly journals Improving The Accumulation Of Gold Nanoparticles Using Ultrasound And Microbubbles To Enhance Radiation Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew John Rajic
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gold Content ◽  
Local Tumor ◽  
Survival Fraction ◽  
Cellular Accumulation ◽  
First Time

Gold nanoparticles have long been considered for use in conjunction with radiation therapy to enhance dose in a local tumor regions. However, limitation in cellular accumulation remains a hindrance for treatments to extend to clinical levels. Ultrasound and microbubbles have been shown to enhance the delivery of chemotherapies, genetic material and other molecules. This goal of this study was to demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the increase in PEGylated gold nanoparticle accumulation in cells due to the addition of ultrasound and microbubbles, and survival fraction. The results display approximate 3 fold increase in intracellular gold content independent of nanoparticle size, resulting in a 5 fold increase in cell death. Additionally, it was shown that USMB can facilitate nuclear localization of gold nanoparticles with nuclear localized signals to further enhance radiation therapy.

scholarly journals Combined cancer therapy using gold nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina Yang
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Combined Chemotherapy ◽  
Survival Fraction ◽  
Rgd Peptides ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Significant Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

This dissertation presents the effect of peptide-modified 10 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with chemotherapeutic drugs, bleomycin and cisplatin, and 2 Gy of 6 MV X-ray irradiation in MDA-MB-231 cells. The GNPs were modified with a peptide sequence containing an ‘RGD’ amino acid motif. Bleomycin binds to the surface of the GNPs through a thiol bond and cisplatin has no known significant interaction with the GNP surface. No significant toxicity was induced by introducing GNPs to MDA-MB-231 cells at the 0.3 nM concentration used throughout this dissertation. The surface modification with ‘RGD’ peptides increased accumulation of the GNP constructs 6~7 fold compared to the unmodified counterparts. There was no significant difference in the accumulation of GNPs in the presence of bleomycin or cisplatin. These results suggest that the presence of chemotherapeutics do not affect the accumulation of peptide modified GNPs into cells. The effect of having GNPs with chemotherapeutics was examined. The presence of GNPs with bleomycin decreased the survival of MDA-MB-231 cells by 18 ± 3 % compared to treatment with the same concentration of free bleomycin. Treating cells with GNPs and cisplatin did not have a significant difference in survival compared to the same concentration of free cisplatin treatment. This suggests that conjugating chemotherapeutics onto the GNPs can result in a more efficient delivery of the drug. If the drug does not bind to the GNP surface, having GNPs in the media does not interfere with the uptake of the drug. The effect of radiosensitization in the presence of GNPs was studied by incubating cells with 0.3 nM GNPs prior to irradiation with 2 Gy of 6 MV X-rays. The survival fraction decreased by 19 ± 6 % compared to the irradiated control condition. Lastly, the triple combined effect of GNPs, chemotherapeutics, and irradiation was investigated. The presence of GNPs had an advantage to the combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on results from these studies, GNPs can be used in addition to combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for improved outcomes in cancer treatment

scholarly journals Radiosensitization by Gold Nanoparticles: Impact of the Size, Dose Rate, and Photon Energy

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Morozov ◽  
Maria A. Kolyvanova ◽  
Maria E. Kartseva ◽  
Elena M. Shishmakova ◽  
Olga V. Dement’eva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complex Dependence ◽  
Pbr322 Plasmid ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged as promising antitumor radiosensitizers. However, the complex dependence of GNPs radiosensitization on the irradiation conditions remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the dose rate and photon energy on damage of the pBR322 plasmid DNA exposed to X-rays in the presence of 12 nm, 15 nm, 21 nm, and 26 nm GNPs. The greatest radiosensitization was observed for 26 nm GNPs. The sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) 2.74 ± 0.61 was observed at 200 kVp with 2.4 mg/mL GNPs. Reduction of X-ray tube voltage to 150 and 100 kVp led to a smaller effect. We demonstrate for the first time that the change of the dose rate differentially influences on radiosensitization by GNPs of various sizes. For 12 nm, an increase in the dose rate from 0.2 to 2.1 Gy/min led to a ~1.13-fold increase in radiosensitization. No differences in the effect of 15 nm GNPs was found within the 0.85–2.1 Gy/min range. For 21 nm and 26 nm GNPs, an enhanced radiosensitization was observed along with the decreased dose rate from 2.1 to 0.2 Gy/min. Thus, GNPs are an effective tool for increasing the efficacy of orthovoltage X-ray exposure. However, careful selection of irradiation conditions is a key prerequisite for optimal radiosensitization efficacy.

scholarly journals Combined cancer therapy using gold nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina Yang
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Combined Chemotherapy ◽  
Survival Fraction ◽  
Rgd Peptides ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Significant Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

This dissertation presents the effect of peptide-modified 10 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with chemotherapeutic drugs, bleomycin and cisplatin, and 2 Gy of 6 MV X-ray irradiation in MDA-MB-231 cells. The GNPs were modified with a peptide sequence containing an ‘RGD’ amino acid motif. Bleomycin binds to the surface of the GNPs through a thiol bond and cisplatin has no known significant interaction with the GNP surface. No significant toxicity was induced by introducing GNPs to MDA-MB-231 cells at the 0.3 nM concentration used throughout this dissertation. The surface modification with ‘RGD’ peptides increased accumulation of the GNP constructs 6~7 fold compared to the unmodified counterparts. There was no significant difference in the accumulation of GNPs in the presence of bleomycin or cisplatin. These results suggest that the presence of chemotherapeutics do not affect the accumulation of peptide modified GNPs into cells. The effect of having GNPs with chemotherapeutics was examined. The presence of GNPs with bleomycin decreased the survival of MDA-MB-231 cells by 18 ± 3 % compared to treatment with the same concentration of free bleomycin. Treating cells with GNPs and cisplatin did not have a significant difference in survival compared to the same concentration of free cisplatin treatment. This suggests that conjugating chemotherapeutics onto the GNPs can result in a more efficient delivery of the drug. If the drug does not bind to the GNP surface, having GNPs in the media does not interfere with the uptake of the drug. The effect of radiosensitization in the presence of GNPs was studied by incubating cells with 0.3 nM GNPs prior to irradiation with 2 Gy of 6 MV X-rays. The survival fraction decreased by 19 ± 6 % compared to the irradiated control condition. Lastly, the triple combined effect of GNPs, chemotherapeutics, and irradiation was investigated. The presence of GNPs had an advantage to the combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on results from these studies, GNPs can be used in addition to combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for improved outcomes in cancer treatment

scholarly journals Genotoxic Properties of Synthetic Cannabinoids on TK6 Human Cells by Flow Cytometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Lenzi ◽  
Veronica Cocchi ◽  
Luca Cavazza ◽  
Sabrine Bilel ◽  
Patrizia Hrelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Mutagenic Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tk6 Cells ◽  
First Time

Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) include several classes of substances such as synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs), an emerging alternative to marijuana, easily purchasable on internet. SCBs are more dangerous than Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as a consequence of their stronger affinities for the CB1 and CB2 receptors, which may result in longer duration of distinct effects, greater potency, and toxicity. The information on SCBs cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and long-term effects is scarce. This fact suggests the urgent need to increase available data and to investigate if some SCBs have an impact on the stability of genetic material. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the mutagenic effect of different SCBs belonging to indole- and indazole-structures. The analyzes were conducted in vitro on human TK6 cells and mutagenicity were measured as micronucleus fold increase by flow cytometry. Our results have highlighted, for the first time, the mutagenic capacity of four SCBs, in particular in terms of chromosomal damage induction. We underline the serious potential toxicity of SCBs that suggests the need to proceed with the studies of other different synthetic compounds. Moreover, we identified a method that allows a rapid but effective screening of NPS placed on the market increasingly faster.

Breast cancer associated with pregnancy: a clinical case

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Yu E Dobrokhotova ◽  
S E Arakelov ◽  
S Zh Danelyan ◽  
E I Borovkova ◽  
A E Zykov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Mastectomy ◽  
First Time

Associated with pregnancy is breast cancer, which was first detected during pregnancy, during the first year after childbirth or at any time against lactation. Diagnosis of the disease in the first trimester is an indication for abortion. The detection of the disease after 20 weeks and the desire of the woman to maintain pregnancy is the basis for conducting a total mastectomy followed by polychemotherapy with doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide or with fluorouracil. Radiation therapy during pregnancy is not applied. The timing and method of delivery are determined individually and depend on the stage of the process and the period of pregnancy, when it was identified. A clinical case of a patient with edematous-infiltrative form of breast cancer of the IV stage, diagnosed for the first time in 22 weeks of pregnancy, is presented.

Synthesis of a silymarin-gold nanoparticle conjugate and analysis of its liver-protecting activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Staroverov ◽  
Sergey Kozlov ◽  
Alexander Fomin ◽  
Konstantib Gabalov ◽  
Alexey Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Experimental Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Liver Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
First Time

Background: The liver disease problem prompts investigators to search for new methods of liver treatment. Introduction: Silymarin (Sil) protects the liver by reducing the concentration of free radicals and the extent of damage to the cell membranes. A particularly interesting method to increase the bioavailability of Sil is to use synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as reagents. The study considered whether it was possible to use the silymarin-AuNP conjugate as a potential liver-protecting drug. Method: AuNPs were conjugated to Sil and examine the liver-protecting activity of the conjugate. Experimental hepatitis and hepatocyte cytolysis after carbon tetrachloride actionwere used as a model system, and the experiments were conducted on laboratory animals. Result: For the first time, silymarin was conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Electron microscopy showed that the resultant preparations were monodisperse and that the mean conjugate diameter was 18–30 nm ± 0.5 nm (mean diameter of the native nanoparticles, 15 ± 0.5 nm). In experimental hepatitis in mice, conjugate administration interfered with glutathione depletion in hepatocytes in response to carbon tetrachloride was conducive to an increase in energy metabolism, and stimulated the monocyte–macrophage function of the liver. The results were confirmed by the high respiratory activity of the hepatocytes in cell culture. Conclusion: We conclude that the silymarin-AuNP conjugate holds promise as a liver-protecting agent in acute liver disease caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning.

scholarly journals Phosphatidylserine-Gold Nanoparticles (PS-AuNP) Induce Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Allan Radaic ◽  
Nam E. Joo ◽  
Soo-Hwan Jeong ◽  
Seong-II Yoo ◽  
Nicholas Kotov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Breast And Prostate Cancer ◽  
First Time

Prostate and breast cancer are the current leading causes of new cancer cases in males and females, respectively. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential lipid that mediates macrophage efferocytosis and is dysregulated in tumors. Therefore, developing therapies that selectively restore PS may be a potential therapeutic approach for carcinogenesis. Among the nanomedicine strategies for delivering PS, biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have an extensive track record in biomedical applications. In this study, we synthesized biomimetic phosphatidylserine-caped gold nanoparticles (PS-AuNPs) and tested their anticancer potential in breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro. We found that both cell lines exhibited changes in cell morphology indicative of apoptosis. After evaluating for histone-associated DNA fragments, a hallmark of apoptosis, we found significant increases in DNA fragmentation upon PS-AuNP treatment compared to the control treatment. These findings demonstrate the use of phosphatidylserine coupled with gold nanoparticles as a potential treatment for prostate and breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a phosphatidylserine-capped AuNP has been examined for its therapeutic potential in cancer therapy.

A review on radiation induced nausea and vomiting: “Current management strategies and prominence of radio sensitizers”

2021 ◽  
pp. 107815522110115
Author(s):  
Meenu Vijayan ◽  
Sherin Joseph ◽  
Emmanuel James ◽  
Debnarayan Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Concurrent Chemotherapy ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Dose Fractionation ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Radiation Induced

Radiations dissipated are high energy waves used mostly as treatment intervention in controlling the unwanted multiplication of cell. About 60%–65% of cancer treatment requires radiation therapy and 40%–80% of radiation therapy causes RINV which are true troublemakers. Radiation therapy (RT) is targeted therapy mostly used to treat early stages of tumour and prevent their reoccurrence. They mainly destroy the genetic material (DNA) of cancerous cells to avoid their unwanted growth and division. The RINV affects the management and quality of life of patients which further reduces the patient outcome. RINV depends on RT related factors (dose, fractionation, irradiation volume, RT techniques) and patient related factors like (gender, health conditions, age, concurrent chemotherapy, psychological state, and tumour stage). RT is an active area of research and there is only limited progress in tackling the RINV crisis. Advanced technological methods are adopted that led to better understanding of total lethal doses. Radiation therapy also affects the immunity system that leads to radiation induced immune responses and inflammation. Radio sensitizers are used to sensitize the tumour cells to radiations that further prevent the normal cell damage from radiation exposure. There is a need for future studies and researches to re-evaluate the data available from previous trials in RINV to make better effective antiemetic regimen. The article focuses on radiation therapy induced nausea and vomiting along with their mechanism of action and treatment strategies in order to have a remarkable patient care.

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