Multiple anthropogenic stressors have inconsistent cumulative effects across a large spatial gradient

Biodiversity is declining, typically because of multiple anthropogenic stressors. Cumulative effects of multiple stressors are classified as additive, when cumulative effects are as expected from the stressor’s singular effects, synergistic when greater than additive or antagonistic when less than additive. Less attention has been given to the consistency of cumulative effects. We analysed stream insects, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) data from two habitats spanning a 3,600 km latitudinal (S11◦-S43◦) gradient in eastern Australia. We found that the cumulative effect of salinity and suspended sediments on EPT family richness was inconsistent with additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects, and the reduction EPT family richness from increasing both stressors varied (48-70%) depending on habitat (riffle vs. edge), water temperature and terrain slope. Studies of cumulative effects of multiple stressors at one location risk not describing cumulative effects elsewhere and ecologists should consider the spatial consistency of multiple stressors.

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International Newcomers and their direct, indirect and cumulative effect on Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Dynamic Assessment

10.31235/osf.io/hd38t ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Tapia

Keyword(s):

Direct Effect ◽

Residential Segregation ◽

Residential Mobility ◽

Dynamic Assessment ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Mobility Patterns ◽

Residential Areas ◽

Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽

Dynamic Perspective

Previous studies show households' selective residential mobility as a principal cause of residential segregation. However, a less studied aspect of residential segregation has been how foreign newcomers affect those mobility patterns and consequently residential segregation trends. This paper extends previous investigations by evaluating the effects of newly arrived immigrants on ethnic residential segregation from a dynamic perspective. Unlike previous studies, this study analyzes newcomers' neighborhood choices together with their direct, indirect, and cumulative effects on segregation. Results show that immigrant settlements not only exacerbate residential segregation by landing in already segregated areas (direct effect) but by triggering segregating promoting movements in households living in destination neighborhoods (undirect effect). Both results contribute to producing a higher level of segregation compared with a situation where newcomers would have been randomly allocated across the residential areas (cumulative effect). These findings highlight the importance of reception strategies in host cities to palliate segregation levels and demonstrates its cumulative effects.

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Further evidence of a cumulative effect of social disadvantage on risk of psychosis

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291716002993 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 913-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S. A. Stilo ◽

C. Gayer-Anderson ◽

S. Beards ◽

K. Hubbard ◽

A. Onyejiaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Population ◽

Control Sample ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Social Disadvantage ◽

Psychiatric Services ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

First Episode ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Contact

BackgroundA growing body of evidence suggests that indicators of social disadvantage are associated with an increased risk of psychosis. However, only a few studies have specifically looked at cumulative effects and long-term associations. The aims of this study are: To compare the prevalence of specific indicators of social disadvantage at, and prior to, first contact with psychiatric services in patients suffering their first episode of psychosis and in a control sample. To explore long-term associations, cumulative effects, and direction of effects.MethodWe collected information on social disadvantage from 332 patients and from 301 controls recruited from the local population in South London. Three indicators of social disadvantage in childhood and six indicators of social disadvantage in adulthood were analysed.ResultsAcross all the domains considered, cases were more likely to report social disadvantage than were controls. Compared with controls, cases were approximately two times more likely to have had a parent die and approximately three times more likely to have experienced a long-term separation from one parent before the age of 17 years. Cases were also more likely than controls to report two or more indicators of adult social disadvantage, not only at first contact with psychiatric services [odds ratio (OR) 9.5], but also at onset of psychosis (OR 8.5), 1 year pre-onset (OR 4.5), and 5 years pre-onset (OR 2.9).ConclusionsGreater numbers of indicators of current and long-term exposure are associated with progressively greater odds of psychosis. There is some evidence that social disadvantage tends to cluster and accumulate.

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Time Effects of Informal Caregiving on Cognitive Function and Well-Being: Evidence From ELSA

The Gerontologist ◽

10.1093/geront/gnaa114 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Yuan ◽

Daniel Grühn

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Well Being ◽

Informal Caregiving ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Time Effects ◽

Socioemotional Functioning ◽

Lagged Effects ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background and Objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving—whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning—and the impact of time—whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving—concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects—on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research Design and Methods We used data from Wave 1 (2002–2003) to Wave 8 (2016–2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and better delayed recall. Little robust cumulative effect was found on cognition and well-being. In addition, there were significant and differential lagged effects of caregiving after controlling for concurrent and cumulative effects; that is, caregiving was related to worse well-being and better memory functioning 2–4 years later. Discussion and Implications The differential concurrent and lagged effects of caregiving on cognitive and socioemotional functioning suggest separate mechanisms for different domains of functioning. The nonsignificant cumulative effects but significant lagged effects imply that even one-time caregiving has long-term (2–4 years) consequences for the caregiver’s future functioning, and the mechanism of long-term caregiving effects may be more qualitative than quantitative.

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Summation of behavioral and immunological stress: metabolic consequences to the growing mouse

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.e44 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 279 (1) ◽

pp. E44-E49 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Kevin D. Laugero ◽

Gary P. Moberg

Keyword(s):

Energy Deposition ◽

Multiple Stressors ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Interleukin 1Β ◽

Male Mice ◽

Multiple Stress ◽

Cumulative Cost ◽

Immunological Stress ◽

The Individual

To address the hypothesis that multiple stressors can have cumulative effects on the individual, we determined the effects of restraint (R) stress (4 h/day for 7 days), immunological (L) stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, 0.45 μg/g body wt on days 6 and 7], and R + L (RL) on the growth and energetics of C57Bl/6 male mice. R and L each repeatedly increased ( P < 0.05) circulating corticosterone (>8 times), but RL caused even greater (>250%, P < 0.05) concentrations of circulating corticosterone than did either stressor alone. Only L and RL increased ( P < 0.05) circulating interleukin-1β. Although R, L, and RL impaired growth (>75% below controls, P < 0.05), RL reduced growth to a greater extent. All stressors inhibited ( P < 0.05) lean (>33% below controls) and fat (>120% below controls) energy deposition, and like the effects on growth, combined RL stress inhibited lean and fat energy deposition to a greater extent than did either stressor acting alone. These results demonstrated that the summation of multiple stress results in a cumulative cost to the growing animal.

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Responses of Dendronephthya australis to predation by Dermatobranchus sp. nudibranchs

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf17040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tom R. Davis ◽

David Harasti ◽

Stephen D. A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Soft Coral ◽

Anthropogenic Impacts ◽

Time Lapse ◽

Spatial Extent ◽

Anthropogenic Stressors ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Port Stephens

The soft coral Dendronephthya australis occurs only in large abundance within the tidal-dominated Port Stephens estuary in eastern Australia. In recent years, substantial declines in the spatial extent of D. australis within Port Stephens has led to calls for the species to be listed as ‘threatened’. The causes for these declines are likely to include a range of anthropogenic impacts, as well as natural effects such as predation by the nudibranch Dermatobranchus sp., which can be abundant in winter and spring. The responses of D. australis to the presence of Dermatobranchus sp. were studied at two sites in Port Stephens, using time-lapse and still photography combined with visual surveys. Dermatobranchus sp. was observed consuming D. australis polyps, and colony inflation and polyp expansion were both reduced when Dermatobranchus sp. was present. Although predation by Dermatobranchus sp. is a natural impact, our observations suggest that interactions with additional anthropogenic stressors may exacerbate its overall impact on the spatial extent and survival of the geographically restricted soft coral D. australis.

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Scientific dimensions of cumulative effects assessment: toward improvements in guidance for practice

Environmental Reviews ◽

10.1139/er-2012-0035 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 40-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Peter N. Duinker ◽

Erin L. Burbidge ◽

Samantha R. Boardley ◽

Lorne A. Greig

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Integration ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Ecological Knowledge ◽

Case Examples ◽

Impact Prediction ◽

Cumulative Effects Assessment ◽

Definition Of ◽

Work Done ◽

Effects Assessment

Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) became an increasingly important component of environmental impact assessment (EIA; or simply environment assessment (EA)) shortly after formal processes for EIA were established in North America in the 1970s. Despite a growing body of literature addressing science requirements of exemplary EIA and CEA, practice remains contested. Our mission in preparing this review was to provide a critical update on progress in scientific developments associated with CEA and also to guide practitioners to a broad selection of the recent relevant peer-reviewed formal literature on CEA. In addition, we point to ways in which guidance for CEA practice could be improved. The study canvassed widely for refereed papers in journals and edited books as far back as 2000. On the matter of key concepts related to CEA, the paper addresses the definition of other activities to be assessed, establishment of time and space bounds, impact thresholds, methods for impact prediction, and stressor-based versus effect-based approaches. Definitions of cumulative effect are reviewed, with encouragement for continued work to elaborate the concept. Contributions from science to CEA practice are identified as follows: retrospective and prospective investigative protocols; basic ecological knowledge; effects knowledge; tools and methods; ecological grounds for threshold establishment; and analytically competent practitioners. We observe that the plethora of CEA frameworks populating the scientific literature offer practitioners helpful ways to think about the CEA process. CEA methods are then reviewed, with specific emphasis on geographic information systems, scenario-building, thresholds, indicators, simulation, and public engagement. Several case examples of CEA in practice are summarized, with the observation that none of the published case studies arises from work done to support CEA that is part of the regulated EIA process. The paper reflects on the role of CEA in project-specific EIA (or project EA) as well as class EA, strategic EA, and regional EA. CEA is needed in all forms of EA, but it seems to be particularly difficult to implement well in project-specific EIAs. Recommendations for improvements in guidance materials for practitioners address definitions, scenarios, analytical methods, collaborative methods, thresholds, knowledge accumulation, accidents and malfunctions, project scale, and knowledge integration. We conclude that competent CEA is a vital requirement for securing the sustainability of valued ecosystems and their components.

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Cumulative Effect of Loneliness and Social Isolation on Health Outcomes among Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.3305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 920-920

Author(s):

Timothy Barnes ◽

Stephanie MacLeod ◽

Rifky Tkatch ◽

Manik Ahuja ◽

Laurie Albright ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Older Adults ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Healthcare Utilization ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Chi Square ◽

Socially Isolated

Abstract Loneliness and social isolation are described similarly yet are distinct constructs. Numerous studies examine each construct separately; however, less research has been dedicated to exploring their impacts together. Using survey and claims data among adults age 65+ (N=6,994), the cumulative effects of loneliness and social isolation on late-life health outcomes were examined using Chi-square and multivariate regression models. Loneliness and social isolation were measured using the UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale and the Social Network Index. Participants were grouped into four categories of loneliness and social isolation based on overlap, including: lonely only (L), socially isolated only (SI), both lonely and socially isolated (LSI), or neither (N). Outcomes included quality of life and healthcare utilization and costs. Among participants, 9.8% were considered L, 20.6% SI, 9.1% LSI, and 60.5% N. Respondents were primarily female (55.0%) and 70-74 years of age (27.1%). Those considered LSI were more likely to be older, female, less healthy, depressed, with lower quality of life and greater healthcare utilization patterns. Participants who were L or LSI had higher rates of emergency room visits compared to the N group; LSI had the highest medical costs. Results demonstrate the cumulative effects of loneliness and social isolation among older adults. Findings not only fill a gap in research exploring the impacts of these constructs later in life, but also confirm the need for approaches targeting older adults who are both lonely and socially isolated. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, this priority will continue to be urgent for older adults.

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Seasonal Cumulative Effect of Ural Blocking Episodes on the Frequent Cold events in China during the Early Winter of 2020/21

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00376-021-1100-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Yao Yao ◽

Wenqi Zhang ◽

Dehai Luo ◽

Linhao Zhong ◽

Lin Pei

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

The Arctic ◽

Early Winter ◽

Sea Ice Extent ◽

Cold Event ◽

Cold Events ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

The Impact

AbstractStarting in mid-November, China was hit by several cold events during the early winter of 2020/21. The lowest temperature observed at Beijing station on 7 January reached −19.6°C. In this paper, we show that the outbreak of the record-breaking extreme cold event can be attributed to a huge merging Ural blocking (UB) ridge over the Eurasian region. The sea-ice cover in the Kara and East Siberia Seas (KESS) in autumn was at its lowest value since 1979, which could have served as a precursor signal. Further analysis shows that several successive UB episodes occurred from 1 September 2020 to 10 January 2021. The persistent UB that occurred in late September/early October 2020 may have made an important contribution to the October historical minimum of sea ice in the KESS region. Our results also show that, after each UB episode in winter, significant upward propagation of wave activity occurred around 60°E, which resulted in weakening the stratospheric vortex. Meanwhile, each UB episode also caused a significant reduction in sea-ice extent in KESS and a significant weakening of the westerly jet in mid-high-latitude Eurasia. Results suggest that the Arctic vortex, which is supposed to enhance seasonally, became weaker and more unstable than the climatic mean under the seasonal cumulative effects of UB episodes, KESS warming, and long-lasting negative-phase North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO-). Those seasonal cumulative effects, combined with the impact of La Niña winter, led to the frequent occurrence of extreme cold events.

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