scholarly journals Mobbing in animals: a thorough review and proposed future directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora V Carlson ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Predator Behavior

Mobbing is an important anti-predator behavior where prey harass and attack a predator to lower the immediate and long-term risk posed by predators, warn others, and communicate about the predator’s threat. While this behavior has been of interest to humans since antiquity, and aspects of it have been well researched for the past 50 years, we still know little about its ecology and the evolutionary pressures that gave rise to this ubiquitous anti- predator behavior. In this review, we explore what mobbing is, how it is used, what its functions are thought to be, its use as a proxy for cognition, before providing suggestions for specific future avenues of research necessary to improve our understanding of mobbing in its ecological and evolutionary context.

scholarly journals Mobbing in animals: a thorough review and proposed future directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Griesser ◽  
Nora V Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Predator Behavior

Mobbing is an important anti-predator behavior where prey harass and attack a predator to lower the immediate and long-term risk posed by predators, warn others, and communicate about the predator’s threat. While this behavior has been of interest to humans since antiquity, and aspects of it have been well researched for the past 50 years, we still know little about its ecology and the evolutionary pressures that gave rise to this ubiquitous anti-predator behavior. In this review, we explore what mobbing is, how it is used, what its functions are thought to be, its use as a proxy for cognition, before providing suggestions for specific future avenues of research necessary to improve our understanding of mobbing in its ecological and evolutionary context.

scholarly journals Attachment and relationships: Milestones and future directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffry A. Simpson ◽  
W. Steven Rholes
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Adult attachment researchers have made important strides during the past 25 years in testing and applying attachment theory to multiple personal and interpersonal domains. We highlight some of the major milestones and then propose several directions for future research. Some of the most important and promising directions include testing additional normative processes implied by attachment theory, developing and testing critical connections between attachment theory and other major interpersonal theories, and identifying pathways between attachment processes and long-term health outcomes.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Osteosarcoma

2011 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Noah Federman ◽  
William Tap ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metastatic Osteosarcoma ◽  
Improvement In Survival

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of bone in children, adolescents and young adults. Prior to 1970, the outcome for patients with osteosarcoma was dismal, with only 10–20 % of patients achieving long-term survival. The improvement in survival over the past four decades, now approaching 75 %, has largely been due to the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to surgery. However, for patients that have metastatic osteosarcoma or recurrence of their cancer, the outlook is poor and the prognosis has not improved over the past several decades, despite the advent and use of newer chemotherapeutic agents and combinations. This review will focus on the current chemotherapeutic treatments of localised osteosarcoma, the controversies surrounding adjuvant therapy and future directions and additions to our armamentarium.

scholarly journals Immunotherapy of Brain Cancers: The Past, the Present, and Future Directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisheng Ge ◽  
Neil Hoa ◽  
Daniela A. Bota ◽  
Josephine Natividad ◽  
Andrew Howat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
System A ◽  
Medical Researchers ◽  
History Of

Treatment of brain cancers, especially high grade gliomas (WHO stage III and IV) is slowly making progress, but not as fast as medical researchers and the patients would like. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to allow the patient's own immune system a chance to help eliminate the cancer. Immunotherapy's strength is that it efficiently treats relatively small tumors in experimental animal models. For some patients, immunotherapy has worked for them while not showing long-term toxicity. In this paper, we will trace the history of immunotherapy for brain cancers. We will also highlight some of the possible directions that this field may be taking in the immediate future for improving this therapeutic option.

Future Directions in the Treatment of Physical Child Abuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEITH L. KAUFMAN ◽  
LESLIE RUDY
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Physical Child Abuse ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
The Past ◽  
Efficacious Treatment ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The incidence of physical child abuse has continued to increase over the past 15 years. During this time, studies have identified a myriad of serious acute and long-term consequences for its victims. Early approaches to treatment varied on a number of dimensions but failed to consistently demonstrate their effectiveness with perpetrators of physical abuse. Despite an obvious and pressing need, intensive efforts to identify the most efficacious treatment approaches appear to have been abandoned in favor of prevention, early intervention initiatives and in general, the area of child sexual abuse. This article examines the shift in priorities, selectively examines treatment approaches, discusses key research and programmatic issues, and offers suggestions for future directions.

scholarly journals Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Emma Verheye ◽  
Jesús Bravo Melgar ◽  
Sofie Deschoemaeker ◽  
Geert Raes ◽  
Anke Maes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Bone Marrow Niche ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dc Vaccines ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Immunotherapeutic approaches, including adoptive cell therapy, revolutionized treatment in multiple myeloma (MM). As dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells and key initiators of tumor-specific immune responses, DC-based immunotherapy represents an attractive therapeutic approach in cancer. The past years, various DC-based approaches, using particularly ex-vivo-generated monocyte-derived DCs, have been tested in preclinical and clinical MM studies. However, long-term and durable responses in MM patients were limited, potentially attributed to the source of monocyte-derived DCs and the immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, we briefly summarize the DC development in the bone marrow niche and the phenotypical and functional characteristics of the major DC subsets. We address the known DC deficiencies in MM and give an overview of the DC-based vaccination protocols that were tested in MM patients. Lastly, we also provide strategies to improve the efficacy of DC vaccines using new, improved DC-based approaches and combination therapies for MM patients.

scholarly journals How I treat high-risk myeloma

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 1536-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Lonial ◽  
Lawrence H. Boise ◽  
Jonathan Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Agents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Term Maintenance ◽  
Term Benefit

Abstract The treatment of patients with myeloma has dramatically changed over the past decade due in part to the development of new agents and myeloma-specific targets. Despite these advancements, a group for whom the long-term benefit remains less clear are patients with genetically or clinically defined high-risk myeloma. In order to successfully treat these patients, it is important to first identify these patients, treat them with aggressive combination therapy, and employ the use of aggressive long-term maintenance therapy. Future directions include the use of new immune-based treatments (antibodies or cellular-based therapies) as well as target-driven approaches. Until these treatment approaches are better defined, this review will provide a potential treatment approach for standard- and high-risk myeloma that can be followed using agents and strategies that are currently available with the goal of improving progression-free and overall survival for these patients today.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Enabling Community Well-being Self-Monitoring in the Context of Mining: The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Klinck ◽  
Ben Bradshaw ◽  
Ruby Sandy ◽  
Silas Nabinacaboo ◽  
Mannie Mameanskum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Aboriginal Community ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Community Engaged Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mineral Development ◽  
Iron Deposits ◽  
Term Monitoring

The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach is an Aboriginal community located in northern Quebec near the Labrador Border. Given the region’s rich iron deposits, the Naskapi Nation has considerable experience with major mineral development, first in the 1950s to the 1980s, and again in the past decade as companies implement plans for further extraction. This has raised concerns regarding a range of environmental and socio-economic impacts that may be caused by renewed development. These concerns have led to an interest among the Naskapi to develop a means to track community well-being over time using indicators of their own design. Exemplifying community-engaged research, this paper describes the beginning development of such a tool in fall 2012—the creation of a baseline of community well-being against which mining-induced change can be identified. Its development owes much to the remarkable and sustained contribution of many key members of the Naskapi Nation. If on-going surveying is completed based on the chosen indicators, the Nation will be better positioned to recognize shifts in its well-being and to communicate these shifts to its partners. In addition, long-term monitoring will allow the Naskapi Nation to contribute to more universal understanding of the impacts of mining for Indigenous peoples.

Courting the Youth Vote in 2008: The Obama Effect

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey C Bohl
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Past ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
High Turnout ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Youth Vote

This paper examines a few of the numerous factors that may have led to increased youth turnout in 2008 Election. First, theories of voter behavior and turnout are related to courting the youth vote. Several variables that are perceived to affect youth turnout such as party polarization, perceived candidate difference, voter registration, effective campaigning and mobilization, and use of the Internet, are examined. Over the past 40 years, presidential elections have failed to engage the majority of young citizens (ages 18-29) to the point that they became inclined to participate. This trend began to reverse starting in 2000 Election and the youth turnout reached its peak in 2008. While both short and long-term factors played a significant role in recent elections, high turnout among youth voters in 2008 can be largely attributed to the Obama candidacy and campaign, which mobilized young citizens in unprecedented ways.

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