Starch-modified fillers for linerboard and paper grades: A perspective review

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
YULIN DENG ◽  
PHIL JONES ◽  
LESLIE MCLAIN ◽  
ART J. RAGAUSKAS
Keyword(s):  
Filler Content ◽  
Product Platform ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Opportunity ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Addition Rate ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Paper Product ◽  
Detrimental Impact

High-filler-content paper is a growing research and development opportunity in papermaking. These new products must address traditional paper product properties while providing papermakers with distinct product platform benefits. Over the past decade, a research team involving researchers from the Institute of Paper Science and Technology at Georgia Institute of Technology and from Imerys have significantly advanced the application of starch-encapsulated papermaking fillers. This review summarizes these accomplishments from initial laboratory studies to mill trials. Laboratory results have illustrated that starch-encapsulated fillers can facilitate a near-doubling of filler content over conventional levels at equal tensile and z-direction tensile (ZDT) values. Equally important is that the use of starch-encapsulated kaolin (SEK) filler has been shown to facilitate a doubling of filler addition rate without any detrimental impact on ring crush compared with control studies with filler. Pilot-plant and mill trials have shown that SEK can function as a fiber extender, reduce steam demand for drying by 10%, and increase papermaking speeds and production rates.

Hyperthermia and voluntary exhaustion: integrating models and future challenges

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Heat Storage ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Over the past decade, research interest has risen on the direct effects of temperature on exercise capacity and tolerance, particular in the heat. Two major paradigms have been proposed for how hyperthermia may contribute to voluntary fatigue during exercise in the heat. One suggests that voluntary exhaustion occurs upon the approach or attainment of a critical internal temperature through impairment in a variety of physiological systems. An alternate perspective proposes that thermal inputs modulate the regulation of self-paced workload to minimize heat storage. This review seeks to summarize recent research leading to the development of these two models for hyperthermia and fatigue and explore possible bridges between them. Key areas for future research and development into voluntary exhaustion in the heat include (i) the development of valid and non-invasive means to measure brain temperature, (ii) understanding variability in perception and physiological responses to heat stress across individuals, (iii) extrapolating laboratory studies to field settings, (iv) understanding the failure in behavioural and physiological thermoregulation that leads to exertional heat illness, and (v) the integration of physiological and psychological parameters limiting voluntary exercise in the heat.

Laboratory and field measurements of HONO emissions from agricultural soils in Guangdong of China 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baobin Han ◽  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Yihang Yu ◽  
Wenda Yang ◽  
Zhilin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Soil Flux

<p>Laboratory studies indicated that soil could produce considerable nitrous acid (HONO) emissions, which is the main primary source of hydroxyl radical (OH) in the troposphere. However, very few field observations of HONO emission from soil were reported. In order to relate laboratory results and field measurements, we measured HONO emissions from 7 representative agricultural soils (rice, vegetables, orchards, peanuts, potatoes, sugarcane and maize) in Guangdong under controlled laboratory conditions, and took flux measurements on 2 of them (rice and vegetables) by dynamic chambers in the field. Generally, release rates of HONO from the seven soils increased with temperature and varied with soil moisture, and the optimum release rates can be reached under specific values of water-filled pore space (WFPS), which is considered to be beneficial to nitrification. The seven soils' optimum release rates ranged from 1.24 to 43.19 ng kg<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, and the Q<sub>10</sub> (It is defined as the multiple of the increase of soil gas emission rate when the temperature increases by 10℃) ranged from 1.03 to 2.25. Formulas were deduced from the lab results to express HONO emissions for every soil. Flux measurements on two soils varied around -1 to 4 ng N m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, and both showed similar diurnal variations with peaks around noontime and very low even negative values during nighttime. There were good correlations between HONO fluxes and soil temperature (R<sup>2</sup>=0.5). Furthermore, irrigation enhanced the HONO emission substantially. However, a large discrepancy existed between soil HONO emissions measured in lab and low HONO fluxes in field. More investigations are needed to explain the paradox.</p>

C. Abnormal rituals in stress situations the rigidification of behaviour

1966 ◽  
Vol 251 (772) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Basic Fact ◽  
Nest Material ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Action Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Animal Psychology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Reaction Chain

Behaviour sequences commonly consist of highly variable appetitive phases leading to rather fixed consummatory acts. Action-pattern rigidity is typical of the terminal moments of a reaction chain. This basic fact is all too often obscured by the artificial conditions of behaviour studies. Observations on laboratory or captive animals tend to conceal the degree of variability of the earlier phases of each sequence. The simplicity and sterility of the unnatural environment offered to the animal causes differential damage to its motoric performance, attacking the early stages more and the later stages less. A caged animal will feed, drink, nest and copulate, but it cannot set off on lengthy quests for food, water, nest material or a mate. Notorious laboratory devices such as the Skinner-box have served to eliminate totally any possibility for motoric variability. The emphasis in laboratory studies of this kind has been steadfastly concentrated on the variability in the relationship between simple stimuli and an artificially rigidified response. Although the study of this (SR) relationship is an important aspect of animal psychology, it is extremely misleading to overstress its importance as has been done so often in the past. To equate it with the whole topic of animal behaviour is like claiming that the gaming rooms of Las Vegas reflect the whole of human endeavour.

MIT as Catalyst for High-Technology Start-up Companies

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-411
Author(s):  
Karen Hersey
Keyword(s):  
Research University ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Institute Of Technology

There are more than 4,000 companies providing services and products worldwide whose roots can be traced to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) educational experience. While MIT's unique origins may be partly responsible for the success of its students and faculty in starting new businesses, the main success factor is directly related to an entrepreneurial environment that has been consistently nourished, encouraged, and sustained over the past 100 years. This paper provides the reader with a glimpse of MIT as a breeding ground for entrepreneurs. Its history, its geography, its position as a leading US research university, and its continued strong links with industry are all factors in its unparalleled success as an educational environment that engenders an entrepreneurial spirit among students and faculty that is exceptional.

Liquefaction of Subsurface Soils During Earthquakes

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Ishihara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Sandy Ground ◽  
Wave Propagation Method ◽  
Methods And Techniques

The following article summarizes the results of studies on liquefaction of sandy ground during earthquakes, which have been conducted by the author over the past few years. Case history studies on this subject made for the major earthquakes in Japan are described first, and then three soil profiles most prone to liquefaction are suggested. Principles and methods of laboratory studies on liquefaction are briefly introduced, and typical examples of recent test data are shown. In Section 3, methods and techniques of field investigations are described in detail and. their interpretation in relation to liquefaction prediction is suggested. Finally, a predictive method is suggested in which the laboratory test data are incorporated into analyses using the wave propagation method.

Is Indonesia Producing Enough Business Graduates to Assist its Development Aspirations?

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Business Graduates ◽  
Business Degrees ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
Education Business

Business plays an important role in most economies around the world, but businesses rely on the higher education system to supply an adequate number of qualified business graduates. In nations such as the USA, the UK and Australia, business degrees are the most popular university qualification; and the growth in the number of Chinese students undertaking business degrees in universities outside their home country over the past decade has been astronomical. In contrast, for Indonesia there has been a decline in the number of business degrees being undertaken abroad and at home. Indonesia has set a number of ambitious development goals and if these are to be achieved, there will need to be increasing activity from the business sector. Therefore, it is argued, questions should be raised about the current declining rate of student numbers in higher education business degree courses, and about whether the trend will have a detrimental impact on the future development aspirations of this highly populated country.

scholarly journals A Radical-Free Approach to Teeth Whitening

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Mauro Pascolutti ◽  
Dileusa de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Surface Microhardness ◽  
Surface Profilometry ◽  
Tissue Effects ◽  
Laboratory Results

Background: Traditional bleaching agents based on hydrogen peroxide (HP) or carbamide peroxide (CP) have adverse soft and hard tissue effects. Objectives: This study tested a novel formulation of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP) with additives to optimise its safety and effectiveness. Methods: A novel gel (PAP+) was formulated. Laboratory studies assessed effects of six 10-minute exposures to PAP+ vs. commercial CP and HP gels, using surface profilometry and microhardness. The effectiveness of PAP+ in vitro against complex polyphenol stains on enamel was compared to 6% HP. Results: Unlike HP gels, PAP+ gel did not erode enamel. Unlike both CP and HP gels, PAP+ gel did not reduce the surface microhardness of enamel. PAP+ gel on used on polyphenol stains was superior to 6% HP. In this model, six repeated 10-minute treatments with PAP+ gel could improve the shade by approximately eight VITA® Bleachedguide shades. Conclusions: These laboratory results support the safety and effectiveness of this new PAP formula and its use as an alternative to CP and HP with superior safety and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Review of experimental studies on secondary ice production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Korolev ◽  
Thomas Leisner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Cloud Modeling ◽  
Ice Production

Abstract. Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. Future improvement of the accuracy of the weather predictions and climate models relies on a proper description of SIP in numerical simulations. For now, laboratory studies remain a primary tool for developing physically based parameterizations for cloud modeling. Over the past seven decades, six different SIP-identifying mechanisms have emerged: (1) shattering during droplet freezing; (2) the rime splintering (Hallett-Mossop) process; (3) fragmentation due to ice-ice collision; (4) ice particle fragmentation due to thermal shock; (5) fragmentation of sublimating ice; (6) activation of ice nucleating particles in transient supersaturation around freezing drops. This work presents a critical review of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. While some of the six mechanisms have received little research attention, others consist of contradictory results obtained by different research groups. Unfortunately, despite past investigative efforts, the lack of consistency and the gaps in the accumulated knowledge hinder the development of quantitative descriptions of any of the six SIP mechanisms. The present work is aimed at identifying gaps in our knowledge on SIP and on stimulating further laboratory studies in obtaining a quantitative description of efficiencies for each of SIP mechanism.

scholarly journals Policy Dialogue: Online Education as Space and Place

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-545
Author(s):  
Carroll Pursell ◽  
Toru Iiyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Educational Innovation ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
History Of Technology ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institute Of Technology

AbstractThe rise of online learning over the past few decades has raised fundamental questions about the kinds of “spaces” and “places” this mode of education creates. Do they support meaningful exchanges? Can they advance educational equity, access, and community-building? Are they comparable to in-person classroom experiences? The recent COVID pandemic and the global turn toward virtual learning in response have brought such questions into sharp relief. These were the questions and contextual factors that brought distinguished historian Carroll Pursell and international educational technology authority Toru Iiyoshi together for this policy dialogue. Their conversation takes readers on a wide-ranging discussion about the interplay between education, technology, and society writ large. And they offer insights into the past, present, and likely future of education in an era of accelerating technological change.Carroll Pursell is the Adeline Barry Davee Distinguished Professor of History (Emeritus) at Case Western Reserve University and Distinguished Honorary Professor of History at the Australian National University. He held faculty positions at the University of California at Santa Barbara and served as the Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor of the Humanities at Lehigh University. Pursell is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and former president of both the International Committee for the History of Technology (ICOHTEC) and the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT), which also awarded him its Leonardo da Vinci Medal for outstanding contributions to the history of technology.Toru Iiyoshi is professor and director at the Center for the Promotion of Excellence in Higher Education at Kyoto University. Previously, he was a senior scholar and director of the Knowledge Media Laboratory at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He also served as senior strategist in the Office of Educational Innovation and Technology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Iiyoshi is a member of the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Technology and Education and past recipient of the Outstanding Practice Award in Instructional Development and the Robert M. Gagne Award for Research in Instructional Design from the Association for Educational Communications and Technology.HEQ Policy Dialogues are, by design, intended to promote an informal, free exchange of ideas between scholars. At the end of the exchange, we offer a list of references to readers who wish to follow up on sources relevant to the discussion.

Improvements of electroosmotic consolidation of soft clays by minimizing power loss at electrodes

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Lefebvre ◽  
Fabien Burnotte
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Soft Clays ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Electrode Contact ◽  
Important Amount ◽  
Soil Conductivity

Although it appears promising in many laboratory studies, electroosmotic consolidation of soft clays is seldom used in practical applications. A study of well-documented case records of field applications illustrates the difficulty of transmitting the electrical potential to the soil deposit through the use of electrodes. An important amount of the electrical potential is indeed lost at the soil–electrode contact. The loss of potential at this point has been studied in a laboratory setup designed to reproduce the conditions existing in the field during electroosmotic consolidation. The laboratory results confirm that only about a third of the electrical potential applied at the electrodes is effectively transmitted to the soil and available for electroosmotic consolidation. Moreover, the laboratory studies have shown that a chemical treatment to increase the soil conductivity at the soil–electrode contact can double the electrical potential effectively transmitted to the soil and greatly improve the performance of electroosmotic consolidation.Key words: electroosmosis, soft clays, consolidation, potential loss, electrode treatment, soil improvement.

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