German Historicism in the 19th Century and Franz Boas’ Historical Method

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

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Racial Articulation and Labor in the 19th Century Brazil

Comparative Sociology ◽

10.1163/15691330-12341315 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 445-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felipe Dias

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Economic Development ◽

19Th Century ◽

Nation Building ◽

Public Officials ◽

Historical Method ◽

Political Structures ◽

The 19Th Century

This article seeks to explain how economic and local political structures shaped the ways in which public officials articulated ideas of race and labor in the nineteenth century Brazil. Employing a comparative historical method, this work advances the literature in two ways. First, it suggests that what we have come to view as a positive valuation of blackness has roots in the economic development prior to the centralized nation-building processes. Second, the findings of this study point to the effects of intra-national factors, such as economic structures and patterns of labor incorporation, in shaping how regional public officials articulated notions of “race,” labor, and progress.

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Tradisi Keislaman Masyarakat Sunda pada Abad ke-19

Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah ◽

10.15575/hm.v5i2.16032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 152-169

Author(s):

Agung Purnama

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Local Culture ◽

Religious Expression ◽

Historical Approach ◽

Religious People ◽

Historical Method ◽

Local Traditions ◽

The 19Th Century

This paper analyzes the religiosity of the Sundanese people in a historical approach, to be precise around the 19th century. The method used is the Historical Method which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages. The results of the study show that the Sundanese people are known as religious people. Islam as a religion adopted by most of the Sundanese Tatar population has been acculturated with the local culture and with the noble values inherited by the Karuhun. In Sundanese society, Islamic teachings are often expressed with the taste of local traditions. Instead, local traditions are often given the breath of Islam, which further strengthens the religiosity of its adherents. In addition to carrying out the basic religious shari'ah, the religious expression of the Sundanese people is present in the form of religious holidays which are commemorated lively. Likewise, the stages of a person's life, such as birth, childhood, marriage, until death, have religious and cultural instruments attached to them.

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“Zwei Venetianische Lieder” by R. Schumann in the tradition of Austro-German romantic song

Aspects of Historical Musicology ◽

10.34064/khnum2-18.05 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 73-88

Author(s):

Yuanmei Lian

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Instrumental Music ◽

Song Cycle ◽

General Context ◽

Musical Aesthetics ◽

Creative People ◽

Historical Method ◽

The Creation ◽

The Individual ◽

The 19Th Century

Introduction. Given article considers R. Schumann’s “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” / “Two Venetian Songs” (ор. 25, №17–18) on poems by T. Moore, in F. Freiligrath translation. Often the creation of the Venice ambience in art works was due to trips and impressions on this city. In 1829, R. Schumann, as a student of Heidelberg University, went on a trip to Switzerland and Italy during his study vacation. One of the cities on the travel map was Venice. R. Schumann “resurrected” the city ambience only eleven years after in the “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” (“Two Venetian Songs”), which became part of the song cycle “Myrthen” (1840). How do these two vocal miniatures, that are one of the first in the composer’s vocal creativity, reflect the individual style of his writing? Do they correlate with the nature of the “true” Schumann, who is known for his famous works, such as the cycle “A poet’s Love”? Objective. The purpose of the article is to comprehend composer methods of Venice image embodiment in “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” in the context of creative tradition of the Austro-German romantic song. Methods used in the research: 1) historical method, allowing to comprehend the selected material in the perspective of the development of Austro-German song of the 19th century; 2) intonational method, which involves the study of vocal melody in terms of melodic reactions to figurative content; 3) genre method, caused by the features of chamber vocal lyrics; 4) stylistic method, corresponding to a specific opus consideration in the general context of the composer’s creative work. The results of the study. “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” were grown up in the artistic climate of its era. The popularity of traveling in the circles of well-educated youth was a practical realization of spiritual impulses and the inner need to push the boundaries of the information space for awareness of the nature of self-own identity through a meeting with a different culture and worldview. Italy, and the entire Mediterranean areal, as the cradle of the Christian humanist culture, was a center of attraction for the German romantics. The creation of the artistic and aesthetic archetype of Italy and Venice by J. W. Goethe in “Italian Travels” and “Epigrams” has created a tradition of perception these themes not only in German literature, but also in music. R. Schumann was one of the first to respond to this creative idea. He was also the first among German composers to turn to the “poetic” Venice of the Englishman Thomas Moore and initiated the appearance of a series “Venetianische Lieder” in Austro-German music of the 19th century. A number of authors were involved in the creation of this series – F. Mendelssohn Bartholdi, A. Fesca, С. Dekker, and others. The melancholic mood of the many “Venetianisches Gondellied” written by German composers was the result of the process of mythologizing the image of Venice. The creative people (poets, writers, composers, painters) were involved in this process. They perceived this city through the prism of artistic relations, associations, and sought in its canonical symbols (channels, gondolas, sea, mirror, mask) new semantic dimensions, means of the expression of self-reflection. “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” from the song cycle “Myrthen” by R. Schumann stand apart on this list as not only the first, but also as the works distinguished by its originality. 1840 year is considered as the “song year” in the composer’s work. In this year 138 songs and the best of song cycles were written by the composer: “Liederkreis” ор. 24, “Myrthen” ор. 25, “Liederkreis” ор. 39, “Frauenliebe und Leben” ор. 42, “Dichterliebe”, ор. 48. After the “piano decade” (1829–1839) Schumann’s appeal to the song came a surprise, in particular, for the author himself. This led to the change in his musical aesthetics, to the revision of the hierarchy entrenched in the consciousness, about the primacy of music over other arts and the instrumental music over the vocal. Although the cycle “Myrten” op. 25 (1840) is one of the first in the vocal works by R. Schumann, it is distinguished by the maturity of style writing. R. Schuman’s psychological sensitivity to the poetic word is conveyed in the intonational nature of the songs, careful selection of harmonic means, finely tuned tonal plans that can emphasize both, contemplation and rebelliousness. Musical and poetic integrity is also ensured by the increased importance of the accompaniment and the piano part in whole that include the expressive instrumental introductions and postludes aimed at revealing of an image. Conclusion. The study of R.Schumann’s “variations” on Thomas Moore’s “Venice” as a separate scientific topic makes it possible to realize the scale of the creative competition established by the outstanding composer in his “Zwei Venetianische Lieder” from the vocal cycle “Myrthen”.

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Sokol Idea – Idea For The 21st Century

Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries ◽

10.2478/spes-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 199-210

Author(s):

Kristina M. Pantelić Babić ◽

Sladjana Mijatovic ◽

Dejan Gavrilovic

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Theoretical Analysis ◽

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Physical Culture ◽

Historical Method ◽

The 19Th Century

SummaryCreated by the idea of Miroslav Tyrš in the second half of the 19th century as a movement of spiritual and physical strengthening of the nation, sokolism soon spread to all countries where the Slavic people lived. In that way, it reached the territory of Herzegovina as well. However, what exactly was the idea of the sokol movement, what did it develop into in the first half of the 20th century in Herzegovina and whether it is an idea that can benefit a man of the 21st century as well, are just some of the questions that the authors deal with in this research. Although Miroslav Tyrš and his sokols are typical representatives of ethnocentrism, the sokolism of Herzegovina has expanded its ideas also in another direction. Using physical exercise as a gracious food for their body and truth and zeal as food for their soul, they may have been able to hint at what is an essential need almost a century later, and that is a theoanthropocentric way of approaching man which has been used more and more lately, especially in the field of physical culture. The appointed problems authors research using the method of theoretical analysis and historical method.

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THE BEGINNINGS OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT FOR UKRAINIAN ACADEMIC VOCAL PERFORMING

Музикознавча думка Дніпропетровщини ◽

10.15421/221819 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-36

Author(s):

A. K. Tereshchenko

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Scientific Work ◽

Historical Method ◽

The World ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Vocal Art ◽

Opera Singers ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Creative Life

The purpose of this article is disclosing genic underground for germination and evolution of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. The target of this investigation is also revealing the most characteristic features of domestic vocal tradition into the stage concerning to formation of Ukrainian professional vocal art. The methodology of this exploration is formed by researcher on the basis employment of historical method, which connects with studying definite biographical information of Ukrainian academic singers. The systematic manner has the specific significance for special formation the investigative sequence of Ukrainian performers’ the most characteristic vocal criterions. The structurally analytical method26allows to hold out the logic of scientific disquisition, its structure and to texture the general conclusions. The scientific newness of the presented article is determined by appeal to phenomenon of Ukrainian vocal academic art into its stage beginning and further evolutional development. The discovering of not renowned facts from creative life of celebrated Ukrainian singers namely Mykola Ivanov, Semen Hulak-Artemovsky, Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everardy, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko and Lyudmila Yurchenko is novelty into the scientific work. Conclusions. The world famous creation of Ukrainian opera singers specifically Mykola Ivanov and Semen Hulak-Artemovsky is genic foundation of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. Namely these artists, from the middle of the 19th century, began its approving and passing to descendants on the highest professional level. The permanent connect with Italian vocal tradition as well as Ukrainian-Italian concert-creative relationships are the most peculiar traits, the characterological features of domestic vocal performing, into the stage organization of Ukrainian vocal art’s phenomenon. The successors of such a type art events in the 20th century were celebrated performers, exactly the singers and teachers Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everard, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko, Lyudmila Yurchenko and others.

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The Fate of the Epistolary Heritage of the Veliky Ustyug Merchant Family Buldakovs of the Late 18th – the First Quarter of the 19th Century

Herald of an Archivist ◽

10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-331-342 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 331-342

Author(s):

Natalia A. Ovchinnikova ◽

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Art Museum ◽

Foreign Affairs ◽

General Picture ◽

Historical Method ◽

Russian State ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

Language Characteristic ◽

The 19Th Century

The article presents the history of the epistolary heritage of the Buldakov merchant family. The object of the research is letters of M. M. Buldakov, a representative of the Veliky Ustyug merchants, the leading director of the Russian-American company. These documents contain valuable information on the history of Russian merchants in the last quarter of the 18th – first third of the 19th century and the activities of the Russian-American company. Similar to all sources of epistolary genre, their distinctive feature is that they were created without additional edits and censorship and thereby recorded historical reality at first hand, while retaining the style and language characteristic of the period. The main problem faced by historians is patchy location of M. M. Buldakov’s letters. Currently, only a part of them, stored in the Vologda State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, has been published and introduced into scientific use. The documents scattered across other archives are yet to be identified and examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the true volume of the Buldakovs' epistolary heritage, to understand the reasons for its fragmentation, and to trace the movement of documents from one owner to another. This is the first attempt to restore the path of epistolaries from the pre-revolutionary family archive to modern archives, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the research is principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity. This makes it possible to consolidate the scattered information and facts testifying to the movement of M. M. Buldakov’s papers. The analytical and synthetic method of comparing data provides an opportunity to see the general picture of letters location, while concrete-historical method allows us to describe the facts in historical sequence. We managed to identify three large collections of letters: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Historical and Documentary Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the Vologda State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The results of this study provide a unified picture of the epistolaries location in different archives, which, in turn, provides an opportunity for historians and archivists to continue their work on identifying and introducing into scientific use of documents necessary for further study of the history of Russian merchants and the Russian-American company activities.

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Pembentukan Identitas Sosial Komunitas Hadhrami di Batavia Abad XVIII-XX

Lembaran Sejarah ◽

10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.45437 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Ahmad Athoillah

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

18Th Century ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Early 19Th Century ◽

Historical Method ◽

The Social ◽

Religious Teaching ◽

The 19Th Century

This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.

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BRANKO ČUBRILOVIĆ AND SERBIAN SOKOLISM

Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport ◽

10.22190/fupes171104044p ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 493

Author(s):

Kristina Pantelić-Babić ◽

Petar Pavlović ◽

Nenad Živanović

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

19Th Century ◽

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Medical Doctor ◽

Main Subject ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Historical Method ◽

The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th century in the Czech Republic a new way of physical exercise entitled the “Sokol” or “Tyrš” system appeared. It spread to all the countries where Slavs lived and thus arrived among the Serbs who lived on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A group of Serbs from Foča in 1893 tried to establish the Serbian Soko society but the Austro-Hungarian authorities did not allow it. The first Serbian gymnastic society on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina called “Obilić” was founded in 1904 in Mostar. Many educated people of that time participated in the work of the Soko organizations, among them the medical doctor Branko Čubrilović. The main subject of this paper is Branko Čubrilović and his connections with Serbian Sokolism and the aim is to highlight his role in the development of Serbian Sokolism, primarily in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in other areas where Serbs lived. The authors used a historical method.

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KAZAN SCIENTIST MOHAMMED ABDUL KARIM AND TURKISH PHILOSOPHER HILMI ZIYA ULKEN

Al-Farabi ◽

10.48010/2021.2/1999-5911.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 157-172

Author(s):

Aytek Mammadova ◽

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

19Th Century ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Point Of View ◽

Great Contribution ◽

Valuable Source ◽

Historical Method ◽

History Of ◽

The Rich ◽

The 19Th Century

The article examines the creativity and activities of the Kazan scientist Damulla Mohammed Abdulkarim Hazrat and his great-grandson Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Damulla Muhamamad Abdulkarim Hazrat was known in Kazan in the 19th century as a religious figure and cleric (mudarris). Here are the differences in views between Muhammad Abdulkarim and the famous contemporary Muslim theologian and orientalist Shigabutdin Mardjani in terms of their religious views. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach and a historical method, the reasons for the disagreements created under the influence of time and events were considered, in connection with which Sh. Marjani spoke from the position of a reformist scientist in relation to the ideas of the conservative scientist Muhammad Abdulkarim. The article notes that Kazan scientists had relations with the Ottoman state in the 19th century, and the resettlement of Muhammad Abdulkarim to Istanbul with his family took place in 1863. Here, after his move to Istanbul, the Ottoman state paid him and seven members of his family a salary, which was noted in the documents of those times. In this document, Muhammad Abdulkarim was presented as a scientist of scholars and a creator of good deeds. The article says that the granddaughter of Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazrat - Musfika khanum (1881-1978) was the mother of Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Hilmi Zia Ulken (1901-1974) made a great contribution to the development of science and philosophy in Turkey with his works. The study examines the rich creative heritage of Hilmi Zia Ulken, presents the researches of the scientist on the history of Eastern philosophy, in particular, religion. The article says that the thinker presented the Koran as a valuable source, which is both sacred and vital for the ideology of all Muslims, especially the Turkic peoples living in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Hilmi Zia Ulken regarded the emergence of human religions as a revolutionary event, showing that these religions teach humanity to spiritual uplift and improvement. The study says that religious and philosophical issues also play an important role in the work of Hilmi Ziya Ulken, who, like his great-grandfather, Kazan cleric Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazret, became famous for his works in various fields of science.

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