scholarly journals The effect of fermented corn grain supplementation to alfalfa on water intake and water balance by wether sheep

Stočarstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Marina Vranić ◽  
Goran Kiš ◽  
Vilena Šuman ◽  
Barbara Oštarić ◽  
Krešimir Krapinec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Grain

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka vlažnog zrna kukuruza (VZK) sjenaži lucerne (SL) na ad libitum konzumaciju i balans vode kastriranih ovnova. Istraživanje se sastojalo od 3 hranidbena tretmana: (i) hranidba samo SL, (ii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 5 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL5) i (iii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 10 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL10). Pokus je bio postavljen kao 3x3 latinski kvadrat. Životinje su hranjene 2x dnevno, cijelo su vrijeme imale na raspolaganju vodu ad libitum. Kod tretmana SL5 i SL10 je utvrđena niža konzumacija vode napajanjem (P<0,05) i niža konzumacija vode hranom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio lučenje vode urinom (P<0,05), a povećao lučenje vode fecesom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Kod tretmana SL5 je izlučeno više urina (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL10. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio balans vode kastriranih ovnova (P<0,05) u usporedbi s balansom vode kastrata hranjenih samo sjenažom lucerne. Zaključeno je da dodatak VZK obroku baziranom na SL utječe na konzumaciju i lučenje vode iz organizma te balans vode kastriranih ovnova.

Voluntary dehydration in man

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Greenleaf ◽  
Frederick Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Voluntary Dehydration ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects singly and in combination of heat, exercise, and hypohydration upon voluntary dehydration were studied in four acclimated, physically fit, young men. Voluntary dehydration is the delay in complete rehydration following water loss. Hypohydration refers to the state of decreased water content while the osmotic concentration of the body is maintained. Ad libitum drinking during the heat experiments was 146% greater than it was in the cool experiments. Hypohydration increased drinking 109% over the corresponding hydration experiment, exercise increased water intake 41% over resting. Hypohydration and exercise were less effective than heat in stimulating drinking. During the 4-hr experimental periods, the subjects did not or could not drink enough to compensate for the water lost. Regardless of the magnitude of the water deficit at the beginning of the recovery periods, the rates of rehydration were the same. The more stressful the experiment, the greater the water consumption and, in general, the longer it took to regain the lost water. water balance; heat; exercise; drinking; hypohydration Submitted on September 8, 1964

scholarly journals Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carretero-Krug ◽  
Natalia Úbeda ◽  
Carlos Velasco ◽  
Juan Medina-Font ◽  
Trinidad Trujillo Laguna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract Background An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety. Methods A total of 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. Based on these methods, the criteria of hydration were established. Results Of the total sample, 81% met the hydration criteria (urine color = well hydrated, water balance ≥ 0 ml, and total water intake/weight ≥ 35 ml/kg), and 19% did not meet the hydration criteria (urine color = not sufficiently hydrated or dehydrated, water balance < 0 ml, and total water intake/weight < 35 ml/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score = 4 vs. 3, P = 0.026), weight [(84.7 ± 10.5) vs. (80.5 ± 10.2) kg], body mass index [(26.3 ± 3.1) vs. (25.2 ± 2.8)]kg/m2, body fat [(22.3 ± 5.6) vs. (18.3 ± 6.5)] %, urine specific gravity, and urine color. Using a logistic binary regression model, hydration status was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (P = 0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidities, or medications. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (r = 0.357, P = 0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (r = − 0.427, P = 0.000), percentage of body fat (r = − 0.405, P = 0.000), and waist/hip ratio (r = − 0.223, P = 0.002). Based on a linear regression model, total water intake/weight was related significantly with percentage of body fat (P = 0.001) and percentage of body water content (P = 0.035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidities, or medications. Conclusions These findings all suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

scholarly journals Effects of condensed tannins towards dairy caprine gastrointestinal nematodes

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Suarez VH ◽  
Olmos LH ◽  
Martinez GM ◽  
Sandoval GV ◽  
Alfaro EJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Made In

In order to evaluate condensed tannins (CT) effect on dairy goat gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) under a grazing and confined systems, two experiments (E1 and E2) were made. On both, goats were kept in two groups of 10 animals each. Groups were: control, without treatment (CG) and CT supplemented (CTG) daily with 25 g (1,25%) in E1 and 75 g (2%) in E2. During the E1, feeding was based on Lucerne (Medicago sativa) grazing and supplementation with 500 g of corn grain and during the E2, stabled milking goats ate 500 g of corn grain and ad libitum lucerne hay. Biweekly, faecal egg counts (FEC) and coprocultures were made. In addition, FAMACHA© technique, body condition score (BCSS) and ingested food were recorded each two weeks during the 90 days (E1) and 76 (E2) days of trial. The FEC values in most of the study were low and no significant differences (p<0.78) were detected between groups. Mean FEC were 534 (CTG) and 357 (CG) during E1 and 509 (CTG) and 484 (CG) during E2. The predominant NGI genera were Trichostrongylussp. (48.1%), Haemonchus sp. (39.9%) and Teladorsagia sp. (12.0%). FAMACHA© scores did not show significant (p<0.41) differences between groups, but the CG (median=3) showed a BCS significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of CTG (median=2.5). The average milk production did not present statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.57), between sampling dates (p<0.23) and group x sampling dates (p<0.65). Under the conditions of these studies 25g or 75 g of CT in the diet had no anthelmintic or productive effects. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematode; Dairy goat; Condensed tannin; Production

Disorders of Water Balance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H Sterns ◽  
Stephen M. Silver ◽  
John K. Hix ◽  
Jonathan W. Bress
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Impaired Water

Guided by the hypothalamic antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, the kidney’s ability to conserve electrolyte–free water when it is needed and to excrete large volumes of water when there is too much of it normally prevents the serum sodium concentration from straying outside its normal range. The serum sodium concentration determines plasma tonicity and affects cell volume: a low concentration makes cells swell, and a high concentration makes them shrink. An extremely large water intake, impaired water excretion, or both can cause hyponatremia. A combination of too little water intake with too much salt, impaired water conservation, or excess extrarenal water losses will result in hypernatremia. Because sodium does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, an abnormal serum sodium concentration alters brain water content and composition and can cause serious neurologic complications. Because bone is a reservoir for much of the body’s sodium, prolonged hyponatremia can also result in severe osteoporosis and fractures. An understanding of the physiologic mechanisms that control water balance will help the clinician determine the cause of impaired water conservation or excretion; it will also guide appropriate therapy that can avoid the life-threatening consequences of hyponatremia and hypernatremia.

Water Balance in Corixa Dentipes (Thoms.) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-619
Author(s):  
B. W. STADDON
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Water Output

1. The water balance in Corixa dentipes (Thoms.) has been investigated under conditions of starvation in de-ionized water. 2. The rectal fluid was found to contain almost sufficient ammonium bicarbonate to account for the total osmotic pressure. It was invariably strongly hypotonic to the haemolymph. 3. The water output, as estimated by measuring the ammonia output and ammonia concentration of the rectal fluid, was shown to be appreciable but no connexion was found between the output of ammonia and of water. 4. Adults were shown to gain water by the mouth and some evidence was obtained that the cuticle may be an important route of water intake.

scholarly journals High water vs. ad libitum water intake for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a randomized controlled feasibility trial

QJM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R El-Damanawi ◽  
M Lee ◽  
T Harris ◽  
L B Cowley ◽  
S Bond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Polycystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
High Water ◽  
Feasibility Trial ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
High Water Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

Abstract Background Vasopressin stimulates cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and is a key therapeutic target. Evaluation of high water intake as an alternative to pharmacological vasopressin blockade is supported by patients. However feasibility, safety and adherence-promoting strategies required to deliver this remain unknown. Aims Assess the feasibility of a definitive randomized high water intake trial in ADPKD. Methods In this prospective open-label randomized trial, adult ADPKD patients with eGFR ≥ 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 were randomized to prescribed high water (HW) intake targeting urine osmolality (UOsm) ≤270 mOsm/kg, or ad libitum (AW) intake (UOsm &gt;300 mOsm/kg). Self-management strategies including home-monitoring of urine-specific gravity (USG) were employed to promote adherence. Results We enrolled 42 participants, baseline median eGFR (HW 68.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 35.9–107.2] vs. AW 75.8 [IQR 59.0–111.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.22) and UOsm (HW 353 [IQR 190–438] vs. AW 350 [IQR 240–452] mOsm/kg, P = 0.71) were similar between groups. After 8 weeks, 67% in the HW vs. 24% in AW group achieved UOsm ≤270 mOsm/kg, P = 0.001. HW group achieved lower UOsm (194 [IQR 190–438] vs. 379 [IQR 235–503] mOsm/kg, P = 0.01) and higher urine volumes (3155 [IQR 2270–4295] vs. 1920 [IQR 1670–2960] ml/day, P = 0.02). Two cases of hyponatraemia occurred in HW group. No acute GFR effects were detected. In total 79% (519/672) of USG were submitted and 90% (468/519) were within target. Overall, 17% withdrew during the study. Conclusion DRINK demonstrated successful recruitment and adherence leading to separation between treatment arms in primary outcomes. These findings suggest a definitive trial assessing the impact of high water on kidney disease progression in ADPKD is feasible.

Value of fluid and electrolyte supplements in subarctic survival situations

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence A. Rogers ◽  
James A. Setliff
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
High Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Water Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum

After 48 hr on a standard diet indoors, 30 men were subjected to cold and starvation in the winter subarctic. During the fast, ten men got 230 mEq NaCl each, ten got 115 mEq NaCl plus 115 mEq NaHCO3, and the other ten got a placebo. Of each group of ten, five had water ad libitum and the other five each had a “forced” intake of 1,920 ml. In each electrolyte-supplemented group, those with the high water intake dehydrated to the same extent as those drinking ad libitum. Those getting NaCl or NaCl plus NaHCO3 lost a mean of about 1 kg less weight than those in the placebo groups. The NaHCO3 did not diminish the fasting acidosis. cold exposure; fasting; fluid balance; starvation Submitted on January 22, 1964

Effect of water restriction on urinary concentrating ability of K-depleted rats

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Blythe ◽  
Margaret Newton ◽  
Fernando Lazcano ◽  
Louis G. Welt
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability ◽  
Excessive Water ◽  
Urine Concentrating Ability ◽  
Concentrating Defect

In order to test the possibility that the urinary concentrating defect associated with potassium depletion results from excessive water intake that accompanies potassium depletion, water intake was restricted in one half of a group of rats undergoing potassium depletion. The other one half of the group was allowed to drink ad libitum After 14 days, ability to concentrate the urine was tested in both groups as well as in two groups of control rats, one of which was allowed to drink ad libitum and the other having water intake restricted. Although both potassium-depleted groups concentrated urine less than the control groups, there was no difference in urine-concentrating ability between the two potassium-depleted groups. It is concluded that the urinary concentrating defect in potassium depletion is not due to excessive water intake.

Regulation of AQP6 mRNA and protein expression in rats in response to altered acid-base or water balance

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. F1014-F1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Promeneur ◽  
Tae-Hwan Kwon ◽  
Masato Yasui ◽  
Gheun-Ho Kim ◽  
Jørgen Frøkiær ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Acid Load

In the rat, aquaporin-6 (AQP6) is mainly localized in intercalated cells (ICs) in collecting ducts, where it is exclusively associated with intracellular vesicles. In this study, we examined whether AQP6 protein and mRNA expression were regulated in the inner medulla or inner stripe of the outer medulla. Rats treated with dietary alkali or acid load for 7 days with a fixed daily water intake revealed appropriate changes in urine pH but unchanged urine output. AQP6 protein and mRNA abundance were increased in alkali-loaded rats (187 ± 18 and 151 ± 17% of control, respectively), whereas no changes were observed in acid-loaded rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased IC AQP6 labeling in alkali-loaded rats but not in acid-loaded rats. In contrast, administration of NH4Cl in the drinking water for 2 wk (free access to water) revealed a significant increase in AQP6 protein abundance (194 ± 9% of control), but this was associated with increased water intake. Combined, this suggests that AQP6 expression was not affected by acid loading per se but rather was in response to changes in water intake. Consistent with this, water loading for 48 h was associated with increased AQP6 protein abundance, compared with thirsted rats. Moreover, rats with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus had a threefold increase in both AQP6 protein and mRNA expression. Overall, these results suggest that AQP6 expression in collecting duct ICs is regulated by altered acid/alkali load or water balance. Thus AQP6 may contribute to maintenance of acid-base homeostasis and water balance.

Body temperature responses to exercise in man on restricted food and water intake

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Grande ◽  
J. E. Monagle ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
H. L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Control Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Water Group ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

Rectal temperatures (TR) of 12 clinically healthy soldiers were measured in a room at 25.5°C and 40–45% relative humidity during a 1-hour walk on a motor driven treadmill at 3.5 mph and 10% grade, during control with adequate food intake and water ad libitum, and during a period of food and water restriction. The daily water intake during the water restriction period was 900 ml for six of the men, Low Water group (L.W.), and 1800 ml for the other six, High Water group (H.W.). The restriction of water began at the same time as the restriction of food and lasted 5 full days for the L.W. group and 10 full days for the H.W. group. Food was restricted to 1000 calories from carbohydrate, 4.5 gm of NaCl and a multivitamin pill/day for 16 days. Water ad libitum was given throughout the experiment except for the period of water restriction. The L.W. group showed a progressive increase of TR at the end of the walk during the water restriction period with average TR 1.51℃, higher at peak dehydration than in control. In the H.W. group the greatest average increase, 0.46℃, was observed on day 5 of restriction. Administration of water ad libitum brought the work TR back to the control level in the L.W. group, but failed to produce any important change in the H.W. group. The relationship between dehydration, elevation of TR during work and changes in sweat rate is discussed. Submitted on July 24, 1958

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