Voluntary dehydration in man

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Greenleaf ◽  
Frederick Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Voluntary Dehydration ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects singly and in combination of heat, exercise, and hypohydration upon voluntary dehydration were studied in four acclimated, physically fit, young men. Voluntary dehydration is the delay in complete rehydration following water loss. Hypohydration refers to the state of decreased water content while the osmotic concentration of the body is maintained. Ad libitum drinking during the heat experiments was 146% greater than it was in the cool experiments. Hypohydration increased drinking 109% over the corresponding hydration experiment, exercise increased water intake 41% over resting. Hypohydration and exercise were less effective than heat in stimulating drinking. During the 4-hr experimental periods, the subjects did not or could not drink enough to compensate for the water lost. Regardless of the magnitude of the water deficit at the beginning of the recovery periods, the rates of rehydration were the same. The more stressful the experiment, the greater the water consumption and, in general, the longer it took to regain the lost water. water balance; heat; exercise; drinking; hypohydration Submitted on September 8, 1964

Evolution of water balance in the genusDrosophila

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (13) ◽  
pp. 2331-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen G. Gibbs ◽  
Luciano M. Matzkin
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Dehydration Tolerance ◽  
Cactophilic Drosophila ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
The World

SUMMARYFruit flies of the genus Drosophila have independently invaded deserts around the world on numerous occasions. To understand the physiological mechanisms allowing these small organisms to survive and thrive in arid environments, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of water balance in Drosophila species from different habitats. Desert (cactophilic) species were more resistant to desiccation than mesic ones. This resistance could be accomplished in three ways: by increasing the amount of water in the body, by reducing rates of water loss or by tolerating the loss of a greater percentage of body water (dehydration tolerance). Cactophilic Drosophila lost water less rapidly and appeared to be more tolerant of low water content, although males actually contained less water than their mesic congeners. However, when the phylogenetic relationships between the species were taken into account, greater dehydration tolerance was not correlated with increased desiccation resistance. Therefore, only one of the three expected adaptive mechanisms, lower rates of water loss, has actually evolved in desert Drosophila, and the other apparently adaptive difference between arid and mesic species (increased dehydration tolerance) instead reflects phylogenetic history.

Evaluation of seasonality on total water intake, water loss and water balance in the general population in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Malisova ◽  
V. Bountziouka ◽  
D. Β. Panagiotakos ◽  
A. Zampelas ◽  
M. Kapsokefalou
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Intake Water ◽  
Total Water Intake

scholarly journals The effect of fermented corn grain supplementation to alfalfa on water intake and water balance by wether sheep

Stočarstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Marina Vranić ◽  
Goran Kiš ◽  
Vilena Šuman ◽  
Barbara Oštarić ◽  
Krešimir Krapinec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Grain

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka vlažnog zrna kukuruza (VZK) sjenaži lucerne (SL) na ad libitum konzumaciju i balans vode kastriranih ovnova. Istraživanje se sastojalo od 3 hranidbena tretmana: (i) hranidba samo SL, (ii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 5 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL5) i (iii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 10 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL10). Pokus je bio postavljen kao 3x3 latinski kvadrat. Životinje su hranjene 2x dnevno, cijelo su vrijeme imale na raspolaganju vodu ad libitum. Kod tretmana SL5 i SL10 je utvrđena niža konzumacija vode napajanjem (P<0,05) i niža konzumacija vode hranom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio lučenje vode urinom (P<0,05), a povećao lučenje vode fecesom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Kod tretmana SL5 je izlučeno više urina (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL10. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio balans vode kastriranih ovnova (P<0,05) u usporedbi s balansom vode kastrata hranjenih samo sjenažom lucerne. Zaključeno je da dodatak VZK obroku baziranom na SL utječe na konzumaciju i lučenje vode iz organizma te balans vode kastriranih ovnova.

Water in Students’ Life and its Impact on their Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Grygoriy P. Griban ◽  
Olena V. Filatova ◽  
Anatolii I. Bosenko ◽  
Ganna V. Tamozhanska ◽  
Andrii M. Lytvynenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Quality ◽  
National University ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Aim: Is to study the role of water in the life of students and to investigate the impact of its quality on the health of students who did sports. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Polissya National University (Zhytomyr, Ukraine) in 2018-2020. Thus, 509 students between the ages of 17 and 23 who did not do sports and 317 student-athletes were surveyed. The level of students’ health was examined according to the methodology of G.L. Apanasenko. Results: It was found that the majority of students who did not do sport (97.5% of males and 96.7% of females) did not stick to the water consumption schedule, while 50.8% of males and 52.2% of females who did sport followed strict norms of the water consumption schedule to maintain water balance. According to most health indicators, students-athletes had better average values of the studied indicators than those students did not do sport. Conclusions: Water plays an important role in the lives of students and especially those students who do sport. High-quality water, sticking to water consumption schedule, especially during prolonged physical exercise and at high temperatures have a positive effect on the body and improve the health of students.

Effects of Desiccation, Water-Stress and Decapitation on Integumentary Water Loss in the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1987 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN NOBLE-NESBITT ◽  
MARWAN AL-SHUKUR
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
The Body

Cockroaches decapitated in a fully hydrated state at first lose water under desiccation much more rapidly than their intact counterparts. The rate of loss decreases with time of desiccation; this decrease is more marked in decapitated than in intact cockroaches. The initial rate of water loss is lower and less variable in predesiccated cockroaches and continues to fall gradually during further desiccation. Decapitation of predesiccated cockroaches has little effect on the rate of water loss. Similarly, the rate of water loss is low with low variability in water-stressed cockroaches taken from dry culture conditions, and decapitation has no significant effect. The lowering of the rate of water loss is not a simple response to lowering of the body water content, but is a two-stage, time-related physiological response of acclimatization to water-stress or desiccation. The initial phase of rapid response requires the presence of the head, whereas the subsequent gradual phase does not. With the techniques used in this investigation, handling-related effects of the decapitation procedure are not significant. Note: Present address: Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

The Effects of Pituitrin and of Narcosis on Water-Regulation in Larval and Metamorphosed Amblystoma

1927 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
J. BĚLEHRÁDEK ◽  
J. S. HUXLEY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Imperfect State ◽  
Water Equilibrium

(1) Injection of post-pituitary extract to larval and adult Amblystoma individuals leads to an increased water-intake, followed by a decrease in water-content the body, the decrease being greater than the preliminary increase. Repeated injections cause decreases of body-weight of over 35 per cent. (2) This effect runs parallel with the chromatophore effect. No change in oxygen consumption could be detected, even with long continued injection. (3) Both larval and metamorphosed Amblystoma lose weight (by loss of water) when narcotised in a solution of amytal 1 : 3000; the loss is greater in larval specimens; the decrease is followed, in metamorphosed animals, by a slight net increase. (4) Both the pituitary effect and the amytal effect develop considerably more quickly in larval than in metamorphosed Amblystoma. (5) The mechanism regulating the water-equilibrium of the body in Amblystoma passes, during metamorphosis, from a relatively imperfect state in the larval stage to a more efficient condition in adult individuals.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-EXISTENT BATHYMETRY LAKES KROKOWO

2018 ◽  
Vol 171 (51) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Mariusz Ptak
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Natural Lakes ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
Artificial Reservoirs ◽  
Hydrographic Network

Intensive land reclamation works carried out a few centuries ago in Poland contributed to a significant impoverishment of the hydrographic network. Currently, more and more often there are problems related to water deficit and implementation of a programme aimed at expansion of retention, e.g. through the construction of artificial reservoirs or damming of natural jellies. In this work, the morphometry of the non-existent Krokowo Lake was reconstructed. It was established that as a result of the anthropopressure impact, the body of water of the area 58.0 ha and capacity of 2.6 millions m3 disappeared. In the light of the increased retention capacity in Poland, the restoration of natural lakes seems to be an interesting approach. Renaturalisation of these environmental elements in the context of improving the water balance components seems more justified than the creation of new (artificial) components.

scholarly journals Characterizing Dietary and Physical Activity Patterns in Relation to Hydration Among Pre-Adolescent Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 576-576
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Willis ◽  
Daniel Westfall ◽  
Jeanne Bottin ◽  
Erica Perrier ◽  
Charles Hillman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Physical Activity Patterns ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize food and fluid consumption as well as and physical activity patterns in children in relation to ad libitum hydration. Methods Child participants aged 9–11 years (N = 55, 28 females) reported beverage consumption with a 7-day fluid diary. Overall diet was reported using a 7-day diet record and analyses were run using the Nutritional Data System for Research (NDSR). Physical activity was assessed with hip worn accelerometers (Actigraph wGT3x+, Pensacola, FL) over 7 days and aerobic fitness was measured with a VO2 max test. Body composition was assessed with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Urine was collected over a 24hr period and was analyzed separately with a refractometer and freezing point depression for specific gravity (USG) and osmolality (UOsm), respectively. Results Children reported ad libitum consumption of 1645 ± 856 mL of total fluid per day, which was comprised of 37% plain water and 12% milk. The remaining 51% was composed of juice, carbonated, sports, fruit, and caffeinated beverages. Mean 24 h UOsm was 780 ± 250 mOsm/kg and USG was 1.019 ± 0.007. Activity data showed participants spent 52 minutes of MVPA/day. Partial correlations, adjusting for VO2 max, % body fat, sex, energy intake, and accelerometer wear time per day, revealed relationships between plain water consumption and USG (r = −0.32, P = 0.05). USG was related to sedentary activity/day (r = −0.37, P = 0.03); however, there were no other relationships between physical activity and urine hydration markers or plain water intake (all p's > 0.05). Total healthy eating index score (HEI) was not related to plain water intake (r = 0.16, P = 0.34) but trended with UOsm (r = −0.30, P = 0.07). Further, UOsm was inversely correlated with the specific HEI subcomponents of higher vegetable (Rho = −0.32, P = 0.02) and lower saturated fat (Rho = −0.28, P = 0.04) consumption. Conclusions Water consumption in children was below recommendations, and fruit drinks, carbonated drinks, and juice comprised a significant proportion of beverages consumed. Higher water consumption was correlated with lower urine concentration, providing additional support for the importance of water for hydration in children. Finally, hydration was not related to weight status, % body fat, or habitual physical activity. Funding Sources Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.

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