scholarly journals Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women Receiving Care at Maxixe Health Centre

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan

Bacterial Vaginosis is a vaginal infection that occurs when there is a change in the balance of the vaginal flora with vaginal discharge, which may or may not have a characteristic smell, a decrease in vaginal pH, and it is one of the most common public health problems in Sub-Saharan African countries in women in reproductive age. Premature birth, underweight newborns and increased risk of HIV infection are some of its consequences. In Sub-Saharan countries like Mozambique, the real prevalence of this infection is almost unknown. Thus, this study was developed with the aim of analyzing the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women receiving care in the Maxixe City Health Centre (CSM) and identifying the risk factors associated with it. 253 samples of pregnant women attending prenatal external consultations at CSM were used in this study. Samples of vaginal exudate were obtained, stained by the Gram method and observed microscopically using the Nugent method to identify the bacterial vaginosis. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 12, 3%, and the highest prevalence was recorded in the age group of 15-24. In this population, the inconsistent use of condom in sexual intercourse and multiple partners may be the risk factors in acquiring this infection. Therefore, it is concluded that the knowledge of etiology, correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of bacterial vaginosis may contribute to a more comprehensive prenatal examination, aiming to reduce the rates of bacterial vaginosis and its consequences in pregnancy

scholarly journals Bacterial Vaginosis and Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in Senegal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Bonneton ◽  
Bich-Tram Huynh ◽  
Abdoulaye Seck ◽  
Raymond Bercion ◽  
Fatoumata Diene Sarr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vaginal Flora ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery and spontaneous abortion. Yet little data on BV prevalence exist for sub-Saharan countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Senegal.MethodsFrom October 2013 to December 2018, pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited in two primary health centers (one suburban, one rural) in Senegal. Healthcare workers interviewed women and collected a lower vaginal swab and a blood sample. Vaginal flora were classified into four categories using vaginal smear microscopic examination and Gram’s coloration. In our study, BV was defined as vaginal flora with no Lactobacillus spp. Variables associated with BV were analyzed using STATA® through univariate and multivariate analysis.Results A total of 457 women provided a vaginal sample for analysis. Overall, BV prevalence was 18.6% (85/457) [95% CI: 15.4-22.6]) and was similar in suburban and rural areas (18.9 % versus 18.1%, p=0.843). Multivariate analysis showed that primigravidity was the only factor independently associated with a lower risk of BV (aOR=0.35 [95% CI 0.17-0.72]).Conclusions Our study showed significant BV prevalence among pregnant women in Senegal. Although the literature has underscored the potential consequences of BV for obstetric outcomes, data are scarce on BV prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. Before authorities consider systematic BV screening for pregnant women, a larger study would be useful in documenting prevalence, risk factors and the impact of BV on pregnancy outcomes.

scholarly journals Bacterial vaginosis: Prevalence and associated risk factors among non-pregnant women of reproductive age attending a Nigerian tertiary hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasheedat M. Abdullateef ◽  
Munirdeen A. Ijaiya ◽  
Fadeyi Abayomi ◽  
Abiodun S. Adeniran ◽  
Haruna Idris
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: a current view on diagnosis and therapy (literature review)

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Tamara E Karapetyan ◽  
Natalya A Lomova ◽  
Valeria R Yusubova ◽  
Shota G Gvenetadze
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Current View ◽  
Increased Risk

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent lower genital tract disease in women of reproductive age (both pregnant and non-pregnant) and the most common cause of vaginal discharge and foul odor from the genital tract. To date, there is a lot of literature describing many different approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of BV during pregnancy. BV is common, and its precise prevalence varies widely depending on the patient population. Studies confirm that the prevalence of BV among pregnant women is the same as in the population of non-pregnant women, and ranges from 6 to 32%. The link between BV and a patient’s ethnicity, smoking, sexual behavior and douching was established. BV is more prevalent among African American women, smokers, sexually active women compared to virgins and those who use douching. Diagnosis of BV is based on clinical symptoms and the results of microbiological examination. Diagnostic criteria are the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women. If BV is confirmed, treat-ment is indicated. In most international guidelines on sexually transmitted infections, the use of either metronidazole 500 mg orally 2 times a day for 7 days, or clindamycin 300 mg orally 2 times a day for 7 days are recommended for the prevention of adverse obstetric outcomes. BV is considered as the risk factor for adverse obstetric outcomes, such as premature birth, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, chorioamnionitis and postpartum infections, such as endometritis and infectious compli-cations in the area of the postoperative wound after cesarean section. Pregnant women with symptoms of BV are advised to be screened and treated to eliminate the symptoms. Treatment with oral or local antibiotics is acceptable to achieve recovery (cure) in pregnant women with a symptomatic course of BV and a low risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. Women without symptoms of BV and women without identified risk factors for preterm birth should not be routinely screened and treated for BV, while patients with an increased risk for premature birth may benefit from routine screening and treatment for BV.

scholarly journals Etiologic characterization of vulvovaginitis among females attending a tertiary care hospital: a one year study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2246
Author(s):  
Chembetei Kavitha Kiran ◽  
Jithendra Kandati ◽  
Munilakshmi Ponugoti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
One Year

Background: Vulvovaginitis is one among the major pathologies encountered in reproductive age group. Etiologies are always multiple and candidiasis, bacterial vaginitis and trichomoniasis account for 90% of etiology. The incidence is dependable upon multiple factors like age group, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical locale. Improperly treated and untreated vulvovaginitis is associated with long term complications like infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease in nulliparous females and preterm labour, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, chorioamnionitis among pregnant females and recurrent UTIs, cervicitis, endometritis, increased risk of acquiring STIs among normal females. The present study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the etiologies associated with vulvovaginitis among women attending Obstetrics clinic of a tertiary care hospital. The risk factors associated with the conditions, the features of the vaginal discharge and symptoms associated with each etiology were studied.Methods: A cross sectional study for a period of one year was conducted among 200 female patients attending the Department of gynecology for vaginitis and evaluated for etiology. Patient’s risk factors, clinical history, symptoms were collected by questionnaire and specimens were collected from all the cases and processed as per standard guidelines. Bacterial vaginosis was confirmed based on Neugent’s criteria, Trichomoniasis by wet mount examination and candidiasis by culture. The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee.Results: 137 cases of vulvovaginitis were diagnosed based on etiology. Vulvovaginitis was most common among 27-36 years and in multiparous women. Most common causative agent was Candida (59.12%) followed by bacterial vaginosis (22.63%) and Trichomoniasis (18.25%). Vaginal discharge was the commonest symptom (100%) followed by malodor and vulval irritation. Following unhygienic practices was the commonest risk factor associated with Vulvovaginitis.Conclusions: A regular evaluation is mandatory for all the females attending hospital for vaginitis. Successful management reduces the morbid conditions and it’s essential to treat the conditions during the pregnancy which prevents the complications associated like preterm birth, miscarriage etc. and adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices as Transmission Risk Factors in Pregnant Women at Maxixe Health Centre, Mozambique

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Increased Risk

Sexually transmitted infections are among the most common public health problems worldwide. Female and male infertility, mother to child transmission, causing miscarriages or congenital disease, and increased risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) are some of their consequences. In Sub-Saharan Africa countries, such as Mozambique, the prevalence of these infections is high, women being those who carry the higher burden. Thus we developed this cross-sectional study with objective of characterizing some sexually transmitted infections, HIV infection, syphilis and trichomoniasis in pregnant women, verifying if their management was in accordance with guidelines and recommendations in the country and identifying practice, Knowledge and associated risk factors. Samples were collected from 253 pregnant women attending Centro de Saúde de Maxixe. Vaginal samples were obtained and observed microscopically by wet mount and direct microscopic examination (Trichomonas vaginalis). HIV antibody testing was performed with the tests Determine HIV-1/2 and Uni-GoldTM and against, T. pallidum by RPR, SD BIOLINE Syphilis 3.0 and Determine TP tests in plasma samples. In this study, 11.1% of the pregnant women were infected with HIV, 2.8% with active syphilis, 5.1% with Trichomonas vaginalis and 9.1% with yeast. Antibodies against T. pallidum were identified in 8,3% of these women. In relation to HIV, 7, 5% of them were new cases. Samples were taken from 253 pregnant women attending ante-natal outpatient consultation at the health centre, which were informed about the nature of the study and submitted to a semi-structured interview after signing the free informed consent. In this study, the inconsistency on condoms use and the existence of multiple partners by the participants contributing for these infections transmission. Participants have shown that they had information about these infections modes of transmission, as also which measures to use to prevent them. A significant number of women present with any symptom related to infections that were diagnosed to them, proving that the use of syndrome approach in vaginal discharge must be given some thought in relation to its value in this situation. The data obtained in this study shows that some gaps also exist in the prenatal care clinics of this Centre, from routine procedures that are not performed in accordance with MISAU recommendations. The high prevalence of some STI found in this population, their risk behavior, together with the non-observance of some guidelines in the management of those infections by the health personal very worrying. The implementation of a teaching program on quality control, prevention and management of these infections by the health professional seems to us to be of utmost importance, so these can act in accordance with the present guidelines and transmit correct information to the pregnant women who attend prenatal care.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujit D. Rathod ◽  
Jeffrey D. Klausner ◽  
Karl Krupp ◽  
Arthur L. Reingold ◽  
Purnima Madhivanan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Women In India ◽  
Epidemiologic Features

Background. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by curd-like vaginal discharge and itching, and is associated with considerable health and economic costs.Materials and Methods. We examined the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis among a cohort of 898 women in south India. Participants completed three study visits over six months, comprised of a structured interview and a pelvic examination.Results. The positive predictive values for diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis using individual signs or symptoms were low (<19%). We did not find strong evidence for associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Women clinically diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis had a higher prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (Prevalence 12%, 95% CI 8.2, 15.8) compared to women assessed to be negative for bacterial vaginosis (Prevalence 6.5%, 95% 5.3, 7.6); however, differences in the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis were not observed by the presence or absence of laboratory-confirmed bacterial vaginosis.Conclusions. For correct diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, laboratory confirmation of infection withCandidais necessary as well as assessment of whether the discharge has been caused by bacterial vaginosis. Studies are needed of women infected withCandidayeast species to determine the risk factors for yeast’s overgrowth.

scholarly journals Vaginal, Cervical and Uterine pH in Women with Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Malene Risager Lykke ◽  
Naja Becher ◽  
Thor Haahr ◽  
Ebbe Boedtkjer ◽  
Jørgen Skov Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Female Genital

Introduction: Healthy women of reproductive age have a vaginal pH around 4.5, whereas little is known about pH in the upper genital tract. A shift in the vaginal microbiota may result in an elevated pH in the upper genital tract. This might contribute to decreased fertility and increased risk of preterm birth. Therefore, we aimed to measure pH in different compartments of the female genital tract in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, stratifying into a normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota. Material and methods: In this descriptive study, we included 6 nonpregnant, 12 early-pregnant, and 8 term-pregnant women. A pH gradient was recorded with a flexible pH probe. An abnormal vaginal microbiota was diagnosed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique for Atopobium vaginae; Sneathia sanguinegens; Leptotrichia amnionii; bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 1, 2, 3, and TM7; and Prevotella spp. among others. Results: In all participants we found the pH gradient in the lower reproductive canal to be most acidic in the lower vagina and most alkaline in the upper uterine cavity. Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota had an increased pH in the lower vagina compared to the other groups. Conclusions: There is a pronounced pH gradient within the female genital tract. This gradient is not disrupted in women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota.

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of cardiovascular risk in community dwellers over 40 years old in South Africa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003499
Author(s):  
Ryan G Wagner ◽  
Nigel J Crowther ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Palwende Romauld Boua ◽  
Engelbert A Nonterah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of these risk factors on future CVD outcomes and burden is poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of modifiable risk factors, estimated future CVD risk and compared results between three commonly used 10-year CVD risk factor algorithms and their variants in four African countries.MethodsIn the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic studies (the AWI-Gen Study), 10 349 randomly sampled individuals aged 40–60 years from six sites participated in a survey, with blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels measured. Using these data, 10-year CVD risk estimates using Framingham, Globorisk and WHO-CVD and their office-based variants were generated. Differences in future CVD risk and results by algorithm are described using kappa and coefficients to examine agreement and correlations, respectively.ResultsThe 10-year CVD risk across all participants in all sites varied from 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6% to 4.1%) using the WHO-CVD lab algorithm to 6.5% (95% CI: 3.7% to 11.4%) using the Framingham office algorithm, with substantial differences in risk between sites. The highest risk was in South African settings (in urban Soweto: 8.9% (IQR: 5.3–15.3)). Agreement between algorithms was low to moderate (kappa from 0.03 to 0.55) and correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.70. Depending on the algorithm used, those at high risk (defined as risk of 10-year CVD event >20%) who were under treatment for a modifiable risk factor ranged from 19.2% to 33.9%, with substantial variation by both sex and site.ConclusionThe African sites in this study are at different stages of an ongoing epidemiological transition as evidenced by both risk factor levels and estimated 10-year CVD risk. There is low correlation and disparate levels of population risk, predicted by different risk algorithms, within sites. Validating existing risk algorithms or designing context-specific 10-year CVD risk algorithms is essential for accurately defining population risk and targeting national policies and individual CVD treatment on the African continent.

scholarly journals Malarial Infection in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Attending a Rural Antenatal Clinic in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Houmsou ◽  
B. E. Wama ◽  
S. O. Elkanah ◽  
L. C. Garba ◽  
T. D. Hile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Haemoglobin Level ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malarial Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan

Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection in HIV infected pregnant women in relation to sociodemographic and obstetrical factors. The study also assessed relationship between malarial infection and haemoglobin level, CD4+ counts, and ART regimen, as well as predisposing risk factors that influenced occurrence of malarial infection in the women. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa. Haemoglobin level was determined using a hematology analyzer, while the flow cytometry was used to measure CD4+ counts. Sociodemographic and obstetrical parameters were obtained through the administration of questionnaires. Of the 159 HIV infected pregnant women examined, 33.3% (59/159) had malarial infection. Malarial infection was significantly higher in pregnant women who were divorced, 40.24% (33/82) (χ2=5.72; P=0.05), were at their first trimester (4–12 weeks), 54.8% (17/31) (χ2=14.85; P=0.01), had CD4+ = [201–500 cells/μL], 42.42% (42/99) (χ2=10.13; P=0.00), and those that had severe anaemia (<8 dg/L), 100.00% (χ2= 45.75; P=0.00). However, risk factors that influenced the occurrence of malarial infection in the pregnant women were occupation (farming) (AOR=0.226; P=0.03), marital status (divorced) (AOR=2.80; P=0.02), gestation (first trimester) (AOR=0.33; P=0.00), haemoglobin level (Hb < 8 dg/L) (AOR=0.02; P=0.00), and CD4+ counts (low CD4+) (OR=0.40; P=0.05). The study reported endemicity of malaria in HIV infected pregnant women living in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Malarial infection was higher in women that were divorced, and at their first trimester, had low CD4+ count, and had severe anaemia. Farming, divorce, gestation, severe anaemia, and low CD4+ counts were predisposing risk factors that influenced malaria occurrence in the HIV infected pregnant women. It is advocated that HIV infected pregnant women should be properly and thoroughly educated on malaria preventive measures in rural areas so as to avoid unpleasant effect of malaria during their pregnancies.

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