scholarly journals Evaluation of Excreta/Secreta of Lucilia sericata Larvae as a New Antibacterial Candidate for Treatment of MRSA Ocular Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5638-5646
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Corneal Culture

Staphylococcus aureus is the most serious cause of bacterial keratitis in most populations. Due to the resistance of this bacteria to methicillin (MRSA), the novel antimicrobial component is required for novel treatments for keratitis. Excretions/secretions (ES) from larvae of Lucilia sericata (maggot) have antibacterial activity against a number of bacteria. Around 500 larvae were washed with 1 mL of sterile water every hour for ES development. Bactericidal activity of ES was examined by time killing assay. MRSA strain was injected intrastromal into rabbit corneas. The rabbits have been split into three categories, including artificial tear, gentamicin, and maggot ES. Following, the eyes were clinically examined by a slit lamp. This evaluation included the conjunctiva, iris, and cornea. Lastly, the cornea of rabbits was collected for bacterial colony counts. After statistical analysis by ANOVA, it was found that gentamicin and ES, significantly reduced ocular infections in rabbits. Comparisons of corneal opacity scores with Mann–Whitney U-test showed a decreasing trend of therapeutic effects as shown below: gentamicin˃ES˃control. Gentamicin and ES significantly decrease CFU (number of colony-forming units) compared with the control. The mean bacterial count (log CFU/mL) from corneal culture for ES, gentamicin, and untreated groups were 6.04, 5.0, and 8.9, respectively (P≤0.05). In conclusion, the extraction of maggot larvae is useful in treating keratitis mediated by MRSA.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inhibition of Three Major Cytokines and Its Therapeutic Effects: A Peptide-Based Novel Therapy against Endotoxemia in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Hung-Jen Shih ◽  
Chao-Yuan Chang ◽  
Milton Chiang ◽  
Van Long Le ◽  
Hao-Jen Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Liver Tissues

Three major cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6, mediate endotoxemia-induced liver injury. With the similar structures to the binding domains of the three cytokines to their cognate receptors, the novel peptide KCF18 can simultaneously inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We elucidated whether KCF18 can alleviate injury of liver in endotoxemic mice. Adult male mice (BALB/cJ) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg; LPS group) or LPS with KCF18 (LKCF group). Mice in the LKCF group received KCF18 (i.p.) at 2 h (0.6 mg/kg), 4 h (0.3 mg/kg), 6 h (0.3 mg/kg), and 8 h (0.3mg/kg) after LPS administration. Mice were sacrificed after receiving LPS for 24 h. Our results indicated that the binding levels of the three cytokines to their cognate receptors in liver tissues in the LKCF group were significantly lower than those in the LPS group (all p < 0.05). The liver injury level, as measured by performing functional and histological analyses and by determining the tissue water content and vascular permeability (all p < 0.05), was significantly lower in the LKCF group than in the LPS group. Similarly, the levels of inflammation (macrophage activation, cytokine upregulation, and leukocyte infiltration), oxidation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis (all p < 0.05) in liver tissues in the LKCF group were significantly lower than those in the LPS group. In conclusion, the KCF18 peptide–based simultaneous inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 can alleviate liver injury in mice with endotoxemia.

scholarly journals Differences in susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to metal pyrithiones, their degradation compounds and organotin antifouling biocides

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1039
Author(s):  
Madoka Ohji ◽  
Hiroya Harino ◽  
William John Langston
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Colony Forming Units

AbstractThe susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to copper pyrithione (CuPT2), zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and their degradation product is described and toxicities of these relatively new antifouling biocides compared with those of their harmful organotin (OT) predecessors, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT). These biocides were added to agar at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l−1and coastal seawater including indigenous bacteria added to each batch of agar solution. The number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was measured after 7 days culture. Relative CFU (as a percentage of control) was more than 80% at a concentration of 0.01 mg l−1of each compound, except for TBT. Relative CFU decreased as a function of dose of each biocide, although concentration-dependent changes in rate of CFU were relatively low during exposure to degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, pyridineN-oxide (PO) and pyridine-2-sulphonic acid (PSA). Based on comparisons of EC50, TBT was the most bacterio-toxic of the tested compounds (0.2 mg l−1), marginally more so than CuPT2(0.3 mg l−1). Interestingly, EC50values of degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, 2-mercaptopyridineN-oxide (HPT) and 2,2′-dithio-bispyridineN-oxide (PT2) were 0.8 and 0.5 mg l−1, respectively, lower than that of the parent chemical, ZnPT2(1.4 mg l−1). The EC50of PT2was also lower than that of TPT (0.7 mg l−1), implying higher toxicity. Given the overlapping toxicity ranges, these results suggest that marine bacterial communities experience comparably high susceptibility to metal PTs and OTs during their life history.

scholarly journals Automated Counting of Bacterial Colony Forming Units on Agar Plates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e33695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio D. Brugger ◽  
Christian Baumberger ◽  
Marcel Jost ◽  
Werner Jenni ◽  
Urs Brugger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Colony Forming Units

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Virulent Yersinia pestis Bacteria to Predator Bacteria in the Lungs of Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Russo ◽  
Irina Kolesnikova ◽  
Thomas Kim ◽  
Shilpi Gupta ◽  
Androulla Pericleous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Predatory Bacteria ◽  
Lethal Doses

Multi-drug resistant bacterial infections are a serious threat to global public health. Changes in treatment modalities and prudent use of antibiotics can assist in reducing the threat, but new approaches are also required for untreatable cases. The use of predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, is among the novel approaches being considered as possible therapeutics for antibiotic resistant and/or unidentified bacterial infections. Previous studies have examined the feasibility of using predatory bacteria to reduce colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lungs of rats exposed to lethal doses of Klebsiella pneumoniae; here we apply the approach to the Tier 1 select agent Yersinia pestis, and show that three doses of B. bacteriovorus introduced every six hours reduces the number of CFUs of Y. pestis in the lungs of inoculated mice by 86% after 24 h of infection. These experiments further demonstrate that predatory bacteria may serve to combat Gram negative bacterial infections, including those considered potential bioweapon agents, in the future.

scholarly journals Nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of depression: electroconvulsive therapy and novel brain stimulation modalities

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Magnetic Seizure Therapy ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Technological Methods

Until recently, a review of nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of psychiatric disorders would have included only electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This situation is now changing very substantially. Although ECT remains the only modality in widespread clinical use, several new techniques are under investigation. Their principal indication in the psychiatric context is the treatment of major depression, but other applications are also being studied. All the novel treatments involve brain stimulation, which is achieved by different technological methods. The treatment closest to the threshold of clinical acceptability is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Although TMS is safe and relatively easy to administer, its efficacy has still to be definitively established. Other modalities, at various stages of research development, include magnetic seizure therapy (MST), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). We briefly review the development and technical aspects of these treatments, their potential role in the treatment of major depression, adverse effects, and putative mechanism of action. As the only one of these treatment modalities that is in widespread clinical use, more extended consideration is given to ECT Although more than half a century has elapsed since ECT was first introduced, it remains the most effective treatment for major depression, with efficacy in patients refractory to antidepressant drugs and an acceptable safety profile. Although they hold considerable promise, the novel brain stimulation techniques reviewed here will be need to be further developed before they achieve clinical acceptability.

scholarly journals Deploying Elemental Iodine in a Vapor Form to Disinfect Water and to Clear Biofilms

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3489
Author(s):  
Petronella R. Hove ◽  
Daniel Mobley ◽  
Forgivemore Magunda ◽  
Douglas R. Call
Keyword(s):  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Pump Testing ◽  
Elemental Iodine ◽  
Sewer Water

Traditionally, iodine has been delivered as a solution, tablet or resin to disinfect water. In this study we evaluated the “I2 vapor infusion” (I2VP) technology which passes an airstream through a matrix containing elemental iodine (I2) to produce I2 vapor as an innovative method of iodine delivery for water disinfection. Pressured air was provided either by a compressor or hand pump. Testing was performed with water inoculated with either Gram-negative (Escherichia, Salmonella) or Gram-positive (Enterococcus) bacteria or with pre-formed Acinetobacter or Staphylococcus biofilms. Bacterial colony forming units were used to assess efficacy of the device. In distilled water all bacteria and biofilms were eliminated after brief exposures (<90 s). Culturable bacteria were also eliminated from pond and municipal sewer water, but the technology was mostly ineffective against dairy lagoon water with high turbidity and organic particulate. Longer duration infusion and higher air volumes used to overcome interference from organic matter were also associated with higher concentrations of residual iodine. We conclude that I2 vapor infusion has the potential to be useful for emergency water treatment and potentially for reducing microbiological contamination of some waste streams.

scholarly journals A novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway may be responsible for therapeutic effect of orally administered cordycepin

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Bong Lee ◽  
Masar Radhi ◽  
Elena Cipolla ◽  
Raj D. Gandhi ◽  
Sarir Sarmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Biopharmaceutical Properties

Abstract Although adenosine and its analogues have been assessed in the past as potential drug candidates due to the important role of adenosine in physiology, only little is known about their absorption following oral administration. In this work, we have studied the oral absorption and disposition pathways of cordycepin, an adenosine analogue. In vitro biopharmaceutical properties and in vivo oral absorption and disposition of cordycepin were assessed in rats. Despite the fact that numerous studies showed efficacy following oral dosing of cordycepin, we found that intact cordycepin was not absorbed following oral administration to rats. However, 3′-deoxyinosine, a metabolite of cordycepin previously considered to be inactive, was absorbed into the systemic blood circulation. Further investigation was performed to study the conversion of 3′-deoxyinosine to cordycepin 5′-triphosphate in vitro using macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. It demonstrated that cordycepin 5′-triphosphate, the active metabolite of cordycepin, can be formed not only from cordycepin, but also from 3′-deoxyinosine. The novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway proposed in this study could be responsible for therapeutic effects of adenosine and other analogues of adenosine following oral administration. These findings may have importance in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology associated with adenosine, as well as drug discovery and development utilising adenosine analogues.

scholarly journals A novel lncRNA LNC_000052 leads to the dysfunction of osteoporotic BMSCs via the miR-96-5p–PIK3R1 axis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyang Li ◽  
Rong Cong ◽  
Liyu Yang ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Yiqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Akt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Abstract Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in postmenopausal osteoporosis models exhibit loss of viability and multipotency. Identification of the differentially expressed RNAs in osteoporotic BMSCs could reveal the mechanisms underlying BMSC dysfunction under physiological conditions, which might improve stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration. In this study, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing and showed that the novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LNC_000052 and its co-expressed mRNA PIK3R1 were upregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs. Knockdown of LNC_000052 could promote BMSC proliferation, migration, osteogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We found that both LNC_000052 and PIK3R1 shared a miRNA target, miR-96-5p, which was downregulated in osteoporotic BMSCs. Their binding sites were confirmed by dual-luciferase assays. Downregulation of miR-96-5p could restrain the effects of LNC_000052 knockdown while upregulation of miR-96-5p together with LNC_000052 knockdown could improve the therapeutic effects of BMSCs. In summary, the LNC_000052–miR-96-5p–PIK3R1 axis led to dysfunction of osteoporotic BMSCs and might be a novel therapeutic target for stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Microbial and proximate composition of fresh and salted Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236
Author(s):  
Tahara Rohomania ◽  
Mihir Lal Saha ◽  
Anwar Hossain ◽  
Shankar Chandra Mandal ◽  
Mohammad Shamsur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Fish Sample ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Fish Samples

Bacterial and nutritional quality of fresh and salted hilsa collected from four markets of Dhaka city were investigated. Five different culture media viz. nutrient agar, EMB agar for coliform, SS agar for Salmonella-Shigella, MSA agar for Staphylococcus and TCBS for Vibrio were used. The highest heterotrophic bacterial count 1.22 ± 0.12 × 106 cfu/g was recorded in the fresh fish sample of Karwan Bazar. Maximum coliform count, 1.20 ± 0.10 × 106 cfu/g was detected in the fresh fish sample of the same market. No bacterial colony was found on SS agar and TCBS agar plate in salted fish. Proximate composition of raw hilsa of dorsal and ventral part was 56.49 ± 0.13% and 55.45 ± 0.06% moisture, 23.62 ± 0.28% and 22.99 ± 0.36% protein, 18.01 ± 0.39% and 18.96 ± 0.43% fat and 1.71 ± 0.04% and 2.26 ± 0.09% ash, respectively. In salted T. ilisha, the proximate composition of dorsal and ventral part was 45.13 ± 0.54% and 40.20±0.20% moisture, 20.79 ± 0.17% and 21.48 ± 0.15% protein, 16.89 ± 0.47% and 19.54 ± 0.26% lipid and 16.65 ± 0.41% and 18.35 ± 0.08% ash. The fresh fish samples were associated with high bacterial loads than that of salted fish. The protein, lipid, moisture contents decreased and ash content increased after salting condition.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 227-236, 2014

scholarly journals 1242. Quantitative Analysis of Microbial Burden on LTCF Environmental Surfaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S378-S378
Author(s):  
Lauren DiBiase ◽  
Amy Powell ◽  
Maria Gergen ◽  
David J Weber ◽  
Emily E Sickbert-Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Environmental Surface ◽  
Colonization Status

Abstract Background There is a lack of data on environmental surface contamination in long-term care facilities (LTCF), despite multiple reports of outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant organisms in these settings. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the microbial burden and prevalence of epidemiologically important pathogens (EIP) found on LTCF environmental surfaces. Methods Microbiological samples were collected using Rodac plates from resident rooms and common areas in five LTCFs. At each facility, five samples from up to 10 different available environmental surfaces were collected from a room of a resident reported to be colonized with EIP, as well as from a room of a resident reported to be non-colonized. In addition, five samples from up to 10 different environmental surfaces were collected from two common areas in the facility. EIPs were defined as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and multi-drug-resistant Gram negative bacilli. Data were analyzed for each environmental site sampled in a resident room or common area based on total bacterial colony forming units (CFU), mean CFU per Rodac, total EIP by site, and mean EIP counts per Rodac. Results The below table summarizes total EIP recovered from environmental sites by reported EIP colonization status of the resident. Rooms of residents with reported colonization had much greater EIP counts per Rodac (8.32, 95% CI 8.05, 8.60) than rooms of non-colonized residents (0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). MRSA was the most common EIP recovered from Rodacs, followed by C. difficile. Very few EIPs were recovered from the common areas sampled at these LTCFs. Conclusion We found varying levels of CFU and EIP on environmental sites at LTCFs. Colonization status of a resident was a strong predictor of higher levels of EIP being recovered from his/her room. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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