scholarly journals 674. Epidemiology of Diphtheria and Antimicrobial Resistance Among Diphtheria Cases, Bijapur District, Karnataka, India, 2012–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S243-S244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sree Kalpana Mohankumar ◽  
Suresh Paschapur ◽  
Shankareppa Mailare
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Abstract Background India contributes to 80% of diphtheria cases. Many diphtheria outbreaks were reported from Bijapur district of Karnataka state, India. Analysis of burden and drug sensitivity pattern might help to identify risk groups and to provide guidelines for treatment of diphtheria cases. Our objectives were to describe epidemiology and drug susceptibility of diphtheria cases in Bijapur district. Methods We did cross-sectional study between 2012 and 2015. We defined a probable case as inflammation of upper respiratory tract with adherent membranes. We defined a confirmed case as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed by throat culture. We collected line list of probable and confirmed diphtheria cases, population details in Bijapur district and antibiotic sensitivity of culture reports. We calculated attack rates and case fatality rate by taluks of Bijapur district. We calculated proportion of antibiotic resistance among lab confirmed cases. Results There were 229 probable cases and 26 confirmed cases of diphtheria. Attack rate was 110/million and case fatality rate was 2% (5/255). Median age of males was 5 years (range: 3 months to 18 years) and females was 6 years (range: 1 year to 18 years). Highest attack rate (290/million) was in Bagewadi taluk, followed by Sindagi taluk (130/ million). Attack rate in Bijapur, Indi and Muddebihal were 80, 80and 70 per million respectively. Incidence of diphtheria cases was 3/million in 2012, 15/million in 2013, 80/million in 2014 and 14/million in 2015. Penicillin resistance was found among 92% (24/26) of cases, cotrimaxozole resistance among 27% cases (7/26) and ampicillin resistance among 15% cases (4/26)}. Multidrug resistance for penicillin and cotrimoxazole was found among 23% (6/26) of cases. Multidrug resistance to penicillin and ampicillin was found among 15% (4/26) of cases). All cases were sensitive to azithromycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, gentamycin and tetracycline. Conclusion Diphtheria incidence increased between 2012 and 2014. Incidence reduced in 2015. Penicillin resistance was common. We recommend sensitising health workers about penicillin resistance and educating them not to use penicillin. We recommend estimating vaccine coverage and vaccine effectiveness among children. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals An epidemiological investigation of the 2019 suspected pertussis outbreak in northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110083
Author(s):  
Omoleke Semeeh ◽  
Biniam Getachew ◽  
Yusuf Taofik ◽  
Lukman Surajudeen ◽  
Assad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Introduction: In 2019, we investigated the profile of the cases and controls and the determinants of pertussis transmission in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria, to inform better immunization and surveillance strategies. Methods: Community-based unmatched case–control study and review of the 2019 pertussis routine surveillance data in the affected settlements in the state were conducted. A total of 52 suspected cases of pertussis and 107 control from two local government areas in Kebbi State were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The highest attack rate was observed among between 1- and 4-year age group followed by children less than 1-year old, and the least attack rate was among those above 15 years. The overall attack rate and the case fatality rate were 2.10% and 0.10%, respectively. A higher attack rate was observed among women, whereas the case fatality rate was more among males. From the community survey, we observed that the cases were less likely to have pertussis vaccination history (adjusted odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.74) compared with the controls. Knowing pertussis prevention methods were found protective for pertussis transmission (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.45). Conclusion: This study showed the vulnerability of children under 5 years, especially under 1 year, to vaccine-preventable diseases in rural populations, where “real” immunization coverage is sub-optimal, and the dominant socio-demographic factors are supportive of disease transmission. We found immunization and knowledge of the preventive measures to be protective against pertussis outbreaks. Therefore, routine immunization services must be intensified to improve coverage and prevent future pertussis outbreak(s).

scholarly journals Role of Environmental Temperature on the Attack rate and Case fatality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1792620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Shahneaz A. Khan ◽  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Md. Raihan K. Nayem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate

scholarly journals Covid-19 High Attack Rate Can Lead to High Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: During the current Covid-19 pandemic case fatality rate (CFR) estimates were subjected to a lot of debates regarding the accuracy of its estimations, predictions, and the reason of across countries variances. In this context, we conduct this study to see the relationship between attack rate (AR) and CFR. The study hypothesis is based on two: 1- evidence suggests that the mortality rate (MR) has a positive influence on case fatality ratio (CFR), 2- and increase number of Covid-19 cases leads to increased mortality rate (MR). Material and methods: Thirty countries and territories were chosen. Inclusion criterion was > 500 Covid-19 reported cases per 10,000 population inhabitants. Data on covid-19 cases and deaths was selected as it was on March 10, 2021. Statistical methods used are descriptive and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), the one-way ANOVA, Levene, least significant different (LSD), and matched paired-samples T-tests. Results: ANOVA test showed a significant difference at P<0.01 among all studied groups concerning AR and CFR mean values. Group of countries with MR ≥ 15 death / 104 inhabitants recorded the highest level of crude mean CFR and AR values, and recorded the highest gap with leftover groups, especially with countries reported MR of <10 death/ 104 inhabitants. There were independence 95% confidence intervals of mean CFR and AR values between countries with ≥ 15 death / 104 MR and countries with MR of <10 death /104. There was a significant difference between countries with MR ≥ 15 death / 104 inhabitants and countries with MR of <10 death / 10 4 inhabitants groups through least significant difference (LSD) test for CFR%( 0.042 p-values) and Games Howell (GH) test for AR/104 (p-value 0.000). Conclusions: CFR has a positive significant association with AR.

scholarly journals Influence of Covid-19 Vaccination Coverage on Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggested that an increase in Covid-19 attack rate is correlated to increased case fatality rate (CFR) Covid-19 disease severity. An increase in the attack rate was suggested to lead to an increase in the viral load a proposed mechanism leading to this association. In this context, we conduct this study to look for the influence of decreasing the number of Covid-19 cases through vaccination on CFR.Material and methods: We collected data concerning all countries/territories that implement Covid-19 vaccination at least for the last hundred days ending on 3d of April 2021. They were sixteen in number.Descriptive data analysis used included mean value, standard deviation, and graphical presentation by using Stem-Leaf charts and bar charts.Inferential data analyses used included the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and general linear model procedure (GLM).Results: Findings showed that in a highly significant association the mean CFR decreased in countries with > 18 Covid-19 vaccine doses per 100 inhabitants.Conclusion: Vaccination coverage may constitute another factor that determines temporal and spatial variances in CFR.

scholarly journals Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan ◽  
Abul Kalam ◽  
Shahanaj Shano ◽  
Md. Raihan Khan Nayem ◽  
Md. Kaisar Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Middle Income Countries

The COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected the social and economic conditions across this globe. Little is known about the relationship of COVID-19 with countries&rsquo; economic and socio-demographic status. Publicly available data on COVID-19 test rate, attack rate, case fatality rate, and recovery rate were analyzed in relation to country&rsquo;s economic status, population density, median age, and urban population ratio. We also conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to predict the influence of countries&rsquo; social and economic factors on COVID-19. The results revealed that the median age had significant positive correlation with attack rate (r=0.2389, p=0.003), case fatality rate (r=0.3207, p=0.000) and recovery rate (r=0.4847, p=0.000). The urbanization has positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r=0.1957, p= 0.016). The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed low-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000) and attack rate (p=0.016) compare to high-income countries. The lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively) compared to high-income countries. Based on the result of this study, these economic and socio-demographic factors should consider in designing appropriate preventive measures as a next step. The low and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services to lower the case fatality rate and increase test and recovery rates as part of pandemic preparation like COVID-19. As the number of COVID-19 attacks, death and recovery rates are constantly changing; however, the intensive study is required to obtain a clear picture.

"Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis" (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alamad ◽  
Yousef S. Khader, Khader
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Probable Case

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and collapse of health system in Yemen, diphtheria fatal epidemic occurred at the end of 2017 OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen, determine its incidence and case fatality rate METHODS Data of patients with diphtheria was obtained from the Diphtheria program in a form of line list which were collected on daily basis by electronic Diseases Early Warning System (eDEWS). Probable case was defined as any person suffered from laryngitis or pharyngitis or tonsillitis and adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx and/or nose. Confirmed case was defined as probable case that is laboratory-confirmed or linked epidemiologically to laboratory-confirmed case RESULTS A total of 2,243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% of cases were males and 51% of cases were females. About 44% of cases were 5 -15 years old. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptoms (91%) followed by psedumembrane (81%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentage of partial vaccinated patients, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown were 7%, 31%, 48% and 14%, respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 of population. The highest incidence was among age group <15 years (11 per 100,000) and the lowest incidence was among age group of ≥ 15 years (5 per 100,000). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) among all age groups was 5%, being higher (10%) in the age group < 5 years. . Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR (22%) which were Raymah, Abyan , Sa'ada, Lahj, Al Jawf. CONCLUSIONS : Diphtheria in Yemen in 2017-2018 affected a significant number of people. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children ≤ 15 years were more affected with higher fatality among children < five years. Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR of WHO estimate. To control diphthereia epidemic in Yemn, it is recommended to increase vaccination coverage through campaigns and boosters, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response and provide antitoxin for management of severe cases.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suaad Ameen Moghalles ◽  
Basher Ahmed Aboasba ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alamad ◽  
Yousef Saleh Khader
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and the collapse of the health system in Yemen, which prevented many people from accessing health facilities to obtain primary health care, vaccination coverage was affected, leading to a deadly diphtheria epidemic at the end of 2017. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen and determine its incidence and case fatality rate. METHODS Data were obtained from the diphtheria surveillance program 2017-2018, using case definitions of the World Health Organization. A probable case was defined as a case involving a person having laryngitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose. A confirmed case was defined as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed or linked epidemiologically to a laboratory-confirmed case. Data from the Central Statistical Organization was used to calculate the incidence per 100,000 population. A <i>P</i> value &lt;.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 2243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% (1090/2243, 48.6%) of the cases were males. About 44% (978/2243, 43.6%) of the cases involved children aged 5 to 15 years. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptom (2044/2243, 91.1%), followed by pseudomembrane (1822/2243, 81.2%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentages of partially vaccinated, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown status patients were 6.6% (148/2243), 30.8% (690/2243), 48.6% (10902243), and 14.0% (315/2243), respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 population. The highest incidence was among the age group &lt;15 years (11 per 100,000 population), and the lowest incidence was among the age group ≥15 years (5 per 100,000 population). The overall case fatality rate among all age groups was 5%, and it was higher (10%) in the age group &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access (Raymah, Abyan, Sa'ada, Lahj, and Al Jawf) had a very high case fatality rate (22%). CONCLUSIONS Diphtheria affected a large number of people in Yemen in 2017-2018. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children aged ≤15 years were more affected, with higher fatality among children aged &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access had a case fatality rate twice that of the World Health Organization estimate (5%-10%). To control the diphtheria epidemic in Yemen, it is recommended to increase routine vaccination coverage and booster immunizations, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria, and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response.

scholarly journals Analysis of Covid - 19 Situations in Davanagere District, Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Gouri Sakre ◽  
Gulappa Devagappanavar
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
First Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: According to CDC, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new coronavirus which was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Although most people who have COVID-19 have mild symptoms, it can also cause severe illness and even death. Some groups, including older adults and people who have certain underlying medical conditions, are at increased risk of severe illness. On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19. Objectives: Analysis of COVID 19 data in the Davanagere district from April 2020 to August 2020. Methods: In this current study the secondary data is obtained from the Official Website of Government of Karnataka, Covid-19 Informational Portal – Media Bulletin. By using different indicators Davanagere district covid data is further used to calculate Attack rate, Case fatality rate and complete case fatality rate. Results: In this study it is found that, in the month of April there were no covid positive cases reported till fourth week of month, by fourth week, total two positive cases were reported the first case being encountered on 28th April 2020, with discharge of those patient in the end of the month. The attack rate has steeped up from 8.018 to 355.74 per one lakh population i.e. about 44 times more than initial months of pandemic. The strict preventive measures were followed by public and government too. So the prevalence rate is less in May, June and went on increasing once the unlocking is done. In summer the total positive cases steeping up from 2 cases to 154 total positive cases for the month April to May, and there is steady in rise of total positive cases for the month June with total positive cases of 153. In the beginning of summer there were fewer cases as pandemic was just begun and chances of transmission were very less. As monsoon appeared in June last week there is surge in total positive cases. With added burden of Unlock 1.0 phase, as public started moving out from home without any freak of infection. Conclusion: In this study it is found that due to strict nationwide lockdown and social distancing, hygiene practices among the Davanagere people has made it possible to restrict the spread of covid among the people, although the international immigration of Davanagere residents lead to transmission of infection. Further removal of lockdown after three months has lead to three fold spread of disease. Also there is rise in death rate, attack rate and case fatality in Davanagere district.

scholarly journals Animal anthrax in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
SK Shaheenur Islam ◽  
David M Castellan ◽  
AHM Taslima Akhter ◽  
Md Mehedi Hossain ◽  
Md Zakiul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Control And Eradication

A descriptive study was conducted using secondary surveillance data of animal anthrax from the Epidemiology Unit of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The objectives of this study were to describe the pattern of animal anthrax in Sirajgong district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012 and to assess the current use of anthrax vaccine (Vaccine Coverage) based on animal, time and place. The study found that the disease was more prevalent in this district at the beginning of the early monsoon (Month of May, June when flood water enters) and the late monsoon (Month of September, October, when flood water recedes). Cattle were the predominant animal species affected with anthrax in this district followed by goats and sheep. The overall mean case fatality rate was 30.19%. The numbers of reported anthrax outbreaks in cattle had declined each year with 111 in 2010, 32 in 2011 and 20 in 2012. The annual mean vaccination coverage during the same years was 44.29%, 46.23% and 37.88% respectively. To reduce the number of outbreaks in animals and humans in Sirajganj district the annual vaccination coverage requires improvement. Behavior change through building greater awareness of anthrax is also needed at the farmer level for control and eradication of anthrax in animals as well as human.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 387-395

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