scholarly journals Ivermectin the Promising Drug to Stave off the COVID-19 Crisis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Zakia Jahan ◽  
Masudul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
The World ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, forcing us to face unprecedented moments in the world. The huge devastating impact of the world due to the covid-19 attack causes the brink of no return. However, there is no proven and specific treatment for Covid -19. Very few medications have received Emergency Use of Authorization. A recent in vitro study was the first time to find out and to assess the antiviral effect of Ivermectin on COVID-19. The study showed that Ivermectin was active against COVID- 19-infected cells, was able to kill effectively almost all viral particles within 48 h. In these moments of crisis, FDA-approved ivermectin is a ray of hope. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):95-98

scholarly journals COVID-19 TEDAVİSİNE YÖNELİK GÜNCEL FARMAKOLOJİK YAKLAŞIMLAR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Eroğlu ◽  
Hakan Balcı ◽  
Veysel Baskın ◽  
Zuhal Aktuna
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Almost All

The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in the wholesale market in Wuhan, China in the last months of 2019 and spread to almost all countries in the world. Although there is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19, certain agents are used worldwide, based on in vitro, in vivo studies, and randomized controlled trials. In this review, brief information about these drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19, the results of the conducted studies and the possible adverse effects of the drugs are summarized. We hope that this review will provide an impression of the most current therapeutic drugs used to prevent, control and treat COVID-19 patients until the approval of vaccines and specific drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2. Key Words: COVID-19, SARS CoV-2, pharmacotherapeutics

scholarly journals Investigation of the effects of six medicinal plants with antiviral effects against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun ALP ◽  
Hasan ASİL ◽  
Demet Duman
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
The World

Abstract Today, the coronavirus epidemic, which caused the death of 79 million cases and 1743 thousand people in 218 countries around the world, continues to increase its impact all over the world. Researchers are still trying to develop an effective solution against covid-19, including vaccines and drugs. However, there are few studies that determine the effect of natural products obtained from plants on covid-19. Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used for therapeutic purposes since the existence of humanity. In this study, the effects of some important medicinal plants including Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Nigella (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Karabaş (Lavandula stoechas), and Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. Spicata) against Covid-19 were investigated in vitro conditions. The six plants were evaluated for cytotoxic effect on Vero cells and determining inhibition of viral replication in Vero-E6 cells at concentrations of broad-spectrum antiviral non-cytotoxic against Covid-19 in cell culture and an additional antiviral effect against Covid-19. According to the results, the five examined plants (Saffron, Nigella, Laurel, Karabaş, Zahter) were ineffective against Covid-19 in vitro conditions. Interisingly, the water extract obtained from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra) inhibited Covid-19 in vitro conditions in the 2nd dilution (1: 4) following the initial concentration in Vero-E6 cells.

Helical Rosette Nanotubes as a Potentially More Effective Orthopaedic Implant Material

2004 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Lin Chun ◽  
Hicham Fenniri ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Orthopaedic Implant ◽  
Rosette Nanotubes ◽  
Osteoblast Adhesion ◽  
Organic Nanotubes ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTOrganic nanotubes called helical rosette nanotubes (HRN) have been synthesized in this study for bone tissue engineering applications. They possess intriguing properties for various bionanotechnology applications since they can be designed to mimic the nanostructured constituent components in bone such as collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) which bone cells are naturally accustomed to interacting with. This is in contrast to currently used orthopaedic materials such as titanium which do not possess desirable nanometer surface roughness. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine bone-forming cell (osteoblasts) interactions on titanium coated with HRNs. Results of this study showed for the first time increased osteoblast adhesion on titanium coated with HRNs compared to those not coated with HRNs. In this manner, this study provided evidence that HRNs should be further considered for orthopaedic applications.

scholarly journals The in vitro and in vivo potency of CT-P59 against Delta and its associated variants of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Kyun Ryu ◽  
Hye-Min Woo ◽  
Bobin Kang ◽  
Hanmi Noh ◽  
Jong-In Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Symptom Remission ◽  
Challenge Experiment ◽  
Reduced Activity

The Delta variant originally from India is rapidly spreading across the world and causes to resurge infections of SARS-CoV-2. We previously reported that CT-P59 presented its in vivo potency against Beta and Gamma variants, despite its reduced activity in cell experiments. Yet, it remains uncertain to exert the antiviral effect of CT-P59 on the Delta and its associated variants (L452R). To tackle this question, we carried out cell tests and animal study. CT-P59 showed reduced antiviral activity but enabled neutralization against Delta, Epsilon, and Kappa variants in cells. In line with in vitro results, the mouse challenge experiment with the Delta variant substantiated in vivo potency of CT-P59 showing symptom remission and virus abrogation in the respiratory tract. Collectively, cell and animal studies showed that CT-P59 is effective against the Delta variant infection, hinting that CT-P59 has therapeutic potency for patients infected with Delta and its associated variants.

Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Fink
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
High Resource ◽  
The World ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

Infectious diseases are global and local. They impact health and dis­ease in every country, but protean factors— cultural, geographical, and political— determine their particular local distribution. Every single patient is globally colonized by microorganisms, but singular behaviours, genetics and co- morbidities significantly determine what organisms cause disease in any individual. The practice of infectious diseases medi­cine necessarily demands an understanding of the person and the world in which they live. This chapter will emphasize the importance of context in assessing patients for infectious diseases. In terms of global mortality, communicable diseases remain the leading causes of mortality. Despite the evocative epithet of ‘infectious diseases’, these are not all caused by creatures that creep and crawl. Cosmopolitan diseases (i.e. universally distributed infections such as influenza or bac­terial pneumonia) represent a huge burden wherever medicine is prac­tised. However, it is important to note that in high- resource settings, infection imported by travel and migration is increasing. In particular, the international traffic of emerging infections, such as Zika virus, and anti-microbial resistance (AMR) are already major healthcare problems. As the world shrinks and the climate changes, the distribution of infectious diseases will continue to change. The threat of AMR no longer looms— it is a present and real danger. In the time it will take for disciples of this text to reach the end of their specialty training, AMR will account annually for more deaths than cancer. The delivery of almost all interventional, surgical, and immunomodulatory therapies depends on our ability to provide effective anti- microbial prophylaxis and rescue. The ability of organisms to adapt rapidly to novel iatrogenic selection pressures means that the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and manifold other pathogens will be compromised, not simply anti- bacterial agents. The future of modern medicine depends on the global healthcare community sharing both concern and responsibility. This chapter will include cases pertaining to the management of AMR.

scholarly journals The Influence of Bee Venom Melittin on the Functioning of the Immune System and the Contractile Activity of the Insect Heart—A Preliminary Study

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lubawy ◽  
Arkadiusz Urbański ◽  
Lucyna Mrówczyńska ◽  
Eliza Matuszewska ◽  
Agata Światły-Błaszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Positive Effect

Melittin (MEL) is a basic polypeptide originally purified from honeybee venom. MEL exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activity. However, almost all studies on MEL activity have been carried out on vertebrate models or cell lines. Recently, due to cheap breeding and the possibility of extrapolating the results of the research to vertebrates, insects have been used for various bioassays and comparative physiological studies. For these reasons, it is valuable to examine the influence of melittin on insect physiology. Here, for the first time, we report the immunotropic and cardiotropic effects of melittin on the beetle Tenebrio molitor as a model insect. After melittin injection at 10−7 M and 10−3 M, the number of apoptotic cells in the haemolymph increased in a dose-dependent manner. The pro-apoptotic action of MEL was likely compensated by increasing the total number of haemocytes. However, the injection of MEL did not cause any changes in the percent of phagocytic haemocytes or in the phenoloxidase activity. In an in vitro bioassay with a semi-isolated Tenebrio heart, MEL induced a slight chronotropic-positive effect only at a higher concentration (10−4 M). Preliminary results indicated that melittin exerts pleiotropic effects on the functioning of the immune system and the endogenous contractile activity of the heart. Some of the induced responses in T. molitor resemble the reactions observed in vertebrate models. Therefore, the T. molitor beetle may be a convenient invertebrate model organism for comparative physiological studies and for the identification of new properties and mechanisms of action of melittin and related compounds.

scholarly journals Evidence ofIn VivoProphage Induction during Clostridium difficile Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7662-7670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Meessen-Pinard ◽  
Ognjen Sekulovic ◽  
Louis-Charles Fortier
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Culture Supernatants

ABSTRACTProphages contribute to the evolution and virulence of most bacterial pathogens, but their role inClostridium difficileis unclear. Here we describe the isolation of fourMyoviridaephages, ϕMMP01, ϕMMP02, ϕMMP03, and ϕMMP04, that were recovered as free viral particles in the filter-sterilized stool supernatants of patients suffering fromC. difficileinfection (CDI). Furthermore, identical prophages were found in the chromosomes ofC. difficileisolated from the corresponding fecal samples. We therefore provide, for the first time, evidence ofin vivoprophage induction during CDI. We completely sequenced the genomes of ϕMMP02 and ϕMMP04, and bioinformatics analyses did not reveal the presence of virulence factors but underlined the unique character of ϕMMP04. We also studied the mobility of ϕMMP02 and ϕMMP04 prophagesin vitro. Both prophages were spontaneously induced, with 4 to 5 log PFU/ml detected in the culture supernatants of the corresponding lysogens. When lysogens were grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, or mitomycin C, the phage titers further increased, reaching 8 to 9 log PFU/ml in the case of ϕMMP04. In summary, our study highlights the extensive genetic diversity and mobility ofC. difficileprophages. Moreover, antibiotics known to represent risk factors for CDI, such as quinolones, can stimulate prophage mobilityin vitroand probablyin vivoas well, which underscores their potential impact on phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer events and the evolution ofC. difficile.

scholarly journals Measles Virus-Induced Immunosuppression In Vitro Is Independent of Complex Glycosylation of Viral Glycoproteins and of Hemifusion

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (16) ◽  
pp. 7548-7553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Weidmann ◽  
Christian Fischer ◽  
Shinji Ohgimoto ◽  
Claudia Rüth ◽  
Volker ter Meulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Inhibitory Peptides ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Cellular Fusion

ABSTRACT Expression of the measles virus (MV) F/H complex on the surface of viral particles, infected cells, or cells transfected to express these proteins (presenter cells [PC]) is necessary and sufficient to induce proliferative arrest in both human and rodent lymphoid cells (responder cells [RC]). This inhibition was found to occur independent of apoptosis and soluble mediators excluded by a pore size filter of 200 nm released from either PC or RC. We now show that reactive oxygen intermediates which might be released by RC or PC also do not contribute to MV-induced immunosuppression in vitro. Using an inhibitor of Golgi-resident mannosidases (deoxymannojirimycin), we found that complex glycosylation of the F and H proteins is not required for the induction of proliferative arrest of RC. As revealed by our previous studies, proteolytic cleavage of the MV F protein precursor into its F1 and F2 subunits, but not of F/H-mediated cellular fusion, was found to be required, since fusion-inhibitory peptides such as Z-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (Z-fFG) did not interfere with the induction of proliferative inhibition. We now show that Z-fFG inhibits cellular fusion at the stage of hemifusion by preventing lipid mixing of the outer membrane layer. These results provide strong evidence for a receptor-mediated signal elicited by the MV F/H complex which can be uncoupled from its fusogenic activity is required for the induction of proliferative arrest of human lymphocytes.

scholarly journals Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection of Two Young Asian Elephants

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selvaraj Pavulraj ◽  
Kathrin Eschke ◽  
Adriane Prahl ◽  
Michael Flügger ◽  
Jakob Trimpert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause a devastating haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants worldwide. Here, we report the death of two young Asian elephants after suffering from acute haemorrhagic disease due to EEHV-1A infection. We detected widespread distribution of EEHV-1A in various organs and tissues of the infected elephants. Enveloped viral particles accumulated within and around cytoplasmic electron-dense bodies in hepatic endothelial cells were detected. Attempts to isolate the virus on different cell cultures showed limited virus replication; however, late viral protein expression was detected in infected cells. We further showed that glycoprotein B (gB) of EEHV-1A possesses a conserved cleavage site Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg that is targeted by the cellular protease furin, similar to other members of the Herpesviridae. We have determined the complete 180 kb genome sequence of EEHV-1A isolated from the liver by next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly. As virus isolation in vitro has been unsuccessful and limited information is available regarding the function of viral proteins, we have attempted to take the initial steps in the development of suitable cell culture system and virus characterization. In addition, the complete genome sequence of an EEHV-1A in Europe will facilitate future studies on the epidemiology and diagnosis of EEHV infection in elephants.

scholarly journals Choosing an Effective and Safe Direct Aspiration Setup for Tortuous Anatomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: In vitro Study in a Physiological Flow Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawid Madjidyar ◽  
Lars Nerkada ◽  
Naomi Larsen ◽  
Fritz Wodarg ◽  
Johannes Hensler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Primary Endpoints ◽  
Key Points ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Stent Retrievers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Number Of Passes

Purpose A direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) is an effective thrombectomy option in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Balloon guide catheters (BGC) seem to improve the efficacy of stent retrievers and ADAPT. The last generation 6F aspiration catheters require 9F BGCs, which are rigid devices that are challenging to position in a tortuous anatomy. In this experimental study the efficacy of 6F ADAPT alone and 5F ADAPT combined with 8F BGC was evaluated. Materials and Methods Either a fibrin rich (white) clot or an RBC rich (red) clot was placed in the M1 segment of a transparent silicon phantom. Physiological hemodynamic conditions were maintained. The clots were retrieved by 6F aspiration catheter via 8F long sheath or 5F aspiration catheter via a flexible 8F BGC. Thrombectomy was performed under direct visual control. The primary endpoints were the number of passes and the number of distal emboli. Results Ten experiments were made with each clot model and thrombectomy technique (n = 40). Full recanalization could be achieved in every experiment. First pass mTICI 3 could be achieved by 6F ADAPT in 80 % of red clots and 90 % of white clots. Distal emboli were caused in 10 % and 20 %, respectively. When using 5F ADAPT combined with BGC, a first pass mTICI 3 rate of 90 % in red clots and 100 % in white clots could be achieved. A 10 % rate of distal emboli occurred in both groups. In almost all experiments (both techniques), the thrombi clogged the aspiration catheter. No statistically significant differences could be found between the techniques and clot models. Conclusion 6F ADAPT without BGC was as effective as 5F ADAPT combined with a flexible 8F BGC, with both techniques showing high first-pass recanalization rates and low distal emboli rates. Especially in the case of a tortuous anatomy, these setups should be considered as alternatives to a rigid 9F BGC. The thrombus compositions seemed to be irrelevant in this setting. Key Points:  Citation Format

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