Physiological Adjustment of Arterial Blood Gases and Bicarbonate ION During Pregnancy in Human

In the present study the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in arterial blood were estimated in 32 women in Dhaka city. For this purpose a total of 32 women subjects with age ranged from 25 years to 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. Of those, 8 healthy non-pregnant women were included as control and 24 normal pregnant women as experimental group. The PaO2, PaCO2 and HCO3- were estimated during the first, second and third trimester by using 'easy blood gas auto analyzer'. The PaO2 was significantly higher during entire pregnancy period. However, the PaCO2 and HCO3- were significantly lower in first, second and third trimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaO2, PaCO2 and HCO3- ion among first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. The progressively increased PaO2, decreased PaCO2 and HCO3- ion throughout the pregnancy is possibly due to the effect of progesterone causing hyperventilation. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v23i1.5724Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 23(1&2) : 10-12

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Progressive Decline of Partial Pressure of Carbon dioxide and Bicarbonate levels in Arterial Blood of Pregnant Women

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v3i0.1788 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 13-16

Author(s):

Dipok Kumar Sunyal ◽

Md Ruhul Amin ◽

MH Molla ◽

MA Momen Talukder ◽

Abida Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

First Trimester ◽

Women Subjects ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Respiratory Centre ◽

Experimental Group

Â In the present study the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in arterial blood was estimated in 32 women in Dhaka city. For this purpose a total 32 women subjects with age ranged from 25 years to 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected and divided into 8 healthy non-pregnant women as control and 24 normal pregnant women as experimental group. Experimental group was further divided into 8 first trimester, 8 second trimester & 8 third trimester of pregnant women. The PaCO2 and HCO3- were estimated by using "Easy Blood Gas Auto Analyzer". The PaCO2 and HCO3- were estimated during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters of pregnant women and non-pregnant women. The mean of measured values of PaCO2 and HCO3-were analyzed statistically in relation to 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters of pregnant women & non-pregnant women. The PaCO2 and HCO3- were significantly lower in 1st trimester, 2nd trimester & 3rd trimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaCO2 and HCO3- between the 1st trimester and 2nd trimester; between the 1st trimester and 3rd trimester; and between the 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester of pregnant women. It may be concluded that the causes of progressively decreased PaCO2 and HCO3- throughout the pregnancy were most likely to be due to effect of progesterone causing hyperventilation. Hyperventilation in pregnancy is due to hypersensitivity of respiratory centre. Due to hyperventilation, there is expelling out CO2 and HCO3- causing decreases PaCO2 and HCO3- during pregnancy. doi: 10.3329/jbsp.v3i0.1788 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol.2008 Dec;(3):13-16.

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Study of Forced Vital Capacity in Pregnant Women

Journal of Medical Science & Research ◽

10.47648/jmsr.2007.v0902.04 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (Number 2) ◽

pp. 21-25

Author(s):

D K Sunyal ◽

Md. R Amin ◽

M H Molla ◽

A Ahmed ◽

S Begum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Forced Vital Capacity ◽

Vital Capacity ◽

First Trimester ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Women Subjects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Experimental Group

In the present study. Forced Vital Capacity (PVC) suit estimated in 100 women in Dingo city. For this purpose a total 100 women subjects with age ranged from 25 years to 35 years withow any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. 75 normal pregnant women as experimental group and 25 healthy non-pregnant women as control. Eiperintemed group included 25 first trimester. 25 second trimester and 25 third trimester of pregnat women. The FVC was estimated by using a automatic spironteter during the first. second and third trimester of pregnant women and also in non-pregnant control. The mean of the measured values of PVC were analysed statistically. The PVC was significantly lower in third trimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. Again the FVC was significantly haver he third trimester than that of first trimester of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PVC bentren the nonpregnant and first trimester: ',email the non-pregnant and second trimester; henveen the first trimester and second trimester: and between the second ',integer and third trimester of pregnant women. h may be concluded dun the causes of progressively decreased FVC throughout the pregnancy were most likely to he mechanical effects of progressively increasing uterus that progressively decrease the hum rolume capacity.

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Changes of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Arterial Blood (PaCO2) and Respiratory Rate (RR) in Pregnant Women

Journal of Medical Science & Research ◽

10.47648/jmsr.2008.v1001.02 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (Number 1) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

D K Sunyal ◽

Md. R Amin ◽

MH Md. R ◽

GM Kibria ◽

G M Molla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

First Trimester ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

In the present study the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaC0:1 and respiratory rate (RR) were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Dhaka city. Far this purpose a total 32 women for PaCO)and 100 women for RR with age ranging front 25 ...ears le 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. Normal pregnant women were taken as e.yperimental group and healthy nor-pregnant ...omen as return!. Data was collected during first trimester. second trimester and third trimester in pregnant women and also nompregnant women. The PaCOrwas determined by using 'EASY BLOOD GAS .0TO INALMER" and RR was recorded. The PaCO, and RR during different trimesters of pregnant .rumen were compared with that of non-pregnant 11.1101. Statistical analysis was drum with .tudents '1' rest. The PeCOr was significantly lower in first trimester, second trimester and third (rimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. Similarly, RR was significantly higher in first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women than that of nonpregnant women. Again RR was significantly higher in third trimester than in first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaCO, among first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women. Similarly, there were no statistically significant difference of RR between first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. It may be concluded from the study that the progressively decreased PaCO• and increased RR throughout Me pregnancy were most likely MP be related to the effect of progesterone-induced hyperventilation. Hypermfilation in pregnancy is due to hypersensitivity of respiratory centre. Due to hyperventilation there is expel out of CO, miming decrease in PaC0r and increase in RR during pregnancy.

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Assessment of Percentage Saturation of Hemoglobin with Oxygen in Arterial Blood of Pregnant Women

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v1i0.714 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

DK Sunyal ◽

MR Amin ◽

MH Molla ◽

A Ahmed ◽

S Ferdousi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Function ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

First Trimester ◽

Progesterone Level ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Medical College ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Percentage Saturation ◽

History Of ◽

Experimental Group

Objective: Percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood (SaO2) was studied in pregnant women to evaluate the lung function status in pregnancy. Methods: This study was conducted in the department of physiology in Dhaka medical college during July 2004 to June 2005. For this purpose total 32 women with age ranged 25-35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected from Dhaka city. Eight (8) age matched apparently healthy women was taken as control and Twenty four (24) normal pregnant women without any complication were included in experimental group. All pregnant subjects were studied during first, second and third trimester. SaO2 was determined by Easy Blood Gas Auto Analyzer. SaO2 during different trimesters were compared with that of non pregnant and also among the trimesters. Statistical analysis was done by students unpaired t test. Result: Mean ±SD SaO2 during first trimester (97.73%±0.92), second trimester (98.05%±0.54) and third trimester (98.40%±0.30) were progressively increasing and were significantly higher (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001) than that of non pregnant women (96.71±0.63). But no statistically significant differences were observed among the trimesteric values. The present result indicates increased lung function in pregnant women associated with progressively increased oxygen saturation with trimester. Higher progesterone level is related to increased ventilation which is more marked in luteal phase of menstrual cycle. In pregnant women gradually rising progesterone level reaches its peak at the later part of pregnancy. Conclusion: Therefore it may be concluded from the present study that progressively increased SaO2 might be related to hyperventilation induced by high progesterone level. Key words: Pregnant women, trimester, progesterone J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2006 Dec;(1):10-13.

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Serum adipocytokines and adiposity as predictive indices of preeclampsia

Clinical Hypertension ◽

10.1186/s40885-020-00152-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Tijani Bawah ◽

Francis Agyemang Yeboah ◽

Salifu Nanga ◽

Huseini Alidu ◽

Robert A. Ngala

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Heart Association ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

First Trimester ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

Abstract Background This study was aimed at determining the levels of serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin and lipids during the first trimester in pregnant women and to evaluate the relationship between these biochemical markers and preeclampsia (PE). Available evidence point to changes in the levels of these adipokines in PE hence this study examined the potential of using these biomarkers in the prediction of the disease. Methods This was a case-control study which compared first trimester serum biochemical and anthropometric parameters in pregnant women who subsequently developed PE and those who did not. Blood pressure and urine protein were determined after 20 weeks of gestation and diagnosis of PE performed according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association. Results There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the lipid profile with the exception of HDL cholesterol which was significantly lower (p = 0.043) in the PE group compared to the normotensive group. There were, however, significant differences (p < 0.05) in the adipokines between the PE group and those without PE. Analyses of area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for the adipokines, showed their ability to correctly predict PE even after controlling for body mass index (BMI) and family history of hypertension. Conclusion Adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin were found to be significant predictors of PE, with resistin being the best predictor after controlling for BMI. However, adiponectin was the best predictor after controlling for BMI, age, parity and family history of diabetes and preeclmapsia.

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Thrombin Generation in Chinese Pregnant Women and the Effect of Insulin Use on Thrombin Generation in Patients with GDM

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/1076029619863492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 107602961986349

Author(s):

Feng Dong ◽

Longhao Wang ◽

Chengbin Wang

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Thrombin Generation ◽

First Trimester ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Control Blood Glucose ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) is a test to monitor the thrombin generation (TG), a laboratory marker of thrombosis risk, and increases during normal pregnancy, but it is still unclear whether TG is related to the use of insulin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We performed thrombin generation by CAT on 135 normal pregnant women, including 43 in first trimester, 32 in second trimester, 60 in third trimester, respectively; 68 pregnant women with GDM were also enrolled, 19 patients with GDM using insulin to control blood glucose and 49 patients control their blood glucose through diet and exercise with noninsulin treatment. The overall CAT parameters were calculated using descriptive statistics method with mean ± standard deviation. Mean endogenous thrombin potential, peak thrombin generation, and StartTail time increased significantly with the pregnancy. There was no significant difference in TG test parameters except StartTail time( P = .003) in insulin-treated GDM group when compared to those without insulin in the GDM group. The normal ranges for CAT parameters in pregnant women were determined. Thrombin generation increased significantly in first trimester and remains stable in second and third trimester. The use of insulin in patient with GDM did not affect thrombin generation test. Our study helps to establish the reference range of thrombin generation in Chinese normal pregnant population and provide more basis to predict the risk of thrombus complicating during pregnancy.

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Comparison of Salivary Alpha-Amylase, Sialic Acid, and pH in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Subjects

European Journal of General Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1732771 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masoomeh Shirzaiy ◽

Zohreh Dalirsani

Keyword(s):

Sialic Acid ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

First Trimester ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Third Trimester ◽

The Third ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

The Mean

Abstract Objectives During pregnancy, systemic physiological alterations lead to some changes in the oral cavity, which could prepare the mouth environment for oral and dental problems. This study was aimed to investigate salivary α-amylase, sialic acid levels, and pH levels in pregnant and nonpregnant females. Materials and Methods In this analytical, case–control study, unstimulated saliva samples were collected with spiting method from 35 pregnant women (case group) and 35 nonpregnant women (control group) and transferred to the laboratory to assess salivary α-amylase, sialic acid, and pH levels. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version: 19) software through statistical methods of independent t-test and analysis of variance. Results The mean sialic acid levels were 2.285 ± 1.230 mg/dL in pregnant and 2.744 ± 1.326 in nonpregnant women without any significant difference (p = 0.138). The mean salivary α-amylase concentrations were 2.461 ± 1.869 U/L and 2.439 ± 2.058 U/L, respectively, in pregnant and nonpregnant women, with no significant difference (p = 0.963).The mean salivary pH in nonpregnant women was significantly more than that in pregnant women (7.845 ± 0.430 and 6.868 ± 0.413, respectively) (p < 0.001). Also, the mean salivary pH levels in pregnant women were 7.474 ± 0.420 in the first trimester, 6.868 ± 0.413 in the second trimester, and 6.568 ± 0.387 in the third trimester, which were significantly different (p < 0.001). Conclusion Salivary sialic acid and α-amylase levels among pregnant women were no different from those of other subjects. During pregnancy, the salivary pH significantly reduced, and the mean salivary pH during pregnancy had a decreasing trend from the first trimester to the third trimester.

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Chemotherapy for breast cancer during pregnancy induces vascular alterations and impaired development of placental villi: a preliminary histopathological study.

10.21203/rs.2.17106/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandro Del Gobbo ◽

Giovanna Scarfone ◽

Fedro Alessandro Peccatori ◽

Antonella Villa ◽

Wally Ossola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Age ◽

First Trimester ◽

Histopathological Study ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Placental Villi ◽

Fetal Malformations

Abstract Breast cancer is diagnosed in approximately 1/3000 pregnant women. Chemotherapy may be administered after the first trimester, with improved maternal outcome and relatively few pregnancy and offspring complications. Nonetheless, no information about the effects of different chemotherapy regimens on placenta architecture and vasculature are available. Methods To evaluate histological alterations in placentas of women affected by breast cancer and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy, we retrospectively analyzed 23 placentas of patients affected by breast cancer and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy and 23 control placentas of women without breast cancer and with physiological pregnancies of the same gestational age. Results All the patients had breast ductal infiltrating carcinoma, 19 of 23 cases had a G3 cancer. All patients were treated with 2-6 cycles of chemotherapy starting after 16 weeks of gestation, with different protocols. No hypertensive complications and no pre-eclampsia episodes were observed; birth weight was consistent with gestational age in all babies in both group with no uneventful outcomes and no perinatal mortality or fetal malformations. Twenty out of 23 cases (86%) showed hypoxia-induced villous alterations, including increased syncytial knotting (Tenney-Parker changes), perivillar fibrin deposits, distal villous hypoplasia or accelerated maturation and focal villous chorangiosis. These alterations were found in 19 out of 23 controls (83%), with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions These results shows that chemotherapy in the second and third trimester of pregnancy may lead to non-specific alterations in placental vasculature and morphology.

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Serum Magnesium Levels among Pregnant Women with and without Complications: A Cross-sectional Study

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/44402.13992 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Santhini Gopalakrishnan Sethulekshmi ◽

S Sumathy ◽

Banani Dutta

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Magnesium Deficiency ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

First Trimester ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Student’S T

Introduction: Pregnancy is a period that is characterised by remarkable physiological changes which are needed to support the growing fetus. Micronutrients play a crucial role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Among the micronutrients, magnesium has got ample amount of clinical relevance to pregnancy. Magnesium deficiency has been associated with reproductive risk during pregnancy such as anaemia, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, fetal growth retardation, preterm labour, low intrauterine growth rate and leg cramps. Aim: To find out whether there was significant difference in the magnesium levels among pregnant women with and without pregnancy related complications and also to find out whether the magnesium levels differed significantly among the three trimesters. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done among 240 pregnant patients from different trimesters attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Outpatient Department. Out of them 164 women had complications like pre-eclampsia, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, leg cramps and history of abortions. Demographic details were obtained from all the women. BMI was calculated for each subject using the formula BMI=weight(kg)/height(m2). Haemoglobin was assessed in all samples using cyanmethaemoglobin method. Magnesium levels were analysed in the all samples using automated analyser in the Biochemistry laboratory. Student’s t-test was used to compare the levels of magnesium among the groups with and without complications. ANOVA test was used to compare the three trimesters. Results: The pregnant women were divided into three groups based on the different trimesters in which the samples were taken. Magnesium levels among the women in the first trimester were (2.96±0.83) second trimester (2.99±1.48) and third trimester (3.05±1.48) respectively. Women with previous abortions were found to have less magnesium levels (2.71) compared to women without a history of abortion (3.11) and value was found to be statistically significant (p<0.007) and magnesium levels among vegetarians (2.45) were lower than non vegetarians (3.08) and it was found to be statistical significant (p<0.013). There was no significant difference in the magnesium levels among pregnant women with complications and those without complications. Conclusion: The study shows the importance of maintaining the magnesium levels among pregnant women. There was no difference in the magnesium levels among the three trimesters. Study also points out the influence of parity, diet and occupation of pregnant women on the levels of magnesium.

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Maternal Serum Levels of Alpha Tumour Necrotic Factor, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 4 in Malaria Infected Pregnant Women Based on Their Gestational Age in Southeast, Nigeria

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1430607 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 64-70

Author(s):

Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi ◽

Esimai, Bessie Nonyelum ◽

Ekelozie, Ifeoma Stella ◽

Asogwa Eucharia Ijego ◽

Amaeze Augustine Amaeze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Age ◽

First Trimester ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tumour Necrotic Factor

Malaria has been reported as a condition caused by infestation with Plasmodium parasite species, is a major public health problem globally especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study was carried out in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia in Abia State, Nigeria. A study was done to determine the maternal serumlevels of alpha tumour necrotic factor, interleukin 10, interleukin 6and interleukin 4 in malaria infected pregnant women based on their gestational age in Southeast, Nigeria. A total of 150 subjects between the ages of 18-45 years were recruited for the study comprising of fifty (50) subjects each of the 3 trimesters. Commercial ELISA Kit by MELSIN Medical Co Limited was used to measure all the cytokines. The results of Table 1 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.346), IL-10 (p=0.059), IL-6 (p=0.811) and IL-4 (p=0.257) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and second trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.642), IL-10 (p=0.678), IL-6 (p=0.551) and IL-4 (p=0.280) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.062), IL-10 (p=0.016), IL-6 (p=0.352) and IL-4 (p=0.914) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The study showed no changes in the cytokines studied among the malaria infected pregnant women based on gestational ages except when IL-10 was compared between the subjects on second trimester and third trimester. This study shows that malaria infection does not changes these cytokines in pregnant women based on gestational ages except the il-10 when compared at second trimester and third trimester but changes when compared at other trimesters.

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