scholarly journals Effects of Water Yam and Corn Starches on the Interacting Variables Influencing the Disintegration of Chloroquine Phosphate Tablets

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adenike Okunlola ◽  
Oluwatoyin A Odeku
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Interaction Coefficient ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Yam

The individual and effects of interaction of nature (X) and concentration (Y) of disintegrant and the relative density (Z) on the mechanical and release properties of chloroquine phosphate tablets were studied using a 23 factorial experimental design. Water yam starch (“low” level) and corn starch (“high” level) were used as disintegrants at concentrations of 5.0% and 20.0% w/w. The mechanical properties were assessed using the crushing strength (CS) and friability (F) and the release properties by the disintegration time (DT) and dissolution time (t80). Increasing the concentration of disintegrants and the relative density of tablets resulted in increase in CS, but decrease in F, DT and t80. The ranking of the individual coefficient values was Z >X >Y for CS, Z > X>Y for F and DT, and Y>X>Z for t80 while that for the interaction coefficient was X-Z> Y-Z > X-Y for CS, Y-Z> X-Z > X-Y for F, Y-Z> X-Y> X-Z for DT and t80. Changing the disintegrant from corn starch to water yam starch resulted in decrease in CS, DT and t80 but increase in F. The results showed considerable interaction between the variables employed and suggested that water yam could be an alternative disintegrant to corn starch particularly where faster disintegration and release are required. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v10i1.10011 DUJPS 2011; 10(1): 21-28

scholarly journals Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gbenga Alebiowu ◽  
Oludele Itiola
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Pregelatinized Starch ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Binder Concentration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Paracetamol Tablet

Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets A 23 factorial experimental design has been used to quantitatively study individual and interaction effects of the nature of binder (N), binder concentration (c) and relative density of tablet (d) on the disintegration time (DT) and dissolution times, t1, t50 and t90, of paracetamol tablet formulations. The factorial design was also used to study the quantitative effects of pregelatinization of starch binders on these parameters, i.e., N, c and d. In general, the most common ranking of the individual effects on DT, t1, t50 and t90 for native/native, pregelatinized/pregelatinized and native/pregelatinized starch binder formulations was c > d > N. For interaction effects, the most common ranking was N-c > c-d > N-d for all formulations. The results generally showed that c can considerably affect DT, t1, t50 and t90 of the tablets.

scholarly journals Compaction and Tableting Behavior of a Novel Co-Processed Excipient in the Formulation of Metoprolol Succinate Tablets

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
A. Okunlola ◽  
T. A. Gbadamosi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Metoprolol Succinate ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
Compaction Properties

Background: Pregelatinized starches exhibit good swelling and flow properties, imparting fast disintegration time but low mechanical strength in tablets. On the other hand, acacia gum acts as a binder in tablets by imparting high mechanical strength but prolonged disintegration time. Development of a co-processed excipient involving combination of the two excipients at sub-particle level will improve the functionality of the final product.Objective: To develop a direct compressible co-processed excipient with pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum and to evaluate its compaction behavior and tableting properties in metoprolol succinate tablets.Material and Methods: Batches of the co-processed excipient were prepared by co-fusion using different ratios (97.5:2.5; 95:5; 92.5:7.5; 90:10; 85:15; 80:20) of pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum. Flow and compaction properties and Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis were carried out on native and pregelatinized starches and on the co-processed excipients. Metoprolol succinate tablets were formulated by direct compression using selected batches of co-processed excipients, pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum and then evaluated for mechanical strength and drug release.Results: Pregelatinization produced starch with larger granules (138.75±59.21μm), improved swelling (2.03±0.00) and flow (flow rate 0.52±0.03g/s). The FTIR analysis of the co-processed excipients confirmed absence of chemical interaction. Flow properties, compressibility (Kawakita value, a = 0.190 – 0.223) and rate of packing (Consolidation rate, K = 0.1221 – 0.2551) of the co-processed excipients were enhanced. Metoprolol succinate tablets containing the co-processed excipients had higher mechanical strength (Crushing strength 106.03±15.80 MNm-2) than those containing starch alone but faster drug release (disintegration time 1.80 ±0.20 -5.75±0.25; dissolution time; t80 30-50 min) than those containing acacia gum. Cocoyam starch: acacia gum ratio 97.5:2.5 gave the optimum formulation with high crushing strength (106.03 ± 15.8MNm-2) and fast release (t80 = 30 min).Conclusion: Co-processed excipients of pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum could serve as suitable alternatives to other directly-compressible excipients for the formulation of tablets. Keywords: Acacia gum, Cocoyam starch, Compaction properties, Co-processing, Metoprolol

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLETS OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE USING THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS APPROACH

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (09) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
H Kathpalia ◽  
◽  
K. Jogi
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Time Required

The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize immediate release tablets using hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as a model drug candidate applying Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Immediate release tablets were prepared using corn starch as a disintegrant and Polysorbate 80 as a solubilizer. Risk assessment was carried out with subsequent application of 22 factorial design in duplicate for evaluating the interactions and effects of the design factors on critical quality attributes. The design space was obtained by applying DOE and multivariate analysis, so as to ensure desired disintegration time (DT) and in vitro drug dissolution. Immediate release tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability and in vitro drug dissolution. Optimized formulation obtained from the design space exhibits DT of around 38s, while dissolution time, T96% (time required to release 96% of the drug) was about 45 min. The independent variables have a significant effect over the dependent responses, which can be deduced from Contour plots and surface response graphs. The predicted values matched well with the experimental values and the result demonstrated the feasibility of the design model in the development and optimization of HCTZ immediate release tablets.

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLET OF METOCLOPRAMIDE: AN ANTI-EMETIC DRUG

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avilash Carpenter ◽  
M.K. Gupta ◽  
Neetesh Kumar Jain ◽  
Urvashi Sharma ◽  
Rahul Sisodiya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Powder Blend ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
The Stability

Aim: The main of the study is to formulate and develop orally disintegrating fast dissolving tablet of Metoclopramide hydrochloride. Material & Methods: Before formulation and development of selected drug, the standard curve in buffer was prepared and absorbance at selected maxima was taken. Then two different disintegrating agents were selected and drug was mixed with disintegrating agents in different ratio. Various Preformulation parameters and evaluation of tablet i.e. disintegration time, dissolution time, friability, hardness, thickness were measured by standard procedure. Result & Discussion: The angle of repose for all the batches prepared. The values were found to be in the range of 30.46 to 36.45, which indicates good flow property for the powder blend according to the USP. The bulk density and tapped density for all the batches varied from 0.49 to 0.54 g/mL and 0.66 to 0.73, respectively. Carr’s index values were found to be in the range of 23.33 to 25.88, which is satisfactory for the powders as well as implies that the blends have good compressibility. Hausner ratio values obtained were in the range of 1.22 to 1.36, which shows a passable flow property for the powder blend based on the USP. The results for tablet thickness and height for all batches was found to range from 4.45 to 4.72 mm and 3.67 to 3.69 mm, respectively. Hardness or breaking force of tablets for all batches was found to range from 32.8 to 36.2 N. Tablet formulations must show good mechanical strength with sufficient hardness in order to handle shipping and transportation. Friability values for all the formulations were found to be in the range of 0.22 % to 0.30 %. Conclusion: Orally disintegrating tablets were compressed in order to have sufficient mechanical strength and integrity to withstand handling, shipping and transportation. The formulation was shown to have a rapid disintegration time that complied with the USP (less than one minute). The data obtained from the stability studies indicated that the orally disintegrating mini-tablets of MTH were stable under different environmental storage conditions. Keywords: Formulation & Development, Fast Dissolving Tablet, Metoclopramide, Anti-Emetic Drug, Oral Disintegrating Tablet

Territorial Distribution of Alcohol and Drug Addictions Mortality Concerning Regional Disparities in the Slovak Republic from Year 1996 to Year 2015

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

BACKGROUND: This paper deals with territorial distribution of the alcohol and drug addictions mortality at a level of the districts of the Slovak Republic. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore the relations within the administrative territorial division of the Slovak Republic, that is, between the individual districts and hence, to reveal possibly hidden relation in alcohol and drug mortality. METHODS: The analysis is divided and executed into the two fragments – one belongs to the female sex, the other one belongs to the male sex. The standardised mortality rate is computed according to a sequence of the mathematical relations. The Euclidean distance is employed to compute the similarity within each pair of a whole data set. The cluster analysis examines is performed. The clusters are created by means of the mutual distances of the districts. The data is collected from the database of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for all the districts of the Slovak Republic. The covered time span begins in the year 1996 and ends in the year 2015. RESULTS: The most substantial point is that the Slovak Republic possesses the regional disparities in a field of mortality expressed by the standardised mortality rate computed particularly for the diagnoses assigned to the alcohol and drug addictions at a considerably high level. However, the female sex and the male sex have the different outcome. The Bratislava III District keeps absolutely the most extreme position. It forms an own cluster for the both sexes too. The Topoľčany District bears a similar extreme position from a point of view of the male sex. All the Bratislava districts keep their mutual notable dissimilarity. Contrariwise, evaluation of a development of the regional disparities among the districts looks like notably heterogeneously. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable regional discrepancies throughout the districts of the Slovak Republic. Hence, it is necessary to create a common platform how to proceed with the solution of this issue.

Quantitative indicators of air traffic controllers’ attitude to the danger of errors

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
O. M. Reva ◽  
V. V. Kamyshin ◽  
S. P. Borsuk ◽  
V. A. Shulhin ◽  
A. V. Nevynitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The negative and persistent impact of the human factor on the statistics of aviation accidents and serious incidents makes proactive studies of the attitude of “front line” aviation operators (air traffic controllers, flight crewmembers) to dangerous actions or professional conditions as a key component of the current paradigm of ICAO safety concept. This “attitude” is determined through the indicators of the influence of the human factor on decision-making, which also include the systems of preferences of air traffic controllers on the indicators and characteristics of professional activity, illustrating both the individual perception of potential risks and dangers, and the peculiarities of generalized group thinking that have developed in a particular society. Preference systems are an ordered (ranked) series of n = 21 errors: from the most dangerous to the least dangerous and characterize only the danger preference of one error over another. The degree of this preference is determined only by the difference in the ranks of the errors and does not answer the question of how much time one error is more dangerous in relation to another. The differential method for identifying the comparative danger of errors, as well as the multistep technology for identifying and filtering out marginal opinions were applied. From the initial sample of m = 37 professional air traffic controllers, two subgroups mB=20 and mG=7 people were identified with statisti-cally significant at a high level of significance within the group consistency of opinions a = 1%. Nonpara-metric optimization of the corresponding group preference systems resulted in Kemeny’s medians, in which the related (middle) ranks were missing. Based on these medians, weighted coefficients of error hazards were determined by the mathematical prioritization method. It is substantiated that with the ac-cepted accuracy of calculations, the results obtained at the second iteration of this method are more ac-ceptable. The values of the error hazard coefficients, together with their ranks established in the preference systems, allow a more complete quantitative and qualitative analysis of the attitude of both individual air traffic controllers and their professional groups to hazardous actions or conditions.

scholarly journals Automatic Labeled Dialogue Generation for Nursing Record Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Tittaya Mairittha ◽  
Nattaya Mairittha ◽  
Sozo Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Augmentation Techniques ◽  
Nursing Record ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Embedding Methods

The integration of digital voice assistants in nursing residences is becoming increasingly important to facilitate nursing productivity with documentation. A key idea behind this system is training natural language understanding (NLU) modules that enable the machine to classify the purpose of the user utterance (intent) and extract pieces of valuable information present in the utterance (entity). One of the main obstacles when creating robust NLU is the lack of sufficient labeled data, which generally relies on human labeling. This process is cost-intensive and time-consuming, particularly in the high-level nursing care domain, which requires abstract knowledge. In this paper, we propose an automatic dialogue labeling framework of NLU tasks, specifically for nursing record systems. First, we apply data augmentation techniques to create a collection of variant sample utterances. The individual evaluation result strongly shows a stratification rate, with regard to both fluency and accuracy in utterances. We also investigate the possibility of applying deep generative models for our augmented dataset. The preliminary character-based model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) obtains an accuracy of 90% and generates various reasonable texts with BLEU scores of 0.76. Secondly, we introduce an idea for intent and entity labeling by using feature embeddings and semantic similarity-based clustering. We also empirically evaluate different embedding methods for learning good representations that are most suitable to use with our data and clustering tasks. Experimental results show that fastText embeddings produce strong performances both for intent labeling and on entity labeling, which achieves an accuracy level of 0.79 and 0.78 f1-scores and 0.67 and 0.61 silhouette scores, respectively.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges of Green-Lean: An Integrated System for Sustainable Construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli ◽  
Ehsan Mousavi ◽  
Sharareh Kermanshachi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Industry Professionals

Although the two concepts of lean and sustainable construction have been developed due to different incentives, and they do not pursue the same exact goals, there exists considerable commonality between them. This paper discusses the potentials for integrating the two approaches and their practices and how the resulting synergy from combining the two methods can potentially lead to higher levels of fulfilling the individual goals of each of them. Some limitations and challenges to implementing the integrated approach are also discussed. Based on a comprehensive review of existing papers related to sustainable and lean construction topics, the commonality between the two approaches is discussed and grouped in five categories of (1) cost savings, (2) waste minimization, (3) Jobsite safety improvement, (4) reduced energy consumption, and (5) customers’ satisfaction improvement. The challenges of this integration are similarly identified and discussed in the four main categories of (1) additional initial costs to the project, (2) difficulty of providing specialized expertise, (3) contractors’ unwillingness to adopt the additional requirements, and (4) challenges to establish a high level of teamwork. Industry professionals were then interviewed to rank the elements in each of the two categories of opportunities and challenges. The results of the study highlight how future research can pursue the development of a new Green-Lean approach by investing in the communalities and meeting the challenges of this integration.

scholarly journals Children’s Astronomy. Development of the Shape of the Earth Concept in Polish Children between 5 and 10 Years of Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Jan Amos Jelinek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Model ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Spherical Earth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cognitive Problems ◽  
Teaching Situations ◽  
Model Approach

The Earth’s shape concept develops as consecutive cognitive problems (e.g., the location of people and trees on the spherical Earth) are gradually resolved. Establishing the order of problem solving may be important for the organisation of teaching situations. This study attempted to determine the sequence of problems to be resolved based on tasks included in the EARTH2 test. The study covered a group of 444 children between 5 and 10 years of age. It captured the order in which children solve cognitive problems on the way to constructing a science-like concept. The test results were compared with previous studies. The importance of cultural influences connected to significant differences (24%) in test results was emphasised. Attention was drawn to the problem of the consistency of the mental model approach highlighted in the literature. The analysis of the individual sets of answers provided a high level of consistency of indications referring to the same model (36%), emphasising the importance of the concept of mental models.

scholarly journals DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE FAST DISSOLVING FILMS EMPLOYING STARCH TARTRATE–A NOVEL SUPERDISINTEGRANT

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
R. SANTOSH KUMAR ◽  
ANNU KUMARI ◽  
B. KUSUMA LATHA ◽  
PRUDHVI RAJ
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Content Uniformity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Folding Endurance ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
The Individual

Objective: The aim of the current research is optimization, preparation and evaluation of starch tartrate (novel super disintegrant) and preparation of fast dissolving oral films of cetirizine dihydrochloride by employing starch tartrate. Methods: To check the drug excipient compatibility studies of the selected drug (Cetrizine dihydrochloride) and the prepared excipient i. e starch tartrate, different studies like FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were carried out to find out whether there is any interaction between cetirizine dihydrochloride and starch tartrate. The solvent casting method was used for the preparation of fast dissolving films. The prepared films were then evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, content uniformity, tensile strength, percent elongation, in vitro disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies. Response surface plots and contour plots were also plotted to know the individual and combined effect of starch tartrate (A), croscarmellose sodium (B) and crospovidone (C) on disintegration time and drug dissolution efficiency in 10 min (dependent variables). Results: Films of all the formulations are of good quality, smooth and elegant by appearance. Drug content (100±5%), thickness (0.059 mm to 0.061 mm), the weight of films varies from 51.33 to 58.06 mg, folding endurance (52 to 67 times), tensile strength (10.25 to 12.08 N/mm2). Fast dissolving films were found to disintegrate between 34 to 69 sec. Percent dissolved in 5 min were found to be more in F1 formulation which confirms that starch tartrate was effective at 1%. Conclusion: From the research conducted, it was proved that starch tartrate can be used in the formulation of fast dissolving films of cetirizine dihydrochloride. The disintegration time of the films was increased with increase in concentration of super disintegrant.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document