scholarly journals Bloody, Intense, and Durable

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-80
Author(s):  
Tomas Lindgren ◽  
Hannes Sonnenschein
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Current Systems

A growing number of scholars argues that we are witnessing a resurgenceof religion in world politics, accompanied by an increasein religiously inspired conflict. Empirical studies demonstrate thatreligious conflicts are more violent, more intense, more durable, andmore difficult to resolve through negotiated settlements than theirsecular counterparts. In this paper, we argue that these conclusionsare unreliable, because they fail to provide convincing criteria forseparating religious conflicts from non-religious ones. Our mainconcern is with the categorization problem. What characteristics orfactors make a conflict party, conflict issue, or identity religious, andwhat characteristics or factors frame a conflict party, conflict issue,or identity as non-religious? A basic assumption behind much of thisresearch is the contested idea that religion is a universal phenomenonembodied in various forms such as Islam and Christianity. The majorityof scholars simply assume a sharp division between religion andthe secular without problematizing or justifying such a distinction. Inthis article, we argue that religious conflict is an ideologically chargedconcept, and that the study of the religion-conflict nexus reinforcesthe neoliberal status quo and current systems of power.

scholarly journals The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Biermann ◽  
Philipp Pattberg ◽  
Harro van Asselt ◽  
Fariborz Zelli
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Governance Architecture

Most research on global governance has focused either on theoretical accounts of the overall phenomenon or on empirical studies of distinct institutions that serve to solve particular governance challenges. In this article we analyze instead “governance architectures,” defined as the overarching system of public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures and organizations that are valid or active in a given issue area of world politics. We focus on one aspect that is turning into a major source of concern for scholars and policy-makers alike: the “fragmentation” of governance architectures in important policy domains. The article offers a typology of different degrees of fragmentation, which we describe as synergistic, cooperative, and conflictive fragmentation. We then systematically assess alternative hypotheses over the relative advantages and disadvantages of different degrees of fragmentation. We argue that moderate degrees of fragmentation may entail both significant costs and benefits, while higher degrees of fragmentation are likely to decrease the overall performance of a governance architecture. The article concludes with policy options on how high degrees of fragmentation could be reduced. Fragmentation is prevalent in particular in the current governance of climate change, which we have hence chosen as illustration for our discussion.

Anxiety, fear, and ontological security in world politics: thinking with and beyond Giddens

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Kinnvall ◽  
Jennifer Mitzen
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Cognitive Consistency ◽  
Constitution Building ◽  
Existentialist Philosophy ◽  
Theoretic Foundations ◽  
The Relationship

Research on ontological security in world politics has mushroomed since the early 2000s but seems to have reached an impasse. Ontological security is a conceptual lens for understanding subjectivity that focuses on the management of anxiety in self-constitution. Building especially on Giddens, IR scholars have emphasized how this translates to a need for cognitive consistency and biographical continuity – a security of ‘being.’ A criticism has been its so-called ‘status quo bias,’ a perceived tilt toward theorizing investment in the existing social order. To some, an ontological security lens both offers social theoretic foundations for a realist worldview and lacks resources to conceptualize alternatives. We disagree. Through this symposium, we address that critique and suggest pathways forward by focusing on the thematic of anxiety. Distinguishing between anxiety and fear, we note that anxiety manifests in different emotions and leaves room for a range of political possibilities. Early ontological security scholarship relied heavily on readings of Giddens, which potentially accounts for its bias. This symposium re-opens the question of the relationship between anxiety and subjectivity from the perspective of ontological security, thinking with and beyond Giddens. Three contributions re-think anxiety in ontological security drawing on existentialist philosophy; two address limitations of Giddens' approach.

Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice A. East
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Small States ◽  
Nation States ◽  
International Behavior ◽  
Small Powers ◽  
Policy Behavior ◽  
Foreign Policy Behavior

The categorization of states according to size has long been a part of world politics. Rothstein notes, for example, that the formalization of the categories of great and small powers occurred as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1817. Recently, the concept of size has received an increasing amount of attention as a factor affecting foreign policy. One manifestation of this is the renewed interest in die foreign policy behavior of small states. In his pre-theory of foreign policy, Rosenau includes size as one of three “genotypic” variables assumed to exert a major influence on foreign policy. In addition, empirical studies have shown size to be an important factor underlying variations in the international behavior of nation-states.

Islam in Post-Communist Bulgaria: An Aborted “Clash of Civilizations”?

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadege Ragaru
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Ethnic Tensions ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Assimilation Policy

During the first years of the Bulgarian transition to democracy, all indicators seemed to point towards an impending explosion of interethnic hatred. Located at the crossroads of Islam and Christianity, this predominantly Orthodox country harbors a 13.1% strong Muslim minority, which was subjected to forcible assimilation under communist rule. The assimilation policy reached a climax in 1984–1985, when around 800,000 Bulgarian Turks were forced to renounce their Turkish-Arabic names in favor of Slavic patronyms within the framework of the so-called “Revival Process,” a campaign that aimed at precipitating the unification of the Bulgarian nation. Far from achieving the intended result, the authorities' move not only fostered a reassertion of distinct ethnic and religious identification among the Turks, but also succeeded in durably upsetting intercommunitarian relationships. Significantly, the Communist Party's announcement on 29 December 1989 that it would restore Muslim rights met with sharp resistance in mixed areas, where large-scale Bulgarian protests rapidly gathered momentum. Against this background, in 1990–1991, few analysts would have predicted that Bulgaria could avoid religious conflict, especially as the country was faced with growing regional instability and a belated shift to a market economy—two conditions often said to be conducive to the exacerbation of ethnic tensions.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN MUSLIM-KRISTIANI DALAM LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN DI SUMATERA UTARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Irwansyah Irwansyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North Sumatra

<strong>Abstrak:</strong> Asumsi dasar kajian ini adalah hubungan Muslim dan Kristiani di Sumatera Utara berlangsung dalam berbagai domain dimana interaksinya bisa terjadi secara harmonis maupun disharmonis. Berpijak pada asumsi itu, fokus kajian ini akan menelaah bagaimana hubungan Muslim-Kristiani di Sumatera Utara berlangsung pada domain dunia pendidikan. Artikel ini hendak mengkaji hubungan Muslim dan Kristiani dalam dunia pendidikan. Secara khusus, akan diteliti bagaimana hubungan antara tokoh dan lembaga pendidikan Islam dan lembaga pendidikan Kristen dalam membangun kerukunan di Sumatera Utara. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Sosiologi Agama, sedangkan analisa data menggunakan pendekatan analisis domain dan analisis taxonomi yang diajukan Spradley. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa hubungan Muslim-Kristiani berlangsung secara harmonis. Banyak kasus dimana lembaga dan tokoh pendidikan mengadakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan kerukunan, selain lahirnya sejumlah karya yang dinilai dapat mendorong perubahan paradigma masyarakat tentang hubungan Islam dan Kristen.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstract: Muslim-Christian Relations in Educational Institution in North Sumatra. </strong>The basic assumption of this study is that the relationship between Muslims and Christians in North Sumatra takes place in various domains where interactions can occur harmoniously and disharmonically. Based on that assumption, the focus of this study is how the Muslim-Christian relationship in North Sumatra takes place in the domain of education. This article will examine the relationship between Muslims and Christians in education. In particular, will be examined how the relationship between figures and institutions of Islamic education and Christian educational institutions in building harmony in North Sumatra. The research was conducted by using Sociology of Religion, while data analysis using domain analysis approach and taxonomy analysis proposed by Spradley. The study found that Muslim-Christian relations are harmonious. Many cases where educational institutions and leaders conduct activities related to harmony, in addition to the birth of a number of works that are considered to encourage a change in the paradigm of society about the relationship of Islam and Christianity.<strong></strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Muslim, Kristiani, pendidikan, agama-agama, dialog

scholarly journals Georg Simmel and the Study of Religious Conflicts

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 350-362
Author(s):  
Chijioke Fidelis Ifezue
Keyword(s):  
Safety Valve ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Georg Simmel ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Work Shifts ◽  
Negative Attributes

The continuous rise of religious conflicts at different parts of the world has left so many questions unanswered and so many issues  unresolved. The quest for supremacy, wealth, relevance and dominance are some of the major causes of religious conflict. Even within religions, there is constant news of conflicts of different kinds, which, unfortunately contrasts with the notion that religion qua religion is one (Madu, 2003). This has also attracted mostly negative attributes to conflict. However, some scholars have taken a different look at the positive side of this negative act - conflict. One of such scholars was Georg Simmel, a German philosopher and sociologist. This work, therefore aims at discussing the scholar Georg Simmel, his ideas and views about conflict in respect to the study of religious conflicts. This work explains how Georg Simmel presented conflict, a negative phenomenon as having some positive outcomes. Seeing religion as a fundamental process in man’s life and conflict as a dark tunnel the leads to a bright end of the tunnel, Georg Simmel presents conflict as  what the writer terms “a negative beginning with a positive end”. To this end, this work shifts ground towards discussing how these bad sides of religious conflicts will be used to achieve something good. As widely believed that something good comes out of bad things, there are different positive roles religious conflict plays, as proposed by Georg Simmel which includes connection, definition, revitalization, social glue, integration and safety valve. For him, all these are necessary for achieving peace and unity only if the conflict is properly handled. Hence, religious conflict is bad in its entirety. Finally, the writer outlines some of the relevance of the work to students, scholars and the general public, advocating for peace.

scholarly journals KONFLIK AGAMA DAN PENYELESAIAANNYA: Kasus Ahmadiyah di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Zuldin
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Religious Conflicts

<p>Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki faktor-faktor penyebab konflik antara Islam mainstream dengan Ahmadiyah, resolusi konfliknya, peran SKB Tiga Menteri tahun 2008 dan Pergub tahun 2011 sebagai media resolusi konflik, dan respons terhadap SKB dan Pergub. Dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab konflik bermula dari aspek teologis, kemudian berkembang menjadi aspek politik, ekonomi, sosial, ketidaktegasan pemerintah, Ahmadiyah eklusif dalam beribadah, dan pengaruh pemberitaan media massa. Resolusi konflik berupa non litigasi dilakukan melalui mediasi yang melibatkan aparat pemerintah, tokoh masyarakat, kepolisian, dan litigasi melalui proses peradilan. Ahmadiyah menganggap SKB dan Pergub tidak bisa berperan sebagai media resolusi konflik agama sehingga mereka menolak serta berusaha membatalkannya secara hukum. Sebaliknya, Islam mainstream menerima namun tetap menginginkan keluarnya Keppres atau Undang-Undang untuk mem- bubarkan Ahmadiyah.  </p><p><br />Abstract: Religious Conflict and Its Resolution: A Sutdy of Ahmadiyah in Tasikmalaya, Weste Java. This writing is aimed at analyzing factors that underly conflicts between mainstream Islam and Ahmadiya, its resolution, the role of SKB Tiga Menteri of 2008 and Pergub 2011 as a media of conflict resolution, as well as the responese to the two statutes. The findings of this study reveal that the religious conflicts stem from  theological aspects that extend to political, socio-economic, govern- ment’s inambiguity in implementing the regulation, Ahmadiya’s exclusiveness in their religious duties and the influence of media. Conflict resolution in non-litigation is carried out through mediation that involving the goverment’s apparatus and  the police, and  litigation  via judicial process. Ahmadiya argues  that SKB and Pergub are incapable of playing any role in resolving religious conflict and thus reject and try to revoke them judicially. Mainstream Islam, however, argues to the opposite and insists in  issuance of President Act  or statute to disperse Ahmadiya organization.</p><p><br />Kata Kunci: konflik agama, Ahmadiyah, SKB, Pergub, Tasikmalaya</p>

scholarly journals Tarnovo Church Council in 1360 and the Bulgarian-Jewish Religious Conflict from 1350ies

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Hristo Saldzhiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Christian Population ◽  
Local Jewish Community

The article focuses on problems relating to the Jewish community’s origin in medieval Tarnovo, the reasons that provoked the Bulgarian-Jewish conflict from the 1350ies and its aftermaths. The hypothesis that Tarnovo Jews originated from Byzantine and appeared in medieval Bulgarian capital at the end of the 12th century as manufacturers of silk is proposed. The religious clash from the 1350ies is ascribed to the influence exerted by some Talmudic anti-Christian texts on the local Jewish community, to the broken inner status-quo between Christians and Jews after the second marriage of the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander and to the reactions of part of the Christian population against the breach of this status-quo.

scholarly journals Pluralism and Religious Conflict in the Frame of Regional Autonomy in West Sumatra

ADDIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Nunu Burhanuddin ◽  
Dodi Pasilaputra ◽  
Hardi Putra Wirman
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
School Uniforms ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
West Sumatra

The diversity of ethnicities, races, and religions is a reality in the life of the nation and state, although it is undeniable that there is a potential for conflict. This study aimed to explain the pattern of religious harmony in West Sumatra within the framework of regional autonomy which is adopted from the cultural system and local wisdom. This study used a phenomenological approach to provide accurate conditions of multi-ethnic, cultural, and religious communities. The results showed that the pattern of religious harmony through the resolution of religious conflicts in several regions in West Sumatra was carried out through the alignment of regional autonomy with local customs and culture. Forms of alignment include alignment of school uniforms, equal distribution of sacrificial meat, the presence of <em>baralek</em>, the tradition of <em>manyiriah</em>, interfaith graves between Muslims and Christians, and the application of customary philosophies. This study contributes to the theory of a cultural approach based on local wisdom in resolving religious conflicts and strengthening social integration of the community.

scholarly journals THE DEPICTION OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN BHAGAT’S THE GIRL IN ROOM 105

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Maulana Ishaq ◽  
Linusia Marsih
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative ◽  
Separatist Groups

This study aims to discuss the issue of religious conflict in Bhagat’s The Girl in Room 105. The objectives of this study are to analyze the religious conflicts and characteristics of the religious conflict reflected in the novel. This study uses descriptive qualitative method using sociological approach and several theories of religious conflict. The result, this study depicts the religious conflicts between by Muslim and Hindu as well as the characteristics of the religious conflict. The religious conflicts are presented in the sphere of belief: conflict between Muslim and Hindu, ideology: conflict between Kashmiri and Indian, organization: conflict between separatist groups of Kashmir against Indian government, family: conflict between Keshav and Zara’s family, and individual: conflict between Zara and Keshav.

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