scholarly journals Modulation of Chloroquine in nanoparticle uptake: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. e600101321639
Author(s):  
Thyago José Arruda Pacheco ◽  
José Athayde Vasconcelos Morais ◽  
Vanderlene Pinto Brandão ◽  
Marina Lima Rodrigues ◽  
Maria das Neves Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Nanoparticle Uptake ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytic System ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Endocytic Activity

The application of nanotechnology in several areas of medicine has been promising, however, there are still serious problems, such as in the area of oncology, for example. Although nanoparticles can accumulate 10 times more in tumors, less than 1% of the injected dose actually reaches the tumor, as they are retained mainly in the liver and spleen. Liver-specific macrophages, called Kupffer cells, are one of the main barriers to the use of nanoparticles for cancer treatment. These Kupffer Cells are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS) and exhibit endocytic activity against materials that pass through the blood and enter the liver. For this reason, Kupffer cells are central to the process of eliminating nanoparticles that cross the body's epithelial barriers. Still, chloroquine can act directly on the MPS, helping the nanoparticles reach their final target. This review addresses the main studies with chloroquine acting in the MPS, which could revolutionize cancer treatment or other biological applications.

scholarly journals Understanding the Connection between Nanoparticle Uptake and Cancer Treatment Efficacy using Mathematical Modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terisse A. Brocato ◽  
Eric N. Coker ◽  
Paul N. Durfee ◽  
Yu-Shen Lin ◽  
Jason Townson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Nanoparticle Uptake

scholarly journals Exploiting GPUs in Virtual Machine for BioCloud

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heeseung Jo ◽  
Jinkyu Jeong ◽  
Myoungho Lee ◽  
Dong Hoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
Computing Environment ◽  
Cloud Computing Environment ◽  
Pci Express ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Time Share ◽  
Pass Through

Recently, biological applications start to be reimplemented into the applications which exploit many cores of GPUs for better computation performance. Therefore, by providing virtualized GPUs to VMs in cloud computing environment, many biological applications will willingly move into cloud environment to enhance their computation performance and utilize infinite cloud computing resource while reducing expenses for computations. In this paper, we propose a BioCloud system architecture that enables VMs to use GPUs in cloud environment. Because much of the previous research has focused on the sharing mechanism of GPUs among VMs, they cannot achieve enough performance for biological applications of which computation throughput is more crucial rather than sharing. The proposed system exploits the pass-through mode of PCI express (PCI-E) channel. By making each VM be able to access underlying GPUs directly, applications can show almost the same performance as when those are in native environment. In addition, our scheme multiplexes GPUs by using hot plug-in/out device features of PCI-E channel. By adding or removing GPUs in each VM in on-demand manner, VMs in the same physical host can time-share their GPUs. We implemented the proposed system using the Xen VMM and NVIDIA GPUs and showed that our prototype is highly effective for biological GPU applications in cloud environment.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Membrane Damage of Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lineage (SH-SY5Y) and Change of Tau Protein Structure by Spectroscopic Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6032-6045
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma

The use of nanoparticles in biological applications and cancer treatment has increased dramatically in the recent decade. Metal oxides of nanoparticles are among the most significant nanoparticles. Due to its suitable physical and chemical properties, zinc oxide is utilized in various fields, especially biomedicine and cancer treatment. This has raised a great deal of concern about the effects of nanoparticles on the body's biomolecules. The current study was set out to investigate zinc oxide nanoparticle's effects on neuroblastoma cells and their interaction with Tau protein. MTT and LDH tests were performed according to the instructions to evaluate the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on human neuroblastoma cells. Afterward, UV spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were performed according to the guidelines to investigate the interaction of zinc oxide nanoparticles with Tau protein. The results of the MTT assay showed a decrease in the survival rate of human neuroblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the Lactate dehydrogenase evaluation indicated an increase in LDH enzyme leakage from human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, zinc oxide nanoparticles form complexes with Tau-P through spontaneous and electrostatic interactions. The interaction of zinc oxide nanoparticles with Tau-P caused the accumulation of this protein and showed a significant change in the Tau-P structure. CD spectroscopy results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles changed the α-helix and β-sheet structure of the Tau protein. Besides, the results of the Stern-Volmer equation revealed that the type of interaction of zinc nanoparticles with Tau-P is static quenching interaction. In summary, these results demonstrated the safety aspect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in proteins and natural cells and their biological applications, which emphasizes further investigation on zinc oxide nanoparticles usage. Zinc oxide nanoparticles can manipulate the structure of Tau-P that can lead to Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, more studies on the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles are required.

scholarly journals Endocytic Uptake of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by the Nasal Mucosa

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Ammar S. Al Khafaji ◽  
Maureen D. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Nanoparticle Uptake ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Endocytic Activity ◽  
Endocytic Pathways

Nanoparticles may provide unique therapeutic opportunities when administered via the nasal cavity, yet the primary uptake and transfer pathways for these particles within the nasal mucosa are not well understood. The endocytic pathways involved in the uptake of fluorescently labeled, (Nile Red) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of different sizes (~30, 60, and 150 nm) were studied using excised bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory tissues. Endocytic activity contributing to nanoparticle uptake was investigated using a variety of pharmacological inhibitors, but none of the inhibitors were able to completely eliminate the uptake of the SLNs. The continued uptake of nanoparticles following exposure to individual inhibitors suggests that a number of endocytic pathways work in combination to transfer nanoparticles into the nasal mucosa. Following exposure to the general metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-DNP and sodium azide, additional, non-energy-dependent pathways for nanoparticle uptake were also observed. While the smallest nanoparticles (30 nm) were the most resistant to the effects of pharmacologic inhibitors, the largest (150 nm) were still able to transfer significant amounts of the particles into the tissues. The rapid nanoparticle uptake observed demonstrates that these lipid particles are promising vehicles to accomplish both local and systemic drug delivery following nasal administration.

Instrumentation for detecting channelling radiation in the high-voltage electron microscope

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
J. H. Butler ◽  
C. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Laboratory Frame ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Dipole Emission ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Incident Beam Energy ◽  
Increasing Function

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted when fast (relativistic) electrons pass through crystal targets which are oriented in a preferential (channelling) direction with respect to the incident beam. In the classical sense, the electrons perform sinusoidal oscillations as they propagate through the crystal (as illustrated in Fig. 1 for the case of planar channelling). When viewed in the electron rest frame, this motion, a result of successive Bragg reflections, gives rise to familiar dipole emission. In the laboratory frame, the radiation is seen to be of a higher energy (because of the Doppler shift) and is also compressed into a narrower cone of emission (due to the relativistic “searchlight” effect). The energy and yield of this monochromatic light is a continuously increasing function of the incident beam energy and, for beam energies of 1 MeV and higher, it occurs in the x-ray and γ-ray regions of the spectrum. Consequently, much interest has been expressed in regard to the use of this phenomenon as the basis for fabricating a coherent, tunable radiation source.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

Erythrophagocytosis in the Liver in Hemolytic Anemias

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
O. T. Minick ◽  
E. Orfei ◽  
F. Volini ◽  
G. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Fragments ◽  
Reticulo Endothelial System ◽  
Important Site

Hemolytic anemias were produced in rats by administering phenylhydrazine or anti-erythrocytic (rooster) serum, the latter having agglutinin and hemolysin titers exceeding 1:1000.Following administration of phenylhydrazine, the erythrocytes undergo oxidative damage and are removed from the circulation by the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, predominantly by the spleen. With increasing dosage or if animals are splenectomized, the Kupffer cells become an important site of sequestration and are greatly hypertrophied. Whole red cells are the most common type engulfed; they are broken down in digestive vacuoles, as shown by the presence of acid phosphatase activity (Fig. 1). Heinz body material and membranes persist longer than native hemoglobin. With larger doses of phenylhydrazine, erythrocytes undergo intravascular fragmentation, and the particles phagocytized are now mainly red cell fragments of varying sizes (Fig. 2).

A New High Intensity Grid Cap for RCA-EMU-3 Electron Microscopes

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
George Christov ◽  
Bolivar J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Ground Potential

A new high intensity grid cap has been designed for the RCA-EMU-3 electron microscope. Various parameters of the new grid cap were investigated to determine its characteristics. The increase in illumination produced provides ease of focusing on the fluorescent screen at magnifications from 1500 to 50,000 times using an accelerating voltage of 50 KV.The EMU-3 type electron gun assembly consists of a V-shaped tungsten filament for a cathode with a thin metal threaded cathode shield and an anode with a central aperture to permit the beam to course the length of the column. The cathode shield is negatively biased at a potential of several hundred volts with respect to the filament. The electron beam is formed by electrons emitted from the tip of the filament which pass through an aperture of 0.1 inch diameter in the cap and then it is accelerated by the negative high voltage through a 0.625 inch diameter aperture in the anode which is at ground potential.

How SIMS microscopy can be used in medicine

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1602-1603
Author(s):  
Philippe Fragu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Chemical Integrity ◽  
Scientific Endeavour

The identification, localization and quantification of intracellular chemical elements is an area of scientific endeavour which has not ceased to develop over the past 30 years. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) microscopy is widely used for elemental localization problems in geochemistry, metallurgy and electronics. Although the first commercial instruments were available in 1968, biological applications have been gradual as investigators have systematically examined the potential source of artefacts inherent in the method and sought to develop strategies for the analysis of soft biological material with a lateral resolution equivalent to that of the light microscope. In 1992, the prospects offered by this technique are even more encouraging as prototypes of new ion probes appear capable of achieving the ultimate goal, namely the quantitative analysis of micron and submicron regions. The purpose of this review is to underline the requirements for biomedical applications of SIMS microscopy.Sample preparation methodology should preserve both the structural and the chemical integrity of the tissue.

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