scholarly journals Ichnofossils from the Middle Bhuban Unit, Bhuban Formation of Pachhy Lokah near Maubawk, Siaha District, Mizoram, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Elita Rose ◽  
Lalchawimawii ◽  
J Malsawma ◽  
P Lalnuntluanga ◽  
A. Lalrammuana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Condition ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Trace Fossils ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Soft Substrate ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Surma Group

Trace fossils provide us with indirect evidence of life in the past, such as the foot prints, tracks, burrows, borings and feces left behind by animals rather than the preserved remains of the body of the actual animal itself. These imprints give palaeontologies clues with evidence of the activities of ancient animals, something body fossils simply cannot do. The Middle Bhuban rocks of Bhuban Formation are well exposed in the study area comprising sandstone, siltstone, shales and their admixtures. The grey sandstone unit exposed at Pachhy Lokah, Siaha is marked by well-preserved trace fossils comprising a total of eleven ichnospecies belonging to seven ichnogenera have been identified, namely: Katbergia isp., Laevicyclus mongraensis, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha borneensis, Palaeophycus alternatus, Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus striatus, Phycodes curvipalmatum, Psilonichnus upsilon, Psilonichnus isp. and Skolithos verticalis. Thus, it can be inferred from the presence of ichnofossils, that the studied successions of Bhuban Formation, Surma Group of Mizoram were deposited under sandy shifting substrate and high energy conditions in foreshore to unconsolidated, poorly sorted soft substrate and low energy condition in shoreface/offshore zone of shallow marine environment with occasion storm events.

scholarly journals Involvement of Progranulin in Hypothalamic Glucose Sensing and Feeding Regulation

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (12) ◽  
pp. 4672-4682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Kyong Kim ◽  
Mi-Seon Shin ◽  
Byung-Soo Youn ◽  
Churl Namkoong ◽  
So Young Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Energy Condition ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Feeding Regulation ◽  
Nocturnal Feeding ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation

Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein with multiple biological functions, including modulation of wound healing and inflammation. Hypothalamic PGRN has been implicated in the development of sexual dimorphism. In the present study, a potential role for PGRN in the hypothalamic regulation of appetite and body weight was investigated. In adult rodents, PGRN was highly expressed in periventricular tanycytes and in hypothalamic neurons, which are known to contain glucose-sensing machinery. Hypothalamic PGRN expression levels were decreased under low-energy conditions (starvation and 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration) but increased under high-energy condition (postprandially). Intracerebrovetricular administration of PGRN significantly suppressed nocturnal feeding as well as hyperphagia induced by 2-deoxyglucose, neuropeptide Y, and Agouti-related peptide. Moreover, the inhibition of hypothalamic PGRN expression or action increased food intake and promoted weight gain, suggesting that endogenous PGRN functions as an appetite suppressor in the hypothalamus. Investigation of the mechanism of action revealed that PGRN diminished orexigenic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide production but stimulated anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin production, at least in part through the regulation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Notably, PGRN was also expressed in hypothalamic microglia. In diet-induced obese mice, microglial PGRN expression was increased, and the anorectic response to PGRN was blunted. These findings highlight a physiological role for PGRN in hypothalamic glucose-sensing and appetite regulation. Alterations in hypothalamic PGRN production or action may be linked to appetite dysregulation in obesity.

The onset of the early Toarcian flooding of the Pliensbachian carbonate platform of Central Tunisia (North-South Axis) as inferred from trace fossils and geochemistry

2021 ◽  
pp. SP514-2021-10
Author(s):  
Matías Reolid ◽  
Mohamed Soussi ◽  
Jesús Reolid ◽  
Wolfgang Ruebsam ◽  
Ilef Belhaj Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Trace Fossils ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
South Axis

AbstractThe flooding of the Lower Jurassic shelf in the North Gondwana Palaeomargin during the early Toarcian occurred on a fragmented and irregular topography affected by differential subsidence—due to the activity of listric faults along the North-South Axis of Tunisia—that favoured lateral changes in facies and thickness at a kilometric scale. The onset of Toarcian sedimentation (Polymorphum ammonite Zone, NJT5c nannofossil Subzone) in two adjacent sections was characterised by the deposition of limestones under high-energy conditions. The Châabet El Attaris section was located in a depressed sub-basin, and recorded restricted environmental conditions owing to water stagnation and an oxygen-depleted sea-bottom. Therefore, dark mudstones developed, with increased TOC contents and enhanced accumulation of redox-sensitive elements. The sedimentation of limestones bearing gutter cast structures is related to gravity flows probably linked to storm activities. These processes favoured the remobilization of sediments at the sea floor, as well as oxygen input to bottom waters, as shown by the record of trace fossils including Zoophycos, Ophiomorpha, and secondarily, Chondrites and Diplocraterion. The thinly interbedded dark mudstones are locally rich in thin-shelled bivalves that re-colonised the sea bottom after the sedimentation of these high-energy deposits, and subsequently underwent mass mortality related to the return of oxygen-depleted conditions. The Kef El Hassine section is located in the upper part of a tilted, less subsident block, as indicated by its reduced thickness compared with the Châabet El Attaris section; the absence of dark mudstones implies oxic conditions. The Polymorphum Zone consists of limestones showing evidence of sedimentation under high-energy conditions, along with hardgrounds. The occurrence of Zoophycos (deep-tiers) in the upper part of some limestone beds of the Polymorphum Zone is linked to minor erosive processes. The top of the high-energy sequence—below the deposits of a marly interval corresponding to the Levisoni Zone—is interpreted as a hardground given the high content of belemnites and Arenicolites, some of them boring on the eroded Zoophycos and Thalassinoides. This study shows that the sedimentary expression of the Jenkyns Event is not uniform across Tunisia, supporting the importance of local conditions in determining the development of anoxic conditions.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5510162

Digestibility of nutrients and milk productivity of cows when using the concentrate mixture with the inclusion of rapeseed presscake

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
L. Yarmots ◽  
G. Yarmots ◽  
A. Belenkaya
Keyword(s):  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Experimental Group

For ruminants, especially high-yielding animals in addition to the complete supply of animals with protein, its digestibility in the rumen is important. With low protein digestibility in the rumen, the released ammonia will be more effectively used by the rumen microflora, and the undigestible protein in the subsequent sections of the digestive tract can serve as a source of amino acids for the body. The use of concentrate mixtures with the inclusion of local, affordable and cheaper grain feeds, in particular a high-energy and protein ingredient- rapeseed presscake makes it possible to increase the milk productivity of cows throughout lactation. These presscakes are well balanced in their amino acid composition and belong to feeds whose protein has a low degree of digestibility in the rumen. The purpose of the researches was to study the digestibility of nutrients and milk productivity of cows when using the concentrate mixture with the inclusion of rapeseed presscake. In the scientific and economic experiment has been carried out on lactating cows, where the cows of the experimental group in the concentrate mixture of peas has been replaced with rapeseed presscake the digestibility of nutrients in the ration, energy metabolism and milk productivity have been studied. Studies have shown that almost all the nutrients were significantly better digested by the animals of the experimental group. Energy in milk was more allocated by cows of the experimental group by 6,29 MJ. From cows of the experimental group for 100 and 305 days of lactation has been obtained more milk by 6,27 and 7,06 %, respectively, than from control herdmates. The biochemical parameters of blood were within the limits of the physiological norm in animals of both groups. Thus, the replacement of peas with rapeseed presscake in the concentrate mixture did not have a negative influence on the metabolic processes and helped to increase the milk productivity of cows.

scholarly journals Innovative concepts for the usage of veneer-based hybrid materials in vehicle structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072199839
Author(s):  
DB Heyner ◽  
G Piazza ◽  
E Beeh ◽  
G Seidel ◽  
HE Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Strip ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Material System ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Hybrid Beam ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

A promising approach for the development of sustainable and resource-saving alternatives to conventional material solutions in vehicle structures is the use of renewable raw materials. One group of materials that has particular potential for this application is wood. The specific material properties of wood in the longitudinal fiber direction are comparable to typical construction materials such as steel or aluminum. Due to its comparatively low density, there is a very high lightweight construction potential especially for bending load cases. Structural components of the vehicle body are exposed to very high mechanical loads in the case of crash impact. Depending on the component under consideration, energy has to be absorbed and the structural integrity of the body has to be ensured in order to protect the occupants. The use of natural materials such as wood poses particular challenges for such applications. The material characteristics of wood are dispersed, and depend on environmental factors such as humidity. The aim of the following considerations was to develop a material system to ensure the functional reliability of the component. The test boundary conditions for validation also play a key role in this context. The potential of wood–steel hybrid design based on laminated veneer lumber and steel was investigated for use in a component subjected to crash loads such as the door impact beam. The chosen solution involves a separation of functions. A laminated veneer lumber-based beam was hybridized with a steel strip on the tension side. The steel strip was designed to compensate the comparatively low elongation at fracture of the wood and to ensure the integrity of the beam. The wooden component was designed for high energy absorption due to delamination and controlled failure during the impact, while maintaining the surface moment of inertia, i.e. the bending stiffness of the entire component. This approach was chosen to ensure the functional safety of the component, avoid sudden component failure and utilize the high potential of both materials. The tests carried out provided initial functional proof of the chosen solution. The hybridization achieved significantly higher deformations without sudden failure of the beam. In addition, bending capabilities were increased significantly compared to a beam without hybridization. In comparison with a state-of-the-art steel beam, the hybrid beam was not able to achieve the maximum deformation and the target weight of the hybrid beam. Further optimization of the hybrid beam is therefore necessary.

scholarly journals Diverse floodplain deposits of reworked loess in a monsoon climate (Hanzhong Basin, central China)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jef Vandenberghe ◽  
Xun Yang ◽  
Xianyan Wang ◽  
Shejiang Wang ◽  
Huayu Lu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Central China ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Varied Intensity ◽  
Floodplain Deposits ◽  
Flooding Events ◽  
Floodplain Sediments

Abstract This paper describes an assemblage of diverse floodplain facies of reworked loess (facies b, c) in a Middle Pleistocene monsoonal setting of the Hanzhong Basin, central China. The vertical and lateral sedimentary sequences show changing energy conditions. Apart from the highest energy in the channel facies (facies a), a relatively high energy floodplain environment (facies b) prevailed in waterlogged conditions, with small, laterally migrating (sub)channels. Facies b generally interfingers with aggrading horizontal sheets of overbank deposits in alluvial pools and swamps in a floodplain with much lower energy (facies c), in which phases of stability (soil formation) occasionally interrupted overbank deposition. Reworked loess forms the main part of the floodplain deposits. The paleosols are considered to have been formed under low hydrodynamic conditions in an interglacial environment. These interglacial conditions follow the commonly assumed glacial conditions of channel facies a. The sedimentary successions in the floodplain show a recurrent composition and cyclicity between wet and dry floodplain sedimentation terminated by stability with soil formation. The cyclic rhythm of stacked high- and low-energy floodplain sediments is attributed to varied intensity of different hydrodynamic flooding events that may have been due to changing monsoonal rainfall or simple intrinsic fluvial behavior.

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

scholarly journals Traversable wormholes in Einsteinian cubic gravity

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Mehdizadeh ◽  
Amir Hadi Ziaie
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Energy Condition ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Geodesic Motion ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Asymptotically Flat ◽  
Traversable Wormholes ◽  
Standard Energy

In this work, we investigate wormhole configurations described by a constant redshift function in Einstein-Cubic gravity ( ECG ). We derive analytical wormhole geometries by assuming a particular equation of state ( EoS ) and investigate the possibility that these solutions satisfy the standard energy conditions. We introduce exact asymptotically flat and anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes that admit traversable wormholes. These solutions are obtained by imposing suitable values for the parameters of the theory so that the resulted geometries satisfy the weak energy condition ( WEC ) in the vicinity of the throat, due to the presence of higher-order curvature terms. Moreover, we find that AdS solutions satisfy the WEC throughout the spacetime. A description of the geodesic motion of time-like and null particles is presented for the obtained wormhole solutions. Also, using gravitational lensing effects, observational features of the wormhole structure are discussed.

Pleistocene trace fossils in the Ironshore Formation, Little Cayman, British West Indies

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Metz
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Trace Fossils ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
British West Indies

AbstractOosparite grainstones of the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation, Little Cayman, British West Indies, contain the trace fossils Conichnus conicus, Ophiomorpha nodosa, and Planolites beverleyensis. The dominance of vertically-oriented trace fossils, complexity of cross-stratifications, coarseness of the sediment channel fill, and presence of several rudstone layers suggest deposition close to the seaward portion of lagoonal channels where higher energy conditions prevailed.

scholarly journals A Ten-Year Review of Primary School Flexible Learning Environments: Interior Design and IEQ Performance

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Diksha Vijapur ◽  
Christhina Candido ◽  
Özgür Göçer ◽  
Shirley Wyver
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Flexible Learning ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
And Performance

Flexible Learning Environments (FLEs) arose as enablers for implementation of student-centric pedagogical approaches. Interior design is the key to the success of FLEs, providing the physical infrastructure needed for students to engage on several learning activities, from individual to group work, which take place in a variety of zones ranging from low to high energy. Therefore, a harmonious synergy between the interior design and subsequent Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) performance of FLEs’ physical configuration and learning activities is needed. The objective of this paper is to systematically review (in accordance with the PRISMA method) existing literature related to FLEs within primary school settings, typically catering to children aged 5–12 years old, to understand the body of work investigating the design and performance of FLEs over the last decade (2010–2020). Key findings suggest that the proximity and acoustic and visual permeability of zones found in FLEs may give rise to inadequate IEQ conditions delivered to students. In addition, it could be inferred from the results of the literature review that interior design and IEQ have not been sufficiently investigated in an integrated manner.

The Permeability and Structure of the Cuticle of the Aquatic Larva of Sialis Lutaria

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permeability Constant ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Aquatic Larva

1. The permeability to water of the cuticle of Sialis larvae has been measured, using heavy water as tracer. The penetration was slow, the permeability constant being only 1.8 x 10-2 cm./hr. at 20° C. There was no obvious difference between the rate of water influx and outflux. The rate at which water penetrated into the tissues from the blood was much greater than through the cuticle. The Q10 for diffusion through the body surface was high, lying between 3.0 and 3.8. The osmotic uptake of water was calculated to be about 1% of the body weight per day at 10° C. 2. Drinking of water did not occur in normal larvae, but in larvae with the blood volume reduced, osmotic uptake of water through the gut did take place and the gut wall was much more permeable to water than the cuticle. A similar intake of water probably occurred during moulting. 3. The permeability of the cuticle to chloride was measured and also found to be of a low order (P = 1.04 x 10-4 cm./hr. at 17° C.). Sodium diffused out of the larva at the same rate as the chloride. 4. Histological examination of the cuticle showed that in the abdomen it was thin and consisted of a 7µ. thick endocuticle and a 1 µ epicuticle. Over the thorax it was thicker, and a polyphenol layer was present as the outer layer of the epicuticle. There was indirect evidence of the presence of a wax layer. 5. Wax was extracted from the cuticle, and the thickness of the layer from which it was derived was estimated by means of a monolayer technique. In the cuticle of the abdomen and gills the thickness averaged 0.1 µ. 6. The permeability to water of the cuticle was compared with that of terrestrial insects and was found to be much greater. This difference was not due to the thickness of the wax layer but probably to some physical properties of the wax. The cuticle of Sialis larvae showed no ‘critical temperature’ or sudden change in the permeability properties with temperature over the range of temperatures studied.

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