Morphine Decreases Social Interaction of Adult Male Rats, While THC Does Not Affect It

The aim of the present study was to compare effect of three low doses of morphine (MOR) and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on social behavior tested in Social interaction test (SIT). 45 min prior to testing adult male rats received one of the drugs or solvents: MOR (1; 2.5; 5 mg/kg); saline as a solvent for MOR; THC (0.5; 1; 2 mg/kg); ethanol as a solvent for THC. Occurrence and time spent in specific patterns of social interactions (SI) and non-social activities (locomotion and rearing) was video-recorded for 5 min and then analyzed. MOR in doses of 1 and 2.5 mg/kg displayed decreased SI in total. Detailed analysis of specific patterns of SI revealed decrease in mutual sniffing and allo-grooming after all doses of MOR. The highest dose (5 mg/kg) of MOR decreased following and increased genital investigation. Rearing activity was increased by lower doses of MOR (1 and 2.5 mg/kg). THC, in each of the tested doses, did not induce any specific changes when compared to matching control group (ethanol). However, an additional statistical analysis showed differences between all THC groups and their ethanol control group when compared to saline controls. There was lower SI in total, lower mutual sniffing and allo-grooming, but higher rearing in THC and ethanol groups than in saline control group. Thus, changes seen in THC and ethanol groups are seemed to be attributed mainly to the effect of the ethanol. Based on the present results we can assume that opioids affect SI more than cannabinoid.

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Effect of Omega-3 or Omega-6 Dietary Supplementation on Testicular Steroidogenesis, Adipokine Network, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Adult Male Rats

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/5570331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Amira Moustafa

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Adult Male ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Male Rats ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Omega 6

This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation on the levels of different adipokines and cytokines, as well as the antioxidant system, in relation to male reproductive hormones and testicular functions. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with either physiological saline (control group), sunflower oil (omega 6 group; 1 mL/kg body weight), or fish oil (omega-3 group; 1000 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. The administration of omega-3 or omega-6 resulted in decreased serum concentrations of kisspeptin 1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In addition, it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic genes. The intratesticular levels of apelin, adiponectin, and irisin were elevated while chemerin, leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin were declined following the administration of either omega-3 or omega-6. The testicular concentration of interleukin 10 was increased while interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and nuclear factor kappa B were decreased after consumption of omega-3 or omega-6. In the testes, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and the total antioxidant capacity were improved. In conclusion, the administration of omega-3 or omega-6 adversely affects the process of steroidogenesis but improves the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status of the reproductive system via modulating the levels of testicular adipokines.

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Insulin secretion in Walker 256 tumor cachexia

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.6.e1033 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 258 (6) ◽

pp. E1033-E1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. C. Fernandes ◽

U. F. Machado ◽

C. R. Nogueira ◽

A. R. Carpinelli ◽

R. Curi

Keyword(s):

Insulin Secretion ◽

Islets Of Langerhans ◽

Adult Male ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Tumor Bearing ◽

Isolated Islets Of Langerhans ◽

Outflow Rate ◽

Walker 256 ◽

Walker 256 Tumor

The effect of cachexia on insulin secretion was examined in adult male rats. Isolated islets of Langerhans from Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats secreted less insulin by glucose stimuli as compared with the control group; this was accompanied by significant change in 45Ca2+ outflow rate. Reduced insulin secretion to glucose stimuli in tumor-bearing rats probably led to low insulinemia (one-third). These findings indicate that reduced insulin secretion is probably an important factor for the development of cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats.

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Acute and subchronic co-administrations to cadmium, diazinon and selenium induce apparent osteoporotic symptoms in adult male rats

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-014-0436-y ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Hana Ďúranová ◽

Monika Martiniaková ◽

Ivana Boboňová ◽

Radoslav Omelka ◽

Robert Stawarz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Male ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Femoral Bone ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Young Males ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Group B

AbstractCadmium (Cd) and diazinon (DZN) are known to be environmental risk factors for various bone diseases including osteoporosis. Selenium (Se), an essential constituent of many antioxidant enzymes, has in higher concentrations negative effects on the bone. The present study was aimed to investigate possible changes in femoral bone of adult male rats after their acute and subchronic exposures to Cd, DZN and Se. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomized into three experimental groups. The rats in the group A (4-months-old) were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of 2 mg CdCl2 kg−1, 20 mg DZN kg−1 and 2 mg Na2SeO3 kg−1 body weight and killed 36 h after xenobiotics had been injected. In the group B, young males (1-month-old) were administered with a combination of 30 mg CdCl2 L−1, 40 mg DZN L−1 and 5 mg Na2SeO3 L−1 in their drinking water, for 90 days. Ten 4-months-old males without toxicant supplementation served as a control group (C). After treatment period, detailed histological analysis of femoral bone was performed in each group. Our results revealed apparent osteoporotic symptoms (resorption lacunae, osteoporotic fractures) in rats from groups A and B. Moreover, histomorphometrical evaluation showed reduced bone vascularization (constricted primary osteons’ vascular canals and Haversian canals) and weakness mechanical properties of bones (smaller size of the secondary osteons) in these rats in comparison with those of the control group. Our study demonstrates for the first time that acute and subchronic co-administrations to Cd, DZN and Se induce evident manifestation characteristics of osteoporosis in male rats.

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Addition of Epinephrine to Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Sufentanil for Ambulatory Labor Analgesia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-199703000-00003 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 525-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

David C. Campbell ◽

Robert Banner ◽

Lesley-Ann Crone ◽

Wendy Gore-Hickman ◽

Ray W. Yip

Keyword(s):

Labor Analgesia ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Prolonged Labor ◽

Intrathecal Analgesia ◽

Limited Duration ◽

Effective Analgesia

Background The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine provides rapid, effective analgesia for labor with a limited duration. Many anesthesiologists have concerns that the use of intrathecal local anesthetics precludes maternal ambulation. This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine whether the addition of epinephrine to the combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine would prolong intrathecal analgesia for labor. Patients' ability to ambulate was also assessed. Methods Thirty-nine patients received either an intrathecal control dose of 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml normal saline (control group); or 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml (0.2 mg) of epinephrine (EPI group). Results Seven patients (3 control, 4 EPI) delivered vaginally and two (1 control, 1 EPI) required cesarean delivery before requesting epidural analgesia. The duration (mean +/- SD) of intrathecal labor analgesia was prolonged significantly by the addition of epinephrine: control (n = 15): 145 +/- 23 min; EPI (n = 15): 188 +/- 25 min (P < 0.0001). Maternal ambulation was demonstrated in 100% (19 of 19) of the control group and in 80% (16 of 20) of the EPI group (P = NS). Conclusions The addition of 0.2 mg epinephrine to the intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine significantly prolonged labor analgesia without causing adverse effects to the mother or fetus. The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine, with or without epinephrine, provided rapid, profound labor analgesia and allowed most patients to ambulate.

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Dietary fat and adiposity: a dose-response relationship in adult male rats fed isocalorically

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.4.e546 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 268 (4) ◽

pp. E546-E550 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. N. Boozer ◽

G. Schoenbach ◽

R. L. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Adult Male ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Low Fat Diet ◽

Mesenteric Fat ◽

Total Body Fat ◽

Total Body

This study examined the effects of increasing levels of dietary fat fed isocalorically on body weight, body composition, and adipose distribution. Adult male rats were weight matched into four groups. One group that was fed a low-fat diet (12%) served as reference controls. The other three groups were fed diets of 24, 36, or 48% fat in amounts to equal the energy intake of the control group. After 6 wk, body weights of the four groups were not significantly different. Intrascapular brown fat did not differ between groups. Total body fat and adipose depot weights, however, increased in proportion to the level of fat in the diet. Total body fat and retroperitoneal and mesenteric depot weights of the 48% fat group were greater than controls (P < 0.05). Mesenteric fat in this group was also significantly increased over all other groups (P < 0.05). These results show that high-fat diets fed to adult animals cause increased body fat in the absence of significant changes in body weight and that mesenteric fat is increased disproportionately.

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Effects of holothuria extract on pain behaviour and Fos like immunoreactivity (FLI) in formalin pain

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v10i1.701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Che Badariah AA ◽

Asma HA ◽

Mohd Nizam H ◽

Siti FA

Keyword(s):

Phase 1 ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Male Rats ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Formalin Injection ◽

Intraplantar Injection ◽

Pain Behaviour ◽

Behaviour Score

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gamat extract on pain behaviour and Fos like immunoreactivity (FLI) expression in the ventral posterolateral thalamus using the acute pain model. Materials & Methods: Fourteen Sprague-Dawley male rats (220-300 gram) were given intraplantar injection of 0.05ml formalin (1%) followed by intraperitoneal administration of either 4 mg/kg gamat extracts (Holothuria spp.) or saline (control). Behavioural changes were observed and rats were sacrificed 2 hours post-formalin injection. Immunohistochemistry testing was done on the brain sections. FLI was examined using a light microscope attached to an image analyser. The behaviour and FLI data were analysed using repeated measure analysis of variance and independent t-test respectively. Significance level was taken as p<0.05. Results: The control group has significantly higher pain scores compared to holothuria group (F (1) =13.635, p=0.003). There was significant reduction in the pain behaviour score in the holothuria group when compared to the control group in phase 1 (t (14) =2.9, p=0.012) and most of the time from 15 to 60 minutes post-formalin injection (t (12) =3.535, p=0.004). There was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the number of FLI on the contralateral aspect of the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus in the group that received 4mg/kg of holothuria extract (63 3.18) compared to control group (84 6.36). Conclusion: This study showed that administration of holothuria extract significantly suppressed the pain behaviour and reduced the number of FLI in formalin injected rats compared to control.

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Correlation between Serum and Tissue Levels of Adipokines in Obesity in Adult Male Rats with and without Antioxidant

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa065.011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

M M Elshawwa

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Adult Male ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Tissue Levels ◽

Group I

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, type2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Apelin and chemerin are identified as adipokines and adipose tissue markers. Several adipose-derived peptides are known to influence food intake, including apelin, whose expression is regulated by insulin and chemerin. Oxidative stress thought to be involved in the development of complications associated with obesity. Objective To study the nature of correlation between serum and liver levels of apelin, chemerin and oxidative parameters in obese rats with and without antioxidant. Aiming to clarify the pathophysiology of obesity. Material and Methods Thirty adult male albino rats, divided into three equal groups. Group I (control), group II (obese) and group III (obese and Lepidium sativum (LS) as an antioxidants). At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the serum levels of chemerin, apelin, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (IR), lipid profile, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition to tissue homogenous extracts of liver were taken for the levels of MDA, CAT, chemerin and apelin. Results After eight weeks, high fat diet group showed a significant increase in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) & MDA and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) & GSH. HFD also caused a significant increase in tissue levels of MDA, CAT & chemerin and a significant decrease in apelin, compared to control group. While addition of LS to HFD caused a significant decrease in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, TC, TG, LDL-C & MDA and a significant increase in HDL-C & GSH. LS also caused a significant decrease in tissue levels of MDA, chemerin & insignificant decrease in CAT and a significant increase in apelin, compared to HFD group. Conclusion This study showed a significant positive correlation between liver & serum chemerin and between liver and serum MDA. On the other hand, it showed a significant negative correlation between liver and serum apelin and liver CAT and serum GSH

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Effects of Acupuncture, RU-486 on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Chronically Stressed Adult Male Rats

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2015-1018 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 156 (10) ◽

pp. 3649-3660 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ladan Eshkevari ◽

Susan E. Mulroney ◽

Rupert Egan ◽

Lixing Lao

Keyword(s):

Cold Stress ◽

Adult Male ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Ru 486 ◽

Adrenal Axis ◽

Stomach Meridian ◽

Anxious Behavior ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis

We have recently reported that pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) at stomach meridian point 36 (St36) prevents the chronic cold-stress increase in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), an action that may be under central control. Given that treatment for stress-related symptoms usually begins after onset of the stress responses, the objectives of the present study were to determine the efficacy of EA St36 on HPA hormones when EA St36 is given after stress was initiated, if the results are long lasting, and if blocking the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) using RU-486 had the same effects as EA St36. Adult male rats were placed in 4 groups of animals, 3 of which were exposed to cold and 1 of which was a nontreatment control group. After exposure to the cold stress, 2 groups were treated with either EA St36 or sham-EA, repeated over 10 days. The increase in ACTH and corticosterone observed in stress-only rats was prevented in EA St36 animals, and the effects remained intact 4 days after withdrawal of EA but continuation of cold stress. When the GR was blocked with RU-486, the efficacy of EA St36 remained unchanged. GR blockade did significantly elevate ACTH, which is not seen with EA St36, suggesting that EA St36 does act centrally. The elevated HPA hormones in stress-only rats were associated with a significant increase in depressive and anxious behavior; this was not observed in the stressed EA St36 animals. The results indicate that EA specifically at St36 vs sham-EA is effective in treating chronic poststress exposure.

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Hepatoprotective Effect of Melatonin in Toxic Liver Injury in Rats

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55060304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 304 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Oleshchuk ◽

Ivankiv ◽

Falfushynska ◽

Mudra ◽

Lisnychuk

Keyword(s):

Liver Injury ◽

Hepatoprotective Effect ◽

Male Rats ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Radical Scavenger ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance ◽

Lipid Hydroperoxides ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Toxic Liver Injury

Background and objectives: toxic liver injury results in nitrooxidative stress. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger, an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor and an activator of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of exogenous melatonin on animals with acute toxic hepatitis. Material and methods: 36 healthy Sprague-Dawley male rats were split into three equal groups and given carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 2 g/kg (CCl4 group) or the same dose of CCl4 and melatonin, 10 mg/kg (CCl4/melatonin group) or saline (control group). The effect of melatonin on prooxidant and antioxidant system indexes, NO and NOS levels in serum and liver, data of mitochondrial chain functions and cytolysis in liver were evaluated in all three groups. Results: melatonin significantly decreased activities of AST, ALT, ceruloplasmine and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in serum. Catalase activity was lowered in serum but not in the liver. Hepatic TBARS, lipid hydroperoxides and glutathione concentrations were decreased, while superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activities increased. Melatonin inhibited synthesis of stable NO metabolites in serum: NO2-by 37.9%; NO3-by 29.2%. There was no significant difference in content NO2-in the liver, but concentration of NO3-increased by 32.6%. Melatonin significantly reduced iNOS concentrations both in serum (59.7%) and liver (57.8%) but did not affect endothelial isoform enzyme activities neither in serum, nor in liver. The histopathological liver lesions observed in the CCl4/melatonin group were less severe than those seen in the CCl4 group. Conclusions: we demonstrated an ameliorating effect of melatonin on prooxidants and antioxidants, NO-NOS systems balance, mitochondrial function and histopathological lesions in the liver in rats with CCl4-induced hepatitis.

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Interspecific Mating Effects on Locomotor Activity Rhythms and Refractoriness of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Females

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11120874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 874

Author(s):

Thais de Souza Feitoza ◽

Victor Henrique Ferreira-de-Lima ◽

Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara ◽

Nildimar Alves Honório ◽

L. Philip Lounibos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Accessory Gland ◽

Saline Control ◽

Sexual Receptivity ◽

Control Group ◽

Interspecific Mating ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Activity Rhythms ◽

Locomotor Activities

This study tests the hypotheses that the locomotor activity of Ae. albopictus females is not significantly altered by the presence of accessory gland (AG) extracts from conspecific and heterospecific males, and that Ae. albopictus females remain receptive to mating with conspecific males even after receiving AG of Ae. aegypti males. Virgin Ae. albopictus females were injected with saline (control group), AG extracts of Ae. aegypti males (aegMAG) or AG extracts of Ae. albopictus males (albMAG). Locomotor activity was evaluated under 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness at 25 °C. All live Ae. albopictus females were subsequently exposed to conspecific males for 48 h, and their spermathecae were dissected for the presence of sperm. Females injected with aegMAG and albMAG showed significant decreases in total, diurnal and diurnal without lights-on Period activities. Females injected with aegMAG showed significant decreases in nocturnal and nocturnal without lights-off period activities. Females injected with albMAG showed significant decreases in lights-off activity. A total of 83% of Ae. albopictus females injected with aegMAG and 10% of females injected with albMAG were inseminated by conspecific males. These results, coupled with our previous paper on MAG and interspecific mating effects on female Ae. aegypti, demonstrate contrasting outcomes on locomotor activities and loss of sexual receptivity, both conspecific and heterospecific MAGs capable of sterilizing virgin Ae. aegypti, but only conspecific MAGs sterilizing Ae. albopictus, whereas locomotor activities were depressed in females of both species after heterospecific and conspecific injections or treatments.

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