scholarly journals Transcription Regulators and Hormones Involved in the Development of Brown Fat and White Fat Browning: Transcriptional and Hormonal Control of Brown/Beige Fat Development

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ZHANG ◽  
H. WU ◽  
S. MA ◽  
F. JING ◽  
C. YU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
White Fat

The high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic complications has inspired research on adipose tissues. Three kinds of adipose tissues are identified in mammals: brown adipose tissue (BAT), beige or brite adipose tissue and white adipose tissue (WAT). Beige adipocytes share some characteristics with brown adipocytes such as the expression of UCP1. Beige adipocytes can be activated by environmental stimuli or pharmacological treatment, and this change is accompanied by an increase in energy consumption. This process is called white browning, and it facilitates the maintenance of a lean and healthy phenotype. Thus, promoting beige adipocyte development in WAT shows promise as a new strategy in treating obesity and related metabolic consequences. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the regulators and hormones that participate in the development of brown fat and white fat browning.

scholarly journals miR17-92 cluster drives white adipose tissue browning

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Huang ◽  
Hanlin Zhang ◽  
Meng Dong ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jun Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
And Function ◽  
White Fat

White adipose tissue (WAT) browning may have beneficial effects for treating metabolic syndrome. miRNA are important regulators of the differentiation, development, and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Here, we found that the cold-inducible miRNA17-92 cluster is enriched in brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared with WAT. Overexpression of the miR17-92 cluster in C3H10T1/2 cells, a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line, enhanced the thermogenic capacity of adipocytes. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in adiposity in adipose tissue-specific miR17-92 cluster transgenic (TG) mice. This finding is partly explained by dramatic increases in white fat browning and energy expenditure. Interestingly, the miR17-92 cluster stimulated WAT browning without altering BAT activity in mice. In addition, when we removed the intrascapular BAT (iBAT), the TG mice could maintain their body temperature well under cold exposure. At the molecular level, we found that the miR17-92 cluster targets Rb1, a beige cell repressor in WAT. The present study reveals a critical role for the miR17-92 cluster in regulating WAT browning. These results may be helpful for better understanding the function of beige fat, which could compensate for the lack of BAT in humans, and may open new avenues for combatting metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Beige Cells ◽  
Adipocyte Development

While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and ‘beiging’, as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.

scholarly journals Multifaceted Roles of Beige Fat in Energy Homeostasis Beyond UCP1

Endocrinology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (7) ◽  
pp. 2545-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Sponton ◽  
Shingo Kajimura
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Adipose Cells

Abstract Beige adipocytes are an inducible form of thermogenic adipose cells that emerge within the white adipose tissue in response to a variety of environmental stimuli, such as chronic cold acclimation. Similar to brown adipocytes that reside in brown adipose tissue depots, beige adipocytes are also thermogenic; however, beige adipocytes possess unique, distinguishing characteristics in their developmental regulation and biological function. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of beige adipocytes, focusing on the diverse roles of beige fat in the regulation of energy homeostasis that are independent of the canonical thermogenic pathway via uncoupling protein 1.

scholarly journals Effect of Quercetin on Non-shivering Thermogenesis and Intestinal Microbial Populations (P06-037-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dammah Otieno ◽  
Ya Pei ◽  
Inah Gu ◽  
Sun-Ok Lee ◽  
Hye Won Kang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract Objectives Activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissues and alteration in intestinal microbiome have been linked with improved obese condition. With emerging evidences of dietary compounds to prevent obesity, the objective of this study was to examine whether quercetin activates non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissues and influences intestinal microbiome, which eventually improves obese condition. Methods Four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 1% quercetin (Q) for 16 weeks. On the completion of the feeding study, brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT), and cecum were collected. Total RNA was extracted from BAT and WAT, and then cDNA was synthesized. The expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of non-shivering thermogenesis such as uncoupling protein 1 (ucp1), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (cidea), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ), pparγ-coactivator 1 alpha (pgc1α), fibroblast growth factor 21 (fgf21), positive regulatory domain containing 16 (prdm16), and T-box protein 1 (tbx1) were determined by a real-time PCR. The expression of the proteins such as UCP1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was assessed by western blot analysis. Microbial populations in cecum were analyzed via the Illumnia MiSeq sequencing platform and QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) Software. Results Mice fed HFDQ showed reduced body weight and retroperitoneal (R) WAT weight compared to mice fed HFD. Quercetin supplementation increased the expression of ucp1, prdm16, pgc1α, cidea, and tbx1 genes in BAT and RWAT of mice fed HFD. The expression of UCP1 protein and phosphorylation of AMPK were increased. However, browning effect was not observed in other WATs. Mice fed LFDQ and HFDQ exhibited higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes than mice fed LFD and HFD whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes was decreased. Conclusions Quercetin may be a potential dietary compound that increases energy metabolism by activating BAT and attracting beige adipocytes in RWAT. In addition, quercetin-induced energy metabolism may have a correlation with changes of microbial populations in intestine. Funding Sources The work was supported by USDA.

Reduction of dietary obesity in aP2-Ucp transgenic mice: mechanism and adipose tissue morphology

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. E776-E786 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kopecky ◽  
M. Rossmeisl ◽  
Z. Hodny ◽  
I. Syrovy ◽  
M. Horakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Activity ◽  
Tissue Morphology ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

C57BL6/J mice with the expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) gene from the fat-specific aP2 gene promoter were used to study the mechanism by which the aP2-Ucp transgene affects adiposity and reduces high-fat diet induced obesity. In the transgenic mice, UCP synthesized in white fat was inserted into mitochondria, and oxygen uptake by epididymal fat fragments indicated UCP-induced thermogenesis. The respirometry data, UCP content, cytochrome oxidase activity, and tissue morphology suggested functional involution of brown fat. Despite 25- to 50-fold lower mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity in white than in brown fat cells, total oxidative capacity in white and brown adipose tissue is comparable. Appearance of novel small cells in the gonadal fat of the transgenic mice was associated with a higher DNA content than that of the nontransgenic mice. The results prove a potential of transgenically altered mitochondria in white fat to modulate adiposity and energy expenditure and suggest the existence of a yet unidentified site-specific link between energy metabolism in adipocytes and cellularity.

scholarly journals White, beige and brown adipose tissue: structure, function, specific features and possibility formation and divergence in pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Irina Chernukha ◽  
Liliya Fedulova ◽  
Elena Kotenkova
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
White Fat ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Traditionally, mammalian adipose tissue is divided into white (white adipose tissue – WAT) and brown (brown adipose tissue – BAT). While the functions of WAT are well known as the triglyceride depot, the role of BAT in mammalian physiology has been under close investigation. The first description of the role of BAT in maintaining thermogenesis dates back to 1961. This article offers a review of structural and functional specificity of white, beige and brown adipose tissue. Results and discussion. The differences and descriptions of adipocytes and their impact on the maintenance of the main functions of the mammalian body are described in this manuscript. In particular, thermogenesis, stress response, obesity, type II diabetes. In addition to WAT and BAT, an intermediate form was also detected in the body – beige fat (BeAT or Brite). The opposite opinions regarding the presence of three types of adipose tissue in the human and animal bodies are presented. Studies on the identification of uncoupling proteins 1 and 3 and their role in the transformation of white fat into beige/brown are considered. Basically, the data on the factors of endogenous and exogenous nature on their formation are given on the example of the human body. Conclusion. With an abundance of publications on the keywords: “white, brown fat”, these studies, in the overwhelming majority, are devoted to the role of these fats in the formation of human thermogenesis, the assessment of the impact on obesity. Pigs have also been suggested to lack functional BAT, which is a major cause of neonatal death in the swine industry, therefore the focus on investigating role of different types of adipose tissue in pigs seems very promising in order to understand whether there is a compensating mechanism of thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Brown and Beige Fat: Therapeutic Potential in Obesity

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Adipose Organ

BACKGROUND: The epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes presents a serious challenge to scientific and biomedical communities worldwide. There has been an upsurge of interest in the adipocyte coincident with the onset of the obesity epidemic and the realization that adipose tissue plays a major role in the regulation of metabolic function.CONTENT: Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible ‘brown-like’ adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.SUMMARY: The complexity of adipose tissue presents numerous challenges but also several opportunities for therapeutic intervention. There is persuasive evidence from animal models that enhancement of the function of brown adipocytes, beige adipocytes or both in humans could be very effective for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. Moreover, there are now an extensive variety of factors and pathways that could potentially be targeted for therapeutic effects. In particular, the discoveries of circulating factors, such as irisin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21 and natriuretic peptides, that enhance brown and beige fat function in mice have garnered tremendous interest. Certainly, the next decade will see massive efforts to use beige and brown fat to ameliorate human metabolic disease.KEYWORDS: obesity, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, beige adipose tissue, adipose organ, thermogenesis, energy expenditure

scholarly journals Identification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Schulz ◽  
Tian Lian Huang ◽  
Thien T. Tran ◽  
Hongbin Zhang ◽  
Kristy L. Townsend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

Brown fat is specialized for energy expenditure and has therefore been proposed to function as a defense against obesity. Despite recent advances in delineating the transcriptional regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation, cellular lineage specification and developmental cues specifying brown-fat cell fate remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify and isolate a subpopulation of adipogenic progenitors (Sca-1+/CD45−/Mac1−; referred to as Sca-1+ progenitor cells, ScaPCs) residing in murine brown fat, white fat, and skeletal muscle. ScaPCs derived from different tissues possess unique molecular expression signatures and adipogenic capacities. Importantly, although the ScaPCs from interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) are constitutively committed brown-fat progenitors, Sca-1+ cells from skeletal muscle and subcutaneous white fat are highly inducible to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes upon stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Consistent with these findings, human preadipocytes isolated from subcutaneous white fat also exhibit the greatest inducible capacity to become brown adipocytes compared with cells isolated from mesenteric or omental white fat. When muscle-resident ScaPCs are re-engrafted into skeletal muscle of syngeneic mice, BMP7-treated ScaPCs efficiently develop into adipose tissue with brown fat-specific characteristics. Importantly, ScaPCs from obesity-resistant mice exhibit markedly higher thermogenic capacity compared with cells isolated from obesity-prone mice. These data establish the molecular characteristics of tissue-resident adipose progenitors and demonstrate a dynamic interplay between these progenitors and inductive signals that act in concert to specify brown adipocyte development.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue browning in mice and humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 241 (3) ◽  
pp. R97-R109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten T Herz ◽  
Florian W Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Thermogenic Adipocytes ◽  
Tissue Browning

In the midst of an obesity epidemic, the promotion of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to increase energy expenditure and counteract weight gain. Despite the fact that the thermogenic potential of bone fide BAT in rodents is several orders of magnitudes higher than white fat containing brite/beige adipocytes, WAT browning represents a particularly intriguing concept in humans given the extreme amount of excess WAT in obese individuals. In addition, the clear distinction between classic brown and beige fat that has been proposed in mice does not exist in humans. In fact, studies of human BAT biopsies found controversial results suggesting both classic brown and beige characteristics. Irrespective of the true ‘color’, accumulating evidence suggests the induction of thermogenic adipocytes in human WAT depots in response to specific stimuli, highlighting that WAT browning may occur in both, mice and humans. These observations also emphasize the great plasticity of human fat depots and raise important questions about the metabolic properties of thermogenically active adipose tissue in humans and the potential therapeutic implications. We will first review the cellular and molecular aspects of selected adipose tissue browning concepts that have been identified in mouse models with emphasis on neuronal factors, the microbiome, immune cells and several hormones. We will also summarize the evidence for adipose tissue browning in humans including some experimental pharmacologic approaches.

scholarly journals A Palette of Adipose Tissue: Multiple Functionality and Extraordinary Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
José Rodrigo Pauli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
The Third ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

After the knowledge of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ and its role as a regulator of metabolisms, studies have advanced on its biological function. Previously, only two adipose tissues were identified in mammals, white and brown adipose tissue. White adipocytes store lipids mainly with the function of energy reserve and brown for thermal homeostasis. Due to the plasticity of adipose tissue and its ability to proliferate and differentiate, the third type of adipocyte, beige, emerged. Beige adipocytes originate from white adipocytes that have acquired phenotypic brown characteristics in response to different stimuli, this process is known as browning. More recently, the plastic properties allowed the identification of the fourth type of adipose tissue, the pink.

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