Red Palm Oil Supplementation Does Not Increase Blood Glucose or Serum Lipids Levels in Wistar Rats With Different Thyroid Status

Red palm oil (RPO) is a rich natural source of antioxidant vitamins, namely carotenes, tocopherols and tocotrienols. However, it contains approximately 50 % saturated fatty acids the regular consumption of which could negatively modify lipid profile. The aim of our study was to test whether 7 weeks of RPO supplementation (1 g/kg body weight/day) would affect blood glucose and lipid metabolism in adult male Wistar rats with altered thyroid status. We induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in rats by oral administration of either methimazole or mixture of thyroid hormones. Different thyroid status (EU – euthyroid, HY – hypothyroid and HT – hyperthyroid) was characterized by different serum thyroid hormones levels (total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine), changes in the activity of a marker enzyme of thyroid status – liver mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and altered absolute and relative heart weights. Fasting blood glucose levels were higher in HT rats in comparison with EU and HY rats, but the changes caused by RPO supplementation were not significant. The achievement of the HY status significantly increased serum levels of total cholesterol, as well as with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol: 2.43±0.15, 1.48±0.09, 0.89±0.08 mmol/l, compared to EU: 1.14±0.06, 0.77±0.06, 0.34±0.05 mmol/l and HT: 1.01±0.06, 0.69±0.04, 0.20±0.03 mmol/l, respectively. RPO supplementation did not increase significantly levels of blood lipids but tended to increase glutathione levels in the liver. In conclusion, RPO supplementation did not induce the presumed deterioration of glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with three well-characterized alterations in thyroid status.

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Differences in the Effects of Anthocyanin Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism According to the Structure of the Main Anthocyanin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13062003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 2003

Author(s):

Risa Araki ◽

Akira Yada ◽

Hirotsugu Ueda ◽

Kenichi Tominaga ◽

Hiroko Isoda

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Oh Groups ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

The effectiveness of anthocyanins may differ according to their chemical structures; however, randomized clinical controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses that examine the consequences of these structural differences have not been reported yet. In this meta-analysis, anthocyanins in test foods of 18 selected RCTs were categorized into three types: cyanidin-, delphinidin-, and malvidin-based. Delphinidin-based anthocyanins demonstrated significant effects on triglycerides (mean difference (MD): −0.24, p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD: −0.28, p < 0.001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (MD: 0.11, p < 0.01), whereas no significant effects were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins. Although non-significant, favorable effects on total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins, respectively (both p < 0.1). The ascending order of effectiveness on TC and LDL-C was delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and malvidin-based anthocyanins, and the differences among the three groups were significant (both p < 0.05). We could not confirm the significant effects of each main anthocyanin on glucose metabolism; however, insulin resistance index changed positively and negatively with cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanins, respectively. Therefore, foods containing mainly unmethylated anthocyanins, especially with large numbers of OH groups, may improve glucose and lipid metabolism more effectively than those containing methylated anthocyanins.

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Effects of Marine Drug Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Mice

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.21.2.5486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 150-154

Author(s):

Haiyue Liang ◽

Qun Liu ◽

Yonghong Xiu

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Sodium Sulfate ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Control Group ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Propylene Glycol Alginate

Previous studies have shown that marine drug propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) plays important roles in human diseases. This study mainly explored the effects of PSS on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic db/db mouse models. The db/db mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12), which were model control group (distilled water), positive control group (metformin), PSS low, medium, and high dose groups (PSS25, PSS50, PSS100) and normal control group (C57/BL, distilled water). The mice in each group had free diet and water for 90 days. During the experiment, food intake was recorded every day and body weight was recorded weekly. In addition, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured regularly. Finally, the contents of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of mice were determined. PSS can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in db/db mice, and improve insulin sensitivity. Moreover, PSS can reduce the fat accumulation of db/db mice and significantly improve the blood lipid level of db/db mice. PSS can significantly improve the symptoms of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice.

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Effects of Dietary Pork Fat Cooked Using Different Methods on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Liver Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Rats

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10123030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 3030

Author(s):

Wenzheng Zhu ◽

Yan Xu ◽

Jun Liu ◽

Dawei Chen ◽

Huimin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Other ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

Liver Inflammation ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Pork Fat

Cooking may affect the nutritional value of pork fat, and, nowadays, people have been paying an increasing amount of attention to the method of cooking. In this study, the effects of dietary pork fat cooked using different methods on body metabolism and intestinal microbes were studied in rats. Fat was extracted from pork belly meat cooked using three methods: braising (braising cooking method, BCM), stewing (SCM) and deep fat frying (DCM). The three types of pork fat were added to animal feed, and the effects of each on body weight, glucose and lipid metabolism, liver inflammation and intestinal microbes in rats were compared with the effects of soybean oil-treated feed (SO) and a blank control (BC). Rats in all three groups fed with cooked pork fat exhibited significant increases in body weight compared with the controls across the experimental feeding period. Furthermore, all three types of pork fat led to significant changes in the serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) relative to the controls, with the greatest increases in TG and TC in the BCM and DCM groups, respectively. All three types of pork fat led to significant decreases in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations relative to the controls, with the lowest concentration in the SCM group. All three types of pork fat also led to significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations relative to the controls, with the smallest increase in the DCM group. Rats in the SCM group had the highest level of liver fat deposition, followed by those in the BCM, DCM, SO and BC groups. Compared with the controls, the three groups fed with different types of cooked pork fat had significantly lower hepatic expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB). The expression levels of NF-κB in the DCM and SO groups were significantly lower than those in the other groups. The abundance of Proteobacteria species in the intestines of rats was significantly lower in the BC group than in the other groups fed with cooked pork fat, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes species was significantly lower in the BCM, SCM and DCM groups than in the BC and SO groups. From the changes in the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides, pork fat in the three cooking methods has a certain potential to promote the production of body obesity.

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Tai Chi on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Middle-Aged and Elderly Diabetic Patients: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6699935 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Ya-nv Liu ◽

Lin Wang ◽

Xin Fan ◽

Shijie Liu ◽

Qi Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Randomized Controlled Trials ◽

Tai Chi ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

This research review aimed to evaluate the effect of practicing Tai Chi on glucose and lipid metabolism in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients. Furthermore, it aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the practice of Tai Chi as a way to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients. Therefore, we searched for randomized controlled trials on the practice of Tai Chi in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients in Chinese- and English-language electronic databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CNKI, Wanfang Database, and Weipu. We collected articles published no later than August 1, 2020. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the standards of the Cochrane Collaboration System Evaluation Manual (version 5.1.0). Finally, 14 articles were included, showing an average Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale score of 6.57. The articles were meta-analyzed using Stata 14.0 software, showing that practicing Tai Chi improved middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients’ fasting blood glucose (WMD = −0.60, 95% CI [−1.08, −0.12], p = 0.015 ), glycosylated hemoglobin (WMD = −0.87, 95% CI [−1.60, −0.14], p = 0.019 ), total cholesterol (WMD = −0.48, 95% CI [−0.83, −0.14], p = 0.006 ), triglycerides (WMD = −0.21, 95% CI [−0.37, −0.04], p = 0.014 ), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level significantly (WMD = −0.32, 95% CI [−0.63,−0.00], p = 0.050 ). Conversely, patients’ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (WMD = 0.09, 95% CI [−0.01, 0.17], p = 0.136 ) showed no obvious improvement. In conclusion, practicing Tai Chi in sessions lasting longer than 50 minutes (at least three times per week, for at least 12 weeks) can effectively improve glucose and lipid metabolism in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients. However, several other factors affect glucose and lipid metabolism; therefore, further high-quality research is needed. Protocol registration number: INPLASY2020120107.

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Berberine Moderates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism through Multipathway Mechanism

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2011/924851 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Qian Zhang ◽

Xinhua Xiao ◽

Kai Feng ◽

Tong Wang ◽

Wenhui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Pcr Array ◽

Fasting Serum ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Kkay Mice

Berberine is known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, but the mechanism is still under investigation. In this paper, we explored the effects of berberine on the weight, glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and serum insulin of KKAy mice and investigated its possible glucose and lipid-regulating mechanism. We randomly divided KKAy mice into two groups: berberine group (treated with 250 mg/kg/d berberine) and control group. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), and fasting serum insulin were measured in both groups. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed.RT2PCR array gene expression analysis was performed using skeletal muscle of KKAy mice. Our data demonstrated that berberine significantly decreased FBG, area under the curve (AUC), fasting serum insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, TC, and TG, compared with those of control group.RT2profiler PCR array analysis showed that berberine upregulated the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), MAPK8(c-jun N-terminal kinase, JNK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and hepatic nuclear factor 4α(HNF4α), whereas it downregulated the expression of PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP), PPARγcoactivator 1α(PGC 1α), and resistin. These results suggest that berberine moderates glucose and lipid metabolism through a multipathway mechanism that includes AMP-activated protein kinase-(AMPK-) p38 MAPK-GLUT4, JNK pathway, and PPARαpathway.

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Effect of Honey & Olive Oil Supplemented Bio-Yoghurt Feeding on Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose and Hematological Parameters in Rats

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401313666170905160124 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 140-147

Author(s):

Magdy M. Ismail ◽

El-Tahra M. Ammar ◽

Abd El-Wahab E. Khalil ◽

Mohamed Z. Eid

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background and Objective: Yoghurt, especially bio-yoghurt has long been recognized as a product with many health benefits for consumers. Also, honey and olive oil have considerable nutritional and health effects. So, the effect of administration of yoghurt made using ABT culture and fortified with honey (2 and 6%), olive oil (1 and 4%) or honey + olive oil (2+1 and 6+4% respectively) on some biological and hematological properties of rats was investigated.Methods:The body weight gain, serum lipid level, blood glucose level, serum creatinine level, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) activity, Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) activity, leukocytes and lymphocytes counts of rats were evaluated.Results:Blending of bio-yoghurt with rats' diet improved body weight gain. Concentrations of Total plasma Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG) significantly lowered in plasma of rats fed bio-yoghurt. Levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG also decreased in rat groups feed bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil. LDL concentrations were reduced by 10.32, 18.51, 34.17, 22.48, 43.30% in plasma of rats fed classic starter yoghurt, ABT yoghurt, ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey, ABT yoghurt contained 4% olive oil and ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey + 4% olive oil respectively. The blood glucose, serum creatinine, GOT and GPT values of rats decreased while white blood cells and lymphocytes counts increased by feeding bioyoghurt contained honey and olive oil.Conclusion:The findings enhanced the multiple therapeutic effects of bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil.

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Comparative effects of ethanol leaf and stem bark extracts of Irvingia gabonensis (BUSH MANGO) on sodium arsenite-induced lipid profile perturbtions in wistar rats

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-020-00241-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Efosa Godwin Ewere ◽

Ngozi Paulinus Okolie ◽

Erhunmwunsee Dalton Avan ◽

Patience Edet Umoh

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Sodium Arsenite ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Irvingia Gabonensis

Abstract Background Exposure to arsenic orchestrates a myriad of noxious health effects, including cancer. Different parts of Irvingia gabonensis are used as herbal remedies in traditional medicine. In this study, the comparative effects of the ethanol leaf (ELEIG) and stem bark extracts (ESEIG) of Irvingia gabonensis on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced lipid profile disturbances in Wistar rats were investigated. Methods Fifty five Wistar rats weighing between 100 g and 179 g were distributed into eleven groups (n=5). Group 1 (control) received feed and water ad libitum. Group 2 received SA at a dose of 4.1 mg/kg body weight (kgbw) for 14 days. Groups 3–11 were treated with the extracts with or without SA. Treatment was done by oral intubation for 14 days. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), total lipids (TL) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were used to determine the lipid profile effects of the extracts. Results Exposure to SA caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in all assayed parameters, relative to control. Post-treatment and simultaneous treatment with ELEIG and ESEIG mitigated the effects of SA. In addition, ELEIG alone at various doses produced results comparable with control values. However, ESEIG alone caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in all assayed parameters, relative to control. Conclusion These results show that ELEIG and ESEIG ameliorate SA-induced lipid profile disturbances in Wistar rats. However, long-term administration of ESEIG alone may be discouraged.

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Liver fat content is independently associated with microalbuminuria in a normotensive, euglycaemic Chinese population: a community-based, cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e044237

Author(s):

Xiaoming Li ◽

Mingfeng Xia ◽

Hui Ma ◽

Yu Hu ◽

Hongmei Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Fat Content ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Community Based ◽

Liver Fat Content ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression

ObjectiveNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with microalbuminuria (MA) in patients with diabetes/pre-diabetes. Whether this association is mediated by blood glucose and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. This study investigated whether liver fat content (LFC) was associated with MA in a normotensive and non-diabetic population.DesignA cross-sectional substudy.SettingsLFC was determined from the hepatic/renal echogenicity ratio at ultrasound. MA was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 30–300 µg/mg (early- morning urine sample). Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate LFC as a predictor of MA.ParticipantsBetween May 2010 and June 2011, this cross-sectional, community-based study enrolled residents from Shanghai (China), aged ≥40 years and with normal glucose tolerance and BP.ResultsA total of 550 residents (median age, 57 years; 174 men) were enrolled and stratified according to LFC quartiles. ACR (p<0.001) and MA prevalence (p=0.012) increased across the LFC quartiles. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the OR for MA (per SD increase in LFC) was 1.840 (95% CI 1.173 to 2.887, p=0.008) after adjustment for potential confounders including age, gender, waist-hip ratio, blood urea nitrogen, systolic and diastolic BP, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate and lipid-lowering drugs. The ROC analysis revealed that the optimal LFC cut-off value for predicting MA was 6.82%.ConclusionLFC is independently associated with MA in normotensive, euglycaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Screening for MA in people with NAFLD might facilitate early intervention to minimise kidney disease risk.

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Effect of fatty Amazon fish consumption on lipid metabolism

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1415-52732014000100009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 97-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisca das Chagas do Amaral Souza ◽

Nadja Pinto Garcia ◽

Rejane Souza de Aquino Sales ◽

Jaime Paiva Lopes Aguiar ◽

Wallice Luiz Paxiúba Duncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Density ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Fatty Fish ◽

Serum Triglycerides

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon basin on lipid metabolism. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group treated with commercial chow; Mapará group was fed diet enriched with Hypophthalmus edentatus; Matrinxã group was fed diet enriched with Brycon spp.; and, Tambaqui group was fed diet enriched with Colossoma macropomum. Rats with approximately 240g±0.60 of body weight were fed ad libitum for 30 days, and then were sacrificed for collection of whole blood and tissues. RESULTS: The groups treated with enriched diets showed a significant reduction in body mass and lipogenesis in the epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues and carcass when compared with the control group. However, lipogenesis in the liver showed an increase in Matrinxã group compared with the others groups. The levels of serum triglycerides in the treated groups with Amazonian fish were significantly lower than those of the control group. Moreover, total cholesterol concentration only decreased in the group Matrinxã. High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly in the Mapará and Tambaqui compared with control group and Matrinxã group. The insulin and leptin levels increased significantly in all treatment groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon basin changed the lipid metabolism by reducing serum triglycerides and increasing high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in rats fed with diets enriched with Mapará, Matrinxã, and Tambaqui.

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Regulatory Efficacy of Spirulina platensis Protease Hydrolyzate on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19124023 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 4023 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pengpeng Hua ◽

Zhiying Yu ◽

Yu Xiong ◽

Bin Liu ◽

Lina Zhao

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Hypolipidemic Effect ◽

High Fat

Lipid metabolism disorder (LMD) is a public health issue. Spirulina platensis is a widely used natural weight-reducing agent and Spirulina platensis is a kind of protein source. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Spirulina platensis protease hydrolyzate (SPPH) on the lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Our study showed that SPPH decreased the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST), but increased the level of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in serum and liver. Moreover, SPPH had a hypolipidemic effect as indicated by the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), SREBP-1c, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and the up-regulation of adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα (PPARα) at the mRNA level in liver. SPPH treatment enriched the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, our study showed that SPPH might be produce glucose metabolic benefits in rats with diet-induced LMD. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of SPPH on the metabolism remain to be further investigated. Collectively, the above-mentioned findings illustrate that Spirulina platensis peptides have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders, and our data provides evidence that SPPH might be used as an adjuvant therapy and functional food in obese and diabetic individuals.

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