scholarly journals From Walking Bankers to Blockchain Technology The History of Payment Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Andrea Kriskó ◽  
Tibor Tatay
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bank Card

The technique and technology of payment settlement systems has completed an enormous journey from the 18th century to modern times. Nowadays, we have gone from bilateral settlements to global payment systems. Numerous payment options are available to us, from paper based settlements to mobile wallets. In my study, I am primarily tracking the development of the technology on the basis of the payment systems of the USA, introducing the primary open and closed loop systems, as well as the changing customer needs which have brought the bank card and Bitcoin to life.

Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part two)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Jan Pezda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
Modern Variety ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Conception

The study historicizes the phenomenon of tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began taking form at the turn of the 19th centuries. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how travel that, from the late 18th century, had been a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia”, clips today's form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to a conclusion that the tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.

The Singing Coachman or, The Road and Russia's Ethnographic Invention in Early Modern Times

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
John Randolph
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
National Character ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Road ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times

AbstractScholars agree that the first modern ethnographic traditions surrounding Russia developed in travel accounts written by foreigners in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. These laid the foundations for a 'national turn' in Russian belles-lettres in the late 18th century. Yet scholars have paid relatively little attention to the history of the coach system, known as the iam, that made travel writing about Muscovy possible. Many foreign travelers—as well as Imperial Russian hommes des lettres —were fascinated by the figures of Russia's iamshchiki, the state peasants who manned the state-organized coach system. The lives and expressions of these coachmen were often taken as proxies for Russia's national character. This article describes this process, demonstrating how the iam system provided a practical as well as a symbolic frame for the making of early conceptions of Russian nationality.

scholarly journals Irish Jacobites in Continental Europe at End of 17th — 18th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 272-289
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Apryshchenko ◽  
N. A. Lagoshina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irish People ◽  
Degree Of Participation ◽  
Migration Network ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

The problem of migration of the Irish military to the European continent in modern times is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to their role, political attitudes and adaptation in host societies. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the specifics of the Irish military migration of the 18th century and the degree to which Jacobite ideology influenced the political mood of Irish people in Europe. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the study of the mass migration of the Irish military to Europe in the period between the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 and the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 will complement the Irish military history of modern times. The study of personal correspondence, memoirs and literary works allows a deeper study of the issues of identity, ideology and collective memory of the Irish military, to determine the degree of participation of the Irish in various dynastic wars and conspiracies in Europe in the XVIII century, to restore some details from the life of the Irish Jacobites, conspirators, spies and social net-works migrants. Analysis of various sources has led to a rethinking of the situation of the Irish diaspora in France and Spain. It was found that through an extensive migration network, the Irish Jacobites communicated with the world community of Irish-in-exile, posing a threat to the Hanoverian government.

USA in Modern Times: society, State and law. Part 2. 1800-1877 years

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Alent'eva ◽  
Mariya Filimonova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jacksonian Democracy ◽  
Xix Century

The textbook examines the processes of development of American civilization in the XIX century, assesses various aspects of the life and activities of the American state. Special attention is paid to the most important periods, such as "Jeffersonian democracy", "the era of good consent", "Jacksonian democracy", "the brewing of inevitable conflict", the Civil War and Reconstruction. The political activities of American presidents, various parties and movements are analyzed. A separate chapter is devoted to the development of law in the XIX century . It is intended for students of historical faculties studying the academic discipline "History of regions (on the example of the USA)", students of historical and law faculties studying the history of the USA in Modern times, the history of international relations, the development of the state and law of this country, the constitutional law of foreign countries, as well as for students of cultural studies, students of foreign language faculties and anyone interested in the history of the USA.

scholarly journals Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part one)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Jan Pezda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Conception ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study historicizes the phenomenon of the tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began to take form at the turn of the 19th century. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how a travel that, from the late 18th century, had a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia“, clips today´s form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to the conclusion that tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.

EPITAFIES OF THE RELATIVES OF HADJI IBRAHIM AL-URADI AS A SOURCE ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIST AND ON THE HISTORY OF GIDATL

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Look ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

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