Physiological and Cognitive Performance in F-22 Pilots During Day and Night Flying

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Combs ◽  
Anna S. Dahlman ◽  
Nita L. Shattuck ◽  
Jennifer A. Heissel ◽  
Lyn R. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Stress Adaptation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Time Accuracy

BACKGROUND: Many workers routinely transition between day and night shiftsincluding pilots, where night flights are commonly considered more stressful. The physiological toll from this transition is not fully understood, though fatigue is a factor in many aviation accidents. This research investigated the changes in physiological markers of stress and cognitive performance as F-22 pilots transitioned from day flying to night flying.METHODS: There were 17 fully-qualified F-22 pilots who took part in a 2-wk data collection using salivary swabs, wrist-worn activity monitors, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) inventory, and a go/no-go (GNG) test.RESULTS: No differences were found in comparing day and night flying on the GNG reaction time/accuracy, NASA-TLX scores, or sleep quantity. Cortisol levels were significantly higher than civilian levels in all experimental conditions and control days. Participants had higher than predicted cortisol levels postflight in the day-flying condition and lower than predicted cortisol levels postflight in the night-flying condition, relative to levels from control day patterns. We also found smaller changes in cortisol (pre- to postflight) in the day-flying condition for those with more F-22 experience. Finally, we found a negative correlation between Perceived Stress Scale scores and age of pilots (r 0.72).DISCUSSION: We hypothesized that the night-flying environment would be more stressful, but our results disputed this claim. Our results suggest day flying elicits more of a stress response; however, a larger sample size is required to verify results. Preliminary findings of potential stress adaptation may suggest stress adaptation in the F-22 community needs further investigation.Combs EK, Dahlman AS, Shattuck NL, Heissel JA, Whitaker LR. Physiological and cognitive performance in F-22 pilots during day and night flying. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(5):303311.

The Effects of Physical and Psychological Stress on Task Load Assesment and Grammatical Reasoning Among Special Forces Soldiers

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 986-987
Author(s):  
Kari Kallinen ◽  
Tommi Ojanen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Cortisol Levels

We examined the effects of a stressful training course exercise on soldiers stress hormone (cortisol levels), subjective workload and grammatical reasoning. Saliva samples, Baddeley 3-minute reasoning test and NASA-TLX workload assessment were collected 10 minutes before the course (PRE measurement), immediately after the course (POST measurement) and 12 and 20 minutes after the course (Recovery 1 and Recovery 2 measurements). Workload was lowest in PPE-measurement, highest in POST-measurement immediately after the course and declined near to the PRE level during the recovery measurements. The levels of cortisol concentrations and grammatical reasoning test scores followed the same trend.

scholarly journals The effects of brain-friendly diet on cognitive performance (Brave study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iina Savenius ◽  
Sanna-Maria Hongisto ◽  
Juhani Sibakov ◽  
Jussi Loponen ◽  
Heli Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fat ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nasa Tlx

AbstractIntroduction:Cognitive performance is related to lipid and glucose metabolism and metabolic activation that are regulated by diet. The Brave study has shown beneficial effects of brain-friendly diet (Brainfood) on metabolic health in office workers with elevated metabolic risk. We further examined the effects of Brainfood on cognitive performance.Materials and methods:We conducted a diet-switch, 4-week intervention study on 84 volunteers with elevated plasma LDL levels in pre-screening. During the control period participants continued their habitual eating pattern and were offered an optional lunch following western-type diet, and they did not receive nutritional guidance. In Brainfood period, lunch, snack and breakfast offering was optimised for the quality of carbohydrates and fat and the intake of salt and protein. Educated nutritionist instructed the participants to follow the Brainfood diet and regular meal pattern.Participants kept a 3-day food record at the end of control and Brainfood periods. For each participant, we calculated the Brainfood ratio comparing the total frequencies of consumption of brain-friendly and brain-unfriendly foods. We ranked the subjects also according to the change in brain-friendly nutrient intake (saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, fibre, sugar and salt) from control to Brainfood period.Cognitive performance (cognitive control and flexibility, attention, inhibition, learning, and memory) were measured with a combination of traditional standardized neuropsychological tests (Bourdon-Wiersma double task, Stroop Colour and Word Test, WMS-III: Letter-Number Sequencing, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) and modern computer and mobile tests (Flexible Attention Test FAT, N-Back task and Task-switching task) before and after the Brainfood diet. In addition, participants evaluated their vigilance, task load and performance after each test with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX).We compared the change in cognitive performance before and after Brainfood diet between the subgroups with the highest and lowest Brainfood ratio and the highest and lowest brain-friendly nutrient intake using repeated measures analysis of variance.Results:Brainfood diet reduced intakes of saturated fat and salt, and increased intakes of polyunsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C and D, iron and magnesium (p < 0,03). Participants with the highest Brainfood ratio improved reaction time (FAT; p-value for interaction 0,01, multiple comparison correction not applied), switch cost (Task-switching; p = 0,02) and inhibition tendency (Stroop; p = 0,047). Better dietary fat quality decreased self-reported physical strain (NASA-TLX; p-values < 0,007), and higher fibre intake decreased self-reported sleepiness (KSS; p = 0,033).Discussion:Brainfood diet may positively affect cognitive performance in office workers with elevated metabolic risk.

Relationship between mental workload and salivary cortisol levels: A field study

Work ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Mojgan Zoaktafi ◽  
Reza Kazemi ◽  
Alireza Choobineh ◽  
AliAkbar SaboorYaraghi ◽  
Samane Nematolahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Mental workload (MW) assessment is a key point in research and development of human-machine interfaces in the workplace. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the relationship between mental workload and the amount of salivary cortisol amongst technicians of an Iranian combined cycle power plant. METHODS: A total of 18 technicians participated in this pilot study. First, task analysis was carried out to determine operation steps that forced us to separate them in to two groups. Next, the Visual, Auditory, Cognitive, and Psychomotor (VACP) technique and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire were used to examine their mental workload. Then, the operator’s salivary samples were collected at four specific times of both off and working days. Finally, the relationship between mental workload and salivary cortisol was examined with the analysis of Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The results of mental workload assessment with subjective methods showed a high level of mental workload amongst all technicians. No significant association was observed between the NASA-TLX questionnaire and VACP technique with concentration of salivary cortisol (p = 0.081). CONCLUSION: Based on the results, it can be concluded that salivary cortisol might not be an appropriate physiological method to assess mental workload, since cortisol levels are highly dependent on individuals’ circadian rhythm.

STEREOTYPE THREAT AND STEREOTYPE LIFT: THE CASE OF 10 YEAR OLD GIRLS AND BOYS

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Anna Kwiatkowska ◽  
Małgorzata Mróz
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Stereotype Lift ◽  
And Performance

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of stereotypical and counter-stereotypicalinformation on the self-esteem and cognitive performance of 10-year-old children. Our sampleconsisted of 37 girls and 37 boys. Children were presented with 10 “mathematical” puzzles in threeexperimental conditions: stereotypical (boys are better), counter-stereotypical (girls are better), andthe control condition (no particular information). Self-esteem was measured using a non-verbaltask. The results showed a significant interaction effect of “condition x sex” on self-esteem andperformance. Girls revealed no significant differences between control and experimental conditions,while boys showed a significant drop in self-esteem and performance in the counter-stereotypicalcondition as compared to the control condition and a significant lift in self-esteem and performancein the stereotypical condition as compared to the control condition.

scholarly journals An eye-tracking based robotic scrub nurse: proof of concept

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ezzat ◽  
Alexandros Kogkas ◽  
Josephine Holt ◽  
Rudrik Thakkar ◽  
Ara Darzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Scrub Nurse ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Robotic Devices

Abstract Background Within surgery, assistive robotic devices (ARD) have reported improved patient outcomes. ARD can offer the surgical team a “third hand” to perform wider tasks and more degrees of motion in comparison with conventional laparoscopy. We test an eye-tracking based robotic scrub nurse (RSN) in a simulated operating room based on a novel real-time framework for theatre-wide 3D gaze localization in a mobile fashion. Methods Surgeons performed segmental resection of pig colon and handsewn end-to-end anastomosis while wearing eye-tracking glasses (ETG) assisted by distributed RGB-D motion sensors. To select instruments, surgeons (ST) fixed their gaze on a screen, initiating the RSN to pick up and transfer the item. Comparison was made between the task with the assistance of a human scrub nurse (HSNt) versus the task with the assistance of robotic and human scrub nurse (R&HSNt). Task load (NASA-TLX), technology acceptance (Van der Laan’s), metric data on performance and team communication were measured. Results Overall, 10 ST participated. NASA-TLX feedback for ST on HSNt vs R&HSNt usage revealed no significant difference in mental, physical or temporal demands and no change in task performance. ST reported significantly higher frustration score with R&HSNt. Van der Laan’s scores showed positive usefulness and satisfaction scores in using the RSN. No significant difference in operating time was observed. Conclusions We report initial findings of our eye-tracking based RSN. This enables mobile, unrestricted hands-free human–robot interaction intra-operatively. Importantly, this platform is deemed non-inferior to HSNt and accepted by ST and HSN test users.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATION THE NUMBER PERSONNEL BASED ON WORKLOAD ACCORDING TO JOB DESCRIPTION (STUDY CASE IN ACCOUNTING INSTITUTIONS)

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ahmadi Ahmadi ◽  
Wahyu Endriyanto ◽  
Benny Sukandari ◽  
Agus Makhrowi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Job Description ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Nasa Tlx

The workload is highly related to efficient and effective human resource utilization in an organization to achieve organizational objectives, vision, and mission. Various methods are used to optimize the number of personnel in an organization so that each task can be completed quickly and precisely. Accounting Institutions are inseparable from problems regarding the lack of workload with the number of personnel working on it. The change of the Policy gives an impact on the change of Job Description and List of Personnel Arrangements of the organization. To overcome these issues, workload measurement, analysis can be used to determine the optimal amount of personnel required in their working units. This study uses a mental workload measurement so called NASA-TLX and physical workload measurement According to the applicable workload regulation that is in accordance with the Administrative Direction of Workload Analysis. Both methods are then carried out to be compared to each other. The results showed that the physical workload is required in the completion of tasks in each work unit. In addition, the determination of the optimal number of personnel using physical workload or appropriate tasks per task position based Job Description is performed. As a result, it is known that there is an excessive workload in the Sub Service Budget Cost work units with personal shortcomings. On the other hand, there is an excessive personnel number in Administrative Work, Sub Department of Finance Administration and Sub Department Financial Control. The overall conclusion of this study is a need for personnel reduction in a List of Personnel Arrangements currently known as Accounting Institutions to be 39 personnel instead of the existing 48 personnel.  Keywords: Workload, NASA-TLX (Task Load Index), assignments Per Task title, Number of Optimal personnel

scholarly journals ALLOCATION OF MARITIME TASK FORCE PERSONNEL UNIFIL CONTINGEN BASED ON ANALYSIS WORK LOADS

JOURNAL ASRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ahmadi Ahmadi ◽  
Okol Sri Suharyo ◽  
Arimbo Arimbo ◽  
Aab Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
The Right

The workload of an organization is related to the efficient and effective utilization of human resources so that it can realize the vision, mission and objectives of the organization. Various methods are used to optimize the number of personnel in an organization, so that each task can be completed effectively and efficiently. KRI Diponegoro-365 personnel as the TNI Maritime Task Force, the Garuda Contingent can not be separated from the problems regarding the lack of conformity to workload with the allocation of the number of available personnel. To overcome this, an analysis of workload measurement is needed which can then be used for determine the allocation of the right number of personnel needed in each division. This study uses the measurement of NASA-TLX mental workload and physical workload according to TNI Roles. Both of these methods are then compared between mental and physical burden that occurs. From the results of the comparison, it was found that physical workload is needed in the completion of tasks in each division. After a comparison, then the determination of the allocation of the number of personnel will be carried out using the physical workload approach based on the description of the tasks in each division. The results of the calculation will then show the division that has excess or lack of personnel. The overall results obtained from this study can be concluded that the number of maritime task force personnel using the Diponegoro class KRI is appropriate, but the allocation of personnel in each division needs to adjust to the existing workload.  Keywords: Workload, NASA-TLX (Task Load Index), Number of Military Personnel

ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA MENTAL MAHASISWA DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PRAKTIKUM SELAMA MASA PANDEMI MENGGUNAKAN METODE NASA TLX

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Teguh Aprianto ◽  
Zakiya Muallifa Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Distancing ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Nasa Tlx

Pandemi telah mengubah semuanya tidak terkecuali Indonesia. Pemerintah kembali memperbarui data pandemi virus Corona (COVID-19) di Tanah Air. Tanggal 1 Juni 2021, sebanyak 4.824 tambahan kasus baru, 5.360 kasus sembuh dan 145 kasus meninggal akibat COVID-19. Pemerintah melaporkan sebanyak 4.824 kasus baru, sehingga total positif Corona di Indonesia menjadi 1.826.527 kasus. Ada pula penambahan kasus sembuh sebanyak 5.360, dengan demikian, total kasus sembuh dari Corona mencapai 1.674.479 kasus. Terlebih hal ini terjadi karena penyebaran COVID-19 terjadi melalui interaksi antar sesama yang menyebabkan perlunya social distancing untuk diterapkan di masyarakat. Adanya social distancing ini mengurangi aktivitas bersama dengan lainnya. Masalah kesehatan mental yang muncul akibat pandemi COVID-19 dapat berkembang menjadi masalah kesehatan yang dapat berlangsung lama dan berpotensi menimbulkan beban sosial yang berat. Kesehatan mental adalah aspek penting dalam mewujudkan kesehatan yang menyeluruh. Namun di sebagian besar negara berkembang, masalah kesehatan mental belum diprioritaskan apabila dibandingkan dengan penyakit menular. Hasil penelitian pendahuluan diperoleh dari data mahasiswa yang melakukan praktikum secara daring bahwa mahasiswa mengalami kelelahan dalam praktikum sebanyak 64,3%, peningkatan tingkat stress sebanyak 78,3%, berkurangnya konsentrasi sebanyak 71,3%, tekanan dalam praktikum sebanyak 66,7%, keluhan kesehatan sebanyak 38%, penurunan tingkat kewaspadaan 40,3%, rasa kantuk yang menggannggu sebanyak 72,9%, dan bekerja yang berlebihan 58,1%. Pengukuran beban kerja mental secara subjektif merupakan teknik pengukuran yang paling banyak digunakan karena mempunyai tingkat validitas yang tinggi dan bersifat langsung dibandingkan dengan pengukuran lain. The National Aeronautical and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA TLX).

scholarly journals A-111 The Relationship between Bilingualism and Perceived Workload on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 904-904
Author(s):  
Lopez-Hernandez D ◽  
Litvin P ◽  
Rugh-Fraser R ◽  
Cervantes R ◽  
Martinez F ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective We evaluated perceived workload (measured by the NASA Task Load Index; NASA-TLX) as related to Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performances in monolingual and bilingual traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors and healthy comparison participants (HC). Method The sample consisted of 28 TBI survivors (12 monolinguals & 16 bilinguals) and 50 HC (20 monolinguals & 30 bilinguals). SDMT written (SDMT-W) and SDMT oral (SDMT-O) were used to evaluate group differences. Results ANCOVA, controlling for age, revealed that the HC group outperformed the TBI group on SDMT-W, p = .001, and SDMT-O, p = .047. Furthermore, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on SDMT-W, p = .017. On the NASA-TLX, an interaction emerged on temporal demand rating, p = .023, with TBI bilinguals reporting higher temporal demand on SDMT tasks compared to TBI monolinguals, while the HC monolingual participants reported higher temporal demands ratings compared to HC bilingual participants. Furthermore, monolingual participants showed higher levels of frustration with regard to the SDMT task compared to bilingual participants, p = .029. Conclusion Our data revealed TBI survivors underperformed on both SDMT trials compared to the HC participants. Also, bilingual participants demonstrated better SDMT-W performances compared to monolingual participants. Furthermore, our TBI bilingual sample reported themselves to be more rushed to complete the SDMT compared to monolingual TBI sample, but they were less frustrated. Meanwhile, our HC monolingual sample felt more rushed to complete the SDMT tasks compared to HC bilingual participants, but they were less frustrated. While we observed differences in workload ratings between language groups, it is unclear if language use, and/or other variables are driving these results.

Evaluation of attention, perception, and stress levels of clinical cardiovascular perfusionists during cardiac operations: a pilot study

Perfusion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Merkle ◽  
Dino Kurtovic ◽  
Christoph Starck ◽  
Cynthia Pawelke ◽  
Sina Gierig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Data Management System ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Nasa Tlx

Background: Performing cardiopulmonary bypass is a complex task which involves evaluating visual input from patient monitors and technical parameters displayed at the heart-lung machine console as well as reacting to other sensory input. Only few studies are available concerning the competency requirements for clinical cardiovascular perfusionists, including attention, perception, and coping with mental stress. This study aims at evaluating attention, perception, and stress levels of clinical cardiovascular perfusionists during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Nine clinical cardiovascular perfusionists voluntarily offered to participate in the study. Participants were asked to wear Tobii 2 eye-tracking glasses throughout the procedures. Specific time points were analyzed (cardiopulmonary bypass on, initial cardioplegia delivery, steady state, cross-clamp off, and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass). Data acquisition was supplemented by participants’ self-evaluation regarding their stress levels and by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA TLX) questionnaires. Results: Seven datasets were sufficient to be evaluated. The clinical cardiovascular perfusionists’ professional experience ranged from 0.5 to 24 years. Evaluation of eye-tracking data revealed large variations in areas of interest hits, fixation, and dwell times. Across all phases, the venous reservoir, mean arterial pressure, arterial pump display, cardioplegia control, and data management system received the highest levels of attention. Pupil diameter measurements increased at start of cardiopulmonary bypass, cardioplegia delivery, and weaning off, but returned to base level during steady state. Clinical cardiovascular perfusionists’ self-evaluation showed that subjective stress level was highest at the start and the end of the procedure. NASA TLX questionnaires revealed medium-to-high mental and temporal workloads, but low physical workloads. Performance, effort, and frustration indices showed medium workloads. Conclusion: During cardiopulmonary bypass, perfusionists are subjected to stress. Peak stress levels were highest during start and end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Furthermore, visual attention and perception varied between the operative phases. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the design of heart-lung machines and stress-coping strategies during cardiopulmonary bypass.

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