scholarly journals AR37 endophyte effects on porina and root aphid populations and ryegrass damage in the field

2012 ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Popay ◽  
B. Cotching ◽  
A. Moorhead ◽  
C.M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Aphid Populations

The novel endophyte, AR37, in ryegrass has reduced porina larval survival and plant damage in pot trials. To determine the effect of AR37 on larvae in the field, populations were estimated in two ryegrass field trials in Canterbury. Plant damage and plant densities were also scored in one trial. At Ceres Farm, no porina were found in Italian ryegrass 'Status' infected with AR37 whereas low populations (

Mesotrione: a new preemergence herbicide option for wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) control in wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
Peter Newman ◽  
Paul Chatfield
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Pot Trials

Abstract Wild radish is the most problematic broadleaf weed of Australian grain production. The propensity of wild radish to evolve resistance to herbicides has led to high frequencies of multiple herbicide resistant populations present in these grain production regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesotrione to selectively control wild radish in wheat. The initial dose response pot trials determined that at the highest mesotrione rate of 50 g ha−1, PRE application was 30% more effective than POST on wild radish. This same rate of mesotrione POST resulted in a 30% reduction in wheat biomass compared to 0% for the PRE application. Subsequent, mesotrione PRE dose response trials identified a wheat selective rate range of >100 and < 300 g ai ha−1 that provided greater than 85% wild radish control with less than 15% reduction in wheat growth. Field evaluations confirmed the efficacy of mesotrione at 100 to 150 g ai ha−1 in reducing wild radish populations by greater than 85% following PRE application and incorporation by wheat planting. Additionally, these field trials demonstrated the opportunity for season-long control of wild radish when mesotrione PRE was followed by bromoxynil POST. The sequential application of mesotrione, an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, PRE followed by bromoxynil, a PS II-inhibiting herbicide POST has the potential to provide 100% wild radish control with no effect on wheat growth.

scholarly journals Influence of soil pH, rainfall, dosage, and application timing of herbicide Merlin 750 WG (isoxaflutole) on phytotoxicity level in maize (Zea mays L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Soukup ◽  
M. Jursík ◽  
P. Hamouz ◽  
J. Holec ◽  
J. Krupka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Shoot Weight

Pot trials and field studies were carried out to describe the influence of soil pH and rainfall on the phytotoxic effect of the herbicide Merlin 750 WG (isoxaflutole) in maize. Symptoms as bleaching, and root and shoot weight reduction in early growth of maize were found. In pot trials, a statistically significant crop injury in early growth of maize was found only at the herbicide dose of 100 and 130 g/ha followed by 30 mm precipitation directly after herbicide application in soils with pH 6.5 and 7.2. Bleaching and significant weight reduction of maize up to growth stage BBCH 13 were observed in field trials at treatments with early post-emergence application of Merlin and 20 mm precipitations. Bleaching symptoms recovered up to BBCH 19. Significant differences were found in maize shoot weight and cob yield between treatments with and without watering (20 mm irrigation), and between pre- and post-emergence application of Merlin under field conditions. No significant differences were found between herbicide doses tested.

scholarly journals Effects of the Novel Fungicide Benzothiostrobin on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Laboratory and on Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Rape Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congying Xu ◽  
Xiaoyu Liang ◽  
Yiping Hou ◽  
Mingguo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

We determined the effects and efficacy of benzothiostrobin, a new strobilurin-derived fungicide, against the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot). Mycelial growth and sclerotial germination in vitro were strongly inhibited by benzothiostrobin in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid. On detached rapeseed leaves, benzothiostrobin at 40 μg/ml reduced lesion development by 87%. No cross-resistance was detected between benzothiostrobin and carbendazim, iprodione, fludioxonil, or boscalid. A formulated mixture of benzothiostrobin and fluazinam at 1:1 had synergistic activity against S. sclerotiorum in vitro. In field trials, benzothiostrobin alone or formulated with fluazinam at 1:1 (150 g a.i. ha−1) was significantly (P < 0.05) superior to iprodione in controlling Sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed. These results suggest that benzothiostrobin has substantial potential for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot.

Effect of seeding date and rate on desi chickpea in southern Alberta

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-721
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
E. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Target Plant

Field trials were conducted at 12 location-years (sites) over a 4-yr period (2000–2003) to determine the response of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to seeding date and rate in southern Alberta. Desi chickpea, cv. Myles, was planted on three dates at approximately 10-d intervals at target plant densities of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 plants m-2. Seed yields were close to maximum at seeding dates ranging from late April till mid-May, but further delays in seeding resulted in modest yield declines at two sites during the drought years and large yield declines at two sites in the wet year. The economic optimum plant density for desi chickpea increased with moisture availability, from 26 to 79 plants m-2. Under typical conditions in southern Alberta, optimum yields of chickpea were obtained with seeding dates prior to May 15 and seeding rates of 30 to 40 plants m-2. Key words: Cicer arietinum, yield, planting, sowing

scholarly journals Plant Density Effects on Single-head Broccoli Production

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Jett ◽  
Ronald D. Morse ◽  
Charles R. O'Dell
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Exclusive Production ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
High Yields

There is a strong consumer demand for single-head broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) that yields more florets per unit weight than bunching broccoli. Two spatial arrangements (single vs. twin row) and five plant densities (10.8, 7.2, 5.4, 4.3, and 3.6 plants/m2) were examined for single-head broccoli production. Spatial arrangement had no significant effect on any measured attribute, although the twin-row arrangement resulted in less plant damage with each harvest. For exclusive production of quality, single-head broccoli with high yields of marketable florets, 3.6 plants/m2 (46-cm within-row spacing) should be used.

scholarly journals White blister disease control in radish seed crops

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 325-331
Author(s):  
Mark Braithwaite ◽  
Richard Chynoweth ◽  
Matilda Gunnarsson ◽  
Lewis Braithwaite ◽  
Ian Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
White Blister ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

Albugo candida is a significant pathogen of many brassica species causing leaf spotting but, more importantly, hypertrophy of flowering stems (“stagheads”) resulting in yield loss. No chemicals are currently registered for white blister control in New Zealand. Little research has been carried out on white-blister management. The implications of seed transmission and subsequent disease expression in radish are not fully understood and control has relied on products containing metalaxyl-m+mancozeb. A range of fungicides were evaluated in two field trials and a pot trial for both efficacy against the disease and effect on radish yield. While metalaxyl-m+mancozeb improved yields in field trials and provided good disease suppression in pot trials, the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid were also equally effective or better than metalaxyl-m+mancozeb. Treatments were able to suppress leaf spotting by up to 90% and inflorescence infection by 50%. Seed yield increases of up to 67% were recorded. Potential new control options for white blister were identified providing alternatives to metalaxyl-m+mancozeb and thus contributing to an anti-resistance strategy.

Inter- and intra-specific variation in accumulation of cadmium by peanut, soybean, and navybean

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
M. J. Bell ◽  
G. C. Wright ◽  
A. Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Peanut Kernel ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Soil Cd

Production of summer grain legumes like peanut, soybean, and navybean is expanding into irrigated or high rainfall areas on more acid, lighter textured soils in coastal areas of north-eastern Australia. A history of intensive use of phosphatic fertilisers, combined with soil properties which generally enhance phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd), have produced concerns about the likely quality of grain legumes produced in these areas. This paper reports field and pot experiments which examine the effect of grain legume species and variety on Cd accumulation when grown across a range of soil types. Results clearly show that both peanut and soybean accumulate Cd in seeds at levels greater than the maximum permitted concentration (MPC, 0·05 mg Cd/kg) even on soils with relatively low total or available Cd concentrations (<0·5 mg/kg). The relative risk of MPC exceedance in marketable seeds or kernels was peanut > soybean > navybean, with the differences between peanut and navybean apparently correlated with differences in total plant Cd uptake. Cadmium concentrations in plant tops always exceeded that in seeds or kernel, and the testa in peanut kernel was shown to contain Cd concentrations that were 50 times greater than that in the embryonic axis and cotyledons. Significant (P < 0·05) variation in Cd content (at least 2-fold) was recorded among peanut varieties, with lesser variation evident among a limited sample of commercial navybean varieties. Comparison of results for 11 peanut varieties grown at each of 2 locations suggested strong genotype environment interactions determining kernel Cd concentration. Highly significant (P < 0·01) linear relationships were established between soil Cd in the cultivated layer (0-20 cm; 0·1 M CaCl2 extraction) and seed Cd content in field-grown soybean. However, despite observations of an apparent relationship between soil Cd (CaCl2 extraction) and peanut kernel Cd in pot studies, relationships between soil Cd in the cultivated layer and kernel Cd could not be reproduced in field trials. Kernel Cd concentrations from field-grown peanut plants were generally higher than those from pot trials, despite using soil collected from the cultivated layer (0-20 cm) of the field site for the potting medium. The presence of significant levels of Cd to approximately 60 cm in the soil profile and a general decline in pHw with depth suggest the lack of correlation between soil test Cd in the top 20 cm and kernel Cd in field-grown plants may be at least partly due to Cd uptake from deeper soil layers.

Revegetation of mine wastes at Mt. Isa, Queensland. 2. Amendment of nutrient status and physical properties of tailings for plant growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Hunter ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Metal Mine ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Density Surface ◽  
Physical Limitations

Pot and field trials were undertaken to examine methods to overcome chemical and physical limitations of metal mine tailings to plant growth. Marked responses to phosphorus and nitrogen were demonstrated in pot trials. Reduction of soluble salt levels by leaching markedly improved plant growth. Fly ash from coal fired power stations was shown to be an extremely efficient amendment for tailings bringing about a reduction in bulk density, surface crust strength, and increasing infiltration rate which improved the leaching of soluble salts. Toxicity problems were not apparent, and plant growth improved with increasing proportions of fly ash in mixtures with tailings. The marked effect of fly ash additions was demonstrated in field trials. No plant growth was evident in plots without fly ash, whereas fly ash treated plots maintained quite high levels of plant growth over a number of years.

Control of Edaphic Populations of Woolly Apple Aphid using Entomopathogenic Nematodes and a Systemic Aphicide

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Brown ◽  
J. J. Jaegers ◽  
A. E. Pye ◽  
J. J. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
The Body ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Eriosoma Lanigerum ◽  
Woolly Apple Aphid ◽  
Aphid Populations

The effects of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), and an experimental systemic aphicide, RH-7988, on edaphic populations of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), were investigated. Laboratory experiments showed that presence of the nematode in a culture of woolly apple aphids increased the mortality rate. Nematodes were found inside the body cavity of several aphids with entry possibly being through the anus via a droplet of honeydew. Field trials in an unsprayed six-year-old and four-year-old apple orchard tested the efficacy of broadcast spray and topdressing applications, respectively, of nematodes at a rate of 376,600 nematodes/m2. The broadcast spray trees had fewer aphid colonies on roots than the untreated controls (P = 0.10), but the topdressing treatment had no effect. The systemic aphicide, RH-7988, was tested in a two-year-old apple orchard. Two rates of foliar and soil application were tested, with all treatments significantly reducing arboreal woolly apple aphid populations. Edaphic populations were also significantly reduced one month after treatment, but no difference was found four months after treatment. Both control methods show promise as potential management options for edaphic woolly apple aphid populations.

Summer-active perennials in pasture systems improve seasonal pasture distribution without compromising winter-spring production

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Ward ◽  
S. G. Clark ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
M. R. McCaskill ◽  
M. C. Raeside ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Triple Systems

Improved dryland pastures for sheep and beef cattle production in south-western Victoria are typically based on summer-dormant cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.). These are highly productive in spring but exhibit low accumulation rates over summer–autumn. Summer-active perennial pasture species could potentially alleviate this summer–autumn feed gap. Three pasture systems that used different pastures on each of the three landscape classes (crest, slope, and valley floor) were compared over 4 years. The perennial ryegrass system (henceforth Ryegrass) had a different ryegrass cultivar on each landscape class. The Triple system used lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (crest), perennial ryegrass (slope), and summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) (valley floor). The Novel system used chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (crest), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or hybrid ryegrass (L. × boucheanum Kunth.) (slope), and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) (valley floor). The pastures were grazed by either one (in the case of the Novel system) or three (in the case of the Ryegrass and Triple systems) animal systems that varied over the life of the experiment. Total annual herbage accumulation of the Ryegrass and Triple systems did not differ. The Novel system consistently had lower total annual dry matter accumulation than the other two systems. Lucerne pastures generally had the highest accumulation rates over summer, followed by the chicory pastures. The kikuyu pastures responded well to summer rainfall but otherwise had similar accumulation rates to the perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures over summer. Tall fescue pastures grew well in autumn following wet summers. In spring the perennial ryegrass pastures based on Fitzroy or Avalon were highly productive but seldom grew faster than other pastures. The results support the hypothesis that incorporating deep-rooted, summer-active perennial species will increase pasture production over summer–autumn compared with conventional pasture systems but not at the expense of winter–spring production.

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