Inter- and intra-specific variation in accumulation of cadmium by peanut, soybean, and navybean

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
M. J. Bell ◽  
G. C. Wright ◽  
A. Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Peanut Kernel ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Soil Cd

Production of summer grain legumes like peanut, soybean, and navybean is expanding into irrigated or high rainfall areas on more acid, lighter textured soils in coastal areas of north-eastern Australia. A history of intensive use of phosphatic fertilisers, combined with soil properties which generally enhance phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd), have produced concerns about the likely quality of grain legumes produced in these areas. This paper reports field and pot experiments which examine the effect of grain legume species and variety on Cd accumulation when grown across a range of soil types. Results clearly show that both peanut and soybean accumulate Cd in seeds at levels greater than the maximum permitted concentration (MPC, 0·05 mg Cd/kg) even on soils with relatively low total or available Cd concentrations (<0·5 mg/kg). The relative risk of MPC exceedance in marketable seeds or kernels was peanut > soybean > navybean, with the differences between peanut and navybean apparently correlated with differences in total plant Cd uptake. Cadmium concentrations in plant tops always exceeded that in seeds or kernel, and the testa in peanut kernel was shown to contain Cd concentrations that were 50 times greater than that in the embryonic axis and cotyledons. Significant (P < 0·05) variation in Cd content (at least 2-fold) was recorded among peanut varieties, with lesser variation evident among a limited sample of commercial navybean varieties. Comparison of results for 11 peanut varieties grown at each of 2 locations suggested strong genotype environment interactions determining kernel Cd concentration. Highly significant (P < 0·01) linear relationships were established between soil Cd in the cultivated layer (0-20 cm; 0·1 M CaCl2 extraction) and seed Cd content in field-grown soybean. However, despite observations of an apparent relationship between soil Cd (CaCl2 extraction) and peanut kernel Cd in pot studies, relationships between soil Cd in the cultivated layer and kernel Cd could not be reproduced in field trials. Kernel Cd concentrations from field-grown peanut plants were generally higher than those from pot trials, despite using soil collected from the cultivated layer (0-20 cm) of the field site for the potting medium. The presence of significant levels of Cd to approximately 60 cm in the soil profile and a general decline in pHw with depth suggest the lack of correlation between soil test Cd in the top 20 cm and kernel Cd in field-grown plants may be at least partly due to Cd uptake from deeper soil layers.

Net nitrogen balances for cool-season grain legume crops and contributions to wheat nitrogen uptake: a review

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans ◽  
A. M. McNeill ◽  
M. J. Unkovich ◽  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
D. P. Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Soil N ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The removal of nitrogen (N) in grain cereal and canola crops in Australia exceeds 0.3 million t N/year and is increasing with improvements in average crop yields. Although N fertiliser applications to cereals are also rising, N2-fixing legumes still play a pivotal role through inputs of biologically fixed N in crop and pasture systems. This review collates Australian data on the effects of grain legume N2 fixation, the net N balance of legume cropping, summarises trends in the soil N balance in grain legume–cereal rotations, and evaluates the direct contribution of grain legume stubble and root N to wheat production in southern Australia. The net effect of grain legume N2 fixation on the soil N balance, i.e. the difference between fixed N and N harvested in legume grain (Nadd) ranges widely, viz. lupin –29–247 kg N/ha (mean 80), pea –46–181 kg N/ha (mean 40), chickpea –67–102 kg N/ha (mean 6), and faba bean 8–271 kg N/ha (mean 113). Nadd is found to be related to the amount (Nfix) and proportion (Pfix) of crop N derived from N2 fixation, but not to legume grain yield (GY). When Nfix exceeded 30 (lupin), 39 (pea) and 49 (chickpea) kg N/ha the N balance was frequently positive, averaging 0.60 kg N/kg of N fixed. Since Nfix increased with shoot dry matter (SDM) (21 kg N fixed/t SDM; pea and lupin) and Pfix (pea, lupin and chickpea), increases in SDM and Pfix usually increased the legume’s effect on soil N balance. Additive effects of SDM, Pfix and GY explained most (R2 = 0.87) of the variation in Nadd. Using crop-specific models based on these parameters the average effects of grain legumes on soil N balance across Australia were estimated to be 88 (lupin), 44 (pea) and 18 (chickpea) kg N/ha. Values of Nadd for the combined legumes were 47 kg N/ha in south-eastern Australia and 90 kg N/ha in south-western Australia. The average net N input from lupin crops was estimated to increase from 61 to 79 kg N/ha as annual rainfall rose from 445 to 627 mm across 3 shires in the south-east. The comparative average input from pea was 37 to 47 kg N/ha with least input in the higher rainfall shires. When the effects of legumes on soil N balance in south-eastern Australia were compared with average amounts of N removed in wheat grain, pea–wheat (1:1) sequences were considered less sustainable for N than lupin–wheat (1:1) sequences, while in south-western Australia the latter were considered sustainable. Nitrogen mineralised from lupin residues was estimated to contribute 40% of the N in the average grain yield of a following wheat crop, and that from pea residues, 15–30%; respectively, about 25 and 15 kg N/ha. Therefore, it was concluded that the majority of wheat N must be obtained from pre-existing soil sources. As the amounts above represented only 25–35% of the total N added to soil by grain legumes, the residual amount of N in legume residues is likely to be important in sustaining those pre-existing soil sources of N.

scholarly journals Feed legumes for truly sustainable crop-animal systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Annicchiarico
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Protein

Legume cultivation has sharply decreased in Italy during the last 50 years. Lucerne remains widely grown (with about 12% of its area devoted to dehydration), whereas soybean is definitely the most-grown grain legume. Poor legume cropping is mainly due to the gap in yielding ability with major cereals, which has widened up in time according to statistical data. Lucerne displays definitely higher crude protein yield and somewhat lower economic gap with benchmark cereals than feed grain legumes. Pea because of high feed energy production per unit area and rate of genetic progress, and white lupin because of high protein yield per unit area, are particularly interesting for Italian rain-fed environments. Greater legume cultivation in Europe is urged by the need for reducing energy and green-house gas emissions and excessive and unbalanced global N flows through greater symbiotic N fixation and more integrated crop-animal production, as well as to cope with ongoing and perspective raising prices of feed proteins and N fertilisers and insecurity of feed protein supplies. The transition towards greater legume cultivation requires focused research effort, comprehensive stakeholder cooperation and fair economic compensation for legume environmental services, with a key role for genetic improvement dragged by public breeding or pre-breeding. New opportunities for yield improvement arise from the ongoing development of cost-efficient genome-enabled selection procedures, enhanced adaptation to specific cropping conditions via ecophysiological and evolutionary-based approaches, and more thorough exploitation of global genetic resources.

scholarly journals Drought Stress in Grain Legumes: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms and Management

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Marium Khatun ◽  
Sumi Sarkar ◽  
Farzana Mustafa Era ◽  
A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽  
Md. Parvez Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Grain legumes are important sources of proteins, essential micronutrients and vitamins and for human nutrition. Climate change, including drought, is a severe threat to grain legume production throughout the world. In this review, the morpho-physiological, physio-biochemical and molecular levels of drought stress in legumes are described. Moreover, different tolerance mechanisms, such as the morphological, physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of legumes, are also reviewed. Moreover, various management approaches for mitigating the drought stress effects in grain legumes are assessed. Reduced leaf area, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, CO2 influx, nutrient uptake and translocation, and water-use efficiency (WUE) ultimately affect legume yields. The yield loss of grain legumes varies from species to species, even variety to variety within a species, depending upon the severity of drought stress and several other factors, such as phenology, soil textures and agro-climatic conditions. Closure of stomata leads to an increase in leaf temperature by reducing the transpiration rate, and, so, the legume plant faces another stress under drought stress. The biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most detrimental effect of drought stress. Legumes can adapt to the drought stress by changing their morphology, physiology and molecular mechanism. Improved root system architecture (RSA), reduced number and size of leaves, stress-induced phytohormone, stomatal closure, antioxidant defense system, solute accumulation (e.g., proline) and altered gene expression play a crucial role in drought tolerance. Several agronomic, breeding both conventional and molecular, biotechnological approaches are used as management practices for developing a drought-tolerant legume without affecting crop yield. Exogenous application of plant-growth regulators (PGRs), osmoprotectants and inoculation by Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promotes drought tolerance in legumes. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genomic selection (GS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), OMICS-based technology and CRISPR/Cas9 make the breeding work easy and save time in the developmental cycle to get resistant legumes. Several drought-resistant grain legumes, such as the chickpea, faba bean, common bean and pigeon pea, were developed by different institutions. Drought-tolerant transgenic legumes, for example, chickpeas, are developed by introgressing desired genes through breeding and biotechnological approaches. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate genes occupying drought-tolerant traits, are identified from a variety of grain legumes, but not all are under proper implementation. Hence, more research should be conducted to improve the drought-tolerant traits of grain legumes for avoiding losses during drought.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and Temperature Resetting the Expression of Resistance, Pest Incidence, Geographical Distribution and Physiology in Insect-pests of Grain Legumes: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Jat ◽  
P. Pagaria ◽  
A.S. Jat ◽  
H.D. Choudhary ◽  
T. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

The most important factor that affects the crop production in terms of nutritional content of foliar plants is the global climate change. Herbivore’s growth, development, survival and geographical distribution all are determined by elevated CO2 and temperature. The interactions between herbivores and plants have changed due to increasing level of CO2 and temperature. The effect of high CO2 and temperature on grain legume plant which change in to plant physiology (e.g., nutritional content, foliage biomass) and how it change in herbivory metabolism rate and food consumption rate. Plant injury is determined by two factors viz. resistance and tolerance and both are influenced by greater CO2 and temperature. Legumes are an important source of food and feed in the form of proteins and also improve the soil environment. The repercussions of the abiotic factors mentioned above needs discussion among the scientific community. We may able to limit the negative repercussions of stated factors in future breeding projects by harnessing the practical favourable impacts and by including such influences of elevated CO2 and temperature on pulses productivity. The extensive research is necessary to overcome the negative effects of high CO2 and temperature on insect-plant interaction.

scholarly journals AR37 endophyte effects on porina and root aphid populations and ryegrass damage in the field

2012 ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Popay ◽  
B. Cotching ◽  
A. Moorhead ◽  
C.M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Aphid Populations

The novel endophyte, AR37, in ryegrass has reduced porina larval survival and plant damage in pot trials. To determine the effect of AR37 on larvae in the field, populations were estimated in two ryegrass field trials in Canterbury. Plant damage and plant densities were also scored in one trial. At Ceres Farm, no porina were found in Italian ryegrass 'Status' infected with AR37 whereas low populations (

Mesotrione: a new preemergence herbicide option for wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) control in wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
Peter Newman ◽  
Paul Chatfield
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Pot Trials

Abstract Wild radish is the most problematic broadleaf weed of Australian grain production. The propensity of wild radish to evolve resistance to herbicides has led to high frequencies of multiple herbicide resistant populations present in these grain production regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesotrione to selectively control wild radish in wheat. The initial dose response pot trials determined that at the highest mesotrione rate of 50 g ha−1, PRE application was 30% more effective than POST on wild radish. This same rate of mesotrione POST resulted in a 30% reduction in wheat biomass compared to 0% for the PRE application. Subsequent, mesotrione PRE dose response trials identified a wheat selective rate range of >100 and < 300 g ai ha−1 that provided greater than 85% wild radish control with less than 15% reduction in wheat growth. Field evaluations confirmed the efficacy of mesotrione at 100 to 150 g ai ha−1 in reducing wild radish populations by greater than 85% following PRE application and incorporation by wheat planting. Additionally, these field trials demonstrated the opportunity for season-long control of wild radish when mesotrione PRE was followed by bromoxynil POST. The sequential application of mesotrione, an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, PRE followed by bromoxynil, a PS II-inhibiting herbicide POST has the potential to provide 100% wild radish control with no effect on wheat growth.

scholarly journals Influence of soil pH, rainfall, dosage, and application timing of herbicide Merlin 750 WG (isoxaflutole) on phytotoxicity level in maize (Zea mays L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Soukup ◽  
M. Jursík ◽  
P. Hamouz ◽  
J. Holec ◽  
J. Krupka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Shoot Weight

Pot trials and field studies were carried out to describe the influence of soil pH and rainfall on the phytotoxic effect of the herbicide Merlin 750 WG (isoxaflutole) in maize. Symptoms as bleaching, and root and shoot weight reduction in early growth of maize were found. In pot trials, a statistically significant crop injury in early growth of maize was found only at the herbicide dose of 100 and 130 g/ha followed by 30 mm precipitation directly after herbicide application in soils with pH 6.5 and 7.2. Bleaching and significant weight reduction of maize up to growth stage BBCH 13 were observed in field trials at treatments with early post-emergence application of Merlin and 20 mm precipitations. Bleaching symptoms recovered up to BBCH 19. Significant differences were found in maize shoot weight and cob yield between treatments with and without watering (20 mm irrigation), and between pre- and post-emergence application of Merlin under field conditions. No significant differences were found between herbicide doses tested.

scholarly journals Response of Grain Legume Species to Terminal Drought in Timor-Leste

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Marcal Gusmao ◽  
Delfim Da Costa ◽  
Angelo Da Costa Freitas ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Robert Williams
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Plot Design

Growth, development and yield of three-grain legumes (mung bean [F1], soybean [F2] and grass pea [F3]) following rice crop to enhance grain production was studied in a paddy field in the northern Timor-Leste. A split plot design was used with three water treatments (well-watered [W0], water withheld at flowering [W1] and after germination [W2]). Interaction between water treatments and species on dry matter production (p < 0.001) and seed yield (p = 0.005) was observed. In control, the highest seed yield was F1 (1.2 t/ha) followed by F2 (1.1 t/ha) and F3 (0.4 t/ha) respectively. There was a steady reduction in seed yield in F1 from W0 to W2, but almost fifty percent reduction in F2 under W1 and W2 compared to W0. F3 had little difference between water treatments. The W1 and W2 reduced number of filled pods per plant in all species compared to control (W0). Between the species, F3 had the highest filled pods per plant followed by F2 and F3. The W1 and W2 reduced seeds per pod of F1; however, it did not effect F2 and F3. There were interactions between water treatment and species on 100 seeds weight. The heaviest seeds were in F2 in the control plants, but in the F2 drought treatments (W1 and W2) seed weight were less than F3. The lowest seed weight was in F1, but there was no impact of the terminal droughts on its seed weight.

Spectrophotometrical pod colour measurement: a non-destructive method for monitoring seed drying?

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. COSTE ◽  
M. P. RAVENEAU ◽  
Y. CROZAT
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Seed Water Content

A non-destructive indicator of seed water content could significantly help crop scientists with assessment of the effects of environmental conditions during drying on grain qualities or on seed physiological quality. This is particularly important for grain legumes which simultaneously bear pods of different ages. Visual assessment of pod colour has so far been used to date grain legume stages, but now colour can be easily and accurately measured with a portable spectrophotometer. Relationships between the spectrophotometer measurements and the pod and seed water contents were tested in various climatic contexts (3 years: 2000, 2001, 2002; field or greenhouse, two or three sowing dates) for two bean cultivars (Booster and Calypso) and also for one pea cultivar (Baccara) in 2003 near Angers, France. Among the different spectrophotometer measurements, hue angle (h) clearly shows the transition from green (h=180 °) to yellow (h=90 °) and then to red (h=0 °). In each context, h and seed water content (SWC) relationships showed the same pattern of three linear phases: first a steady state; then a sharp decrease from green (h=106–108 °) to yellow (h=85–93 °) just before the end of the seed filling stage for Booster or between the end of the seed filling phase and the beginning of seed drying for Calypso and pea; finally, a slow decrease from yellow to ochre (h=75–78 °) during seed drying. For each bean cultivar, the parameters of the linear relationships showed no differences between maturation conditions. Therefore, 6 h classes matching six SWC classes could be defined over a wide range of SWC between 0·56 and 0·2 g/g for Booster. However for Calypso and pea, only 3 h classes could be defined because of the tight relationships between h and SWC during the end of seed drying, which can be explained by pod walls drying faster than seeds. Hence, spectrophotometer measurements, if calibrated for a given cultivar of a species, could now be used to select pods with seeds of the same water content and therefore to study environmental effects on quality criteria either in controlled conditions or in the field.

Potential and realities of enhancing rapeseed- and grain legume-based protein production in a northern climate

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A. HANNUKKALA ◽  
E. HUUSELA-VEISTOLA ◽  
L. VOUTILA ◽  
J. NIEMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Realistic Potential ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Self Sufficiency

SUMMARYCrop-based protein self-sufficiency in Finland is low. Cereals dominate the field cropping systems in areas that are also favourable for legumes and rapeseed. The present paper estimated the realistic potential for expanding protein crop production taking account of climatic conditions and constraints, crop rotation requirements, field sizes, soil types and likelihood for compacted soils in different regions. The potential for current expansion was estimated by considering climate change scenarios for 2025 and 2055. By using actual regional mean yields for the 2000s, without expecting any yield increase during the expansion period (due to higher risks of pests and diseases), potential production volumes were estimated. Since rapeseed, unlike grain legumes, is a not a true minor crop, its expansion potential is currently limited. Thus, most potential is from the introduction of legumes into cropping systems. The current 100000 ha of protein crops could be doubled, and areas under cultivation could reach 350000 and 390000 ha as a result of climate warming by 2025 and 2055, respectively. Such increases result mainly from the longer growing seasons projected for the northern cropping regions of Finland. Self-sufficiency in rapeseed could soon increase from 0·25 to 0·32, and then to 0·50 and 0·60 by 2025 and 2055, respectively. If legume production expands according to its potential, it could replace 0·50–0·60 of currently imported soybean meal, and by 2025 it could replace it completely. Replacement of soybean meal is suitable for ruminants, but it presents some problems for pig production, and is particularly challenging for poultry.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document