scholarly journals Persistence of dry matter yield among New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars: insights from a long-term data set

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Chapman ◽  
P.D. Muir ◽  
M.J. Faville
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Persistence of herbage yield is an important productivity trait of grass species and cultivars in New Zealand pastures. However, relatively little is known about genetic variation in this trait, principally because few studies comparing yield have continued beyond 3 years. This paper reports results from a comparison of 25 perennial ryegrass cultivars representing a wide range of functional types and genetic backgrounds conducted under sheep grazing in a summer-dry environment. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured for the first 3 years after sowing, then again in years seven and eight post-sowing, and in year ten post-sowing. Endophyte DNA fingerprinting conducted mid-way through year seven confirmed that, with one exception, ryegrass populations remained true-to-type in the cultivars sown with novel endophyte strains. The cultivar effect on DM yield was statistically significant in all measurement periods. Differences in yields among cultivars in years seven and eight were significantly and positively correlated with yield differences in years one to three (r=0.685 to 0.831 depending on which year contrasts were used). Thus, high-performing cultivars in the early years of the trial were also generally highperforming cultivars in years seven and eight, and vice-versa, indicating a high degree of yield stability in perennial ryegrass cultivars. Yield differences did not appear to be related to differences in cultivar heading date, ploidy, endophyte status, or genetic background. The relationship between yield in year ten and yields in years one to three was much weaker (r=0.392) than the relationship in years seven and eight. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Keywords: Perennial ryegrass; traits; persistence

Relationship Between Gas Emissions and Dry Matter Intake in Mature Angus Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Amanda Holder ◽  
Megan A Gross ◽  
Alexi Moehlenpah ◽  
Paul Beck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Second Period

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diet quality on greenhouse gas emissions and dry matter intake (DMI). We used 42 mature, gestating Angus cows (600±69 kg; and BSC 5.3±1.1) with a wide range in DMI EPD (-1.36 to 2.29). Cows were randomly assigned to 2 diet sequences forage-concentrate (FC) or concentrate-forage(CF) determined by the diet they consumed in each period (forage or concentrate). The cows were adapted to the diet and the SmartFeed individual intake units for 14 d followed by 45 d of intake data collection for each period. Body weight was recorded on consecutive weigh days at the beginning and end of each period and then once every two wk for the duration of a period. Cows were exposed to the GreenFeed Emission Monitoring (GEM) system for no less than 9 d during each period. The GEM system was used to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Only cows with a minimum of 20 total >3-m visits to the GEM were included in the data set. Data were analyzed in a crossover design using GLIMMIX in SASv.9.4. Within the CF sequence there was a significant, positive correlation between TMR DMI and CH4 (r=0.81) and TMR DMI and CO2 (r=0.69), however, gas emissions during the second period on the hay diet were not correlated with hay intake. There was a significant, positive correlation between hay DMI and CO2 (r=0.76) and hay DMI and CH4 (r=0.74) when cows first consumed forage (FC). In comparison to the CF sequence, cows on the FC sequence showed a positive correlation between CO2 and TMR DMI during the second period. There was also a significant positive correlation between hay and TMR DMI when assessed across (r=0.43) or within sequence (FC r=0.41, CF r=0.47).

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

Comparative growth of white clover sown into pots of soil from old pastures and adjacent roadsides

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Roadside Soils ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Different Levels

It is often claimed that improved pastures grow better in the early years after initial establishment than after many years of fertilization and grazing. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the dry matter production of white clover and perennial ryegrass when sown into soil from old established pastures and into soil taken from adjacent roadsides which had not previously been cultivated, fertilized, sown or grazed. On 8 out of 10 sites, white clover growth was consistently poorer when sown into the paddock soil than into the roadside soil. The average growth on paddock soil from these 8 sites was only 61% that of growth on the roadside soils. With perennial ryegrass there was no similar depression; in fact, the overall average growth of grass on the paddock soils was 121% that on the roadside soils. The explanation for this difference in growth of clover on the two soil types was apparently not due to any difference in the N status of the clover plants, as at no harvest was this difference significantly reduced when N fertilizer was regularly applied to the clover. The economic importance of these findings depends on confirmation of the results in the field. Possible, but untested, explanations may lie in different levels of soil-borne pests and diseases, or a residual allelopathic effect of improved pasture species on the growth of clover on the old pasture soil.

Herbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy pastures and their relationship with animal performance under upland conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Davies ◽  
T. E. H. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Species

SUMMARYHerbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) pastures were obtained whilst rotationally grazed by ewes and their single lambs at a fixed stocking rate of 25/ha on an upland site (305 m O.D.) in mid-Wales. Drymatter production of cocksfoot averaged 32·1 kg/ha/day over the 3-year duration of the trial (1975·7) and was 13·3 kg/ha/day lower than that of the other three grass species. This resulted in a 8 kg/ha/day reduction in dry-matter intake on cocksfoot; this was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that achieved on the other grasses, which were similar to one another around 36 kg/ha/day.In vitro digestibility of the herbage ranked in the order perennial ryegrass > timothy = cocksfoot > tall fescue. Intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI) was lower on cocksfoot than on perennial ryegrass and timothy. Differences were also detected in crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and sodium composition between species.Dry-matter intake was positively correlated with herbage growth rates (r = 0·95, P < 0·001) but not to digestibility of herbage on offer (r = 0·18). Both ewe and lamb live-weight gains were positively related to intake of dry matter and DOMI.Reference is made to comparative yield data between the grasses obtained under cutting trials. In the 2nd and 3rd harvest years (1967–1967) growth rates in the grazing experiment were 76, 61, 81 and 80% of the 66·2, 66·7, 67·8 and 65·0 kg D.M./ha/day obtained under a cutting regime on perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy swards respectively. This illustrates the danger involved in assessing the potential of grasses based on such information.The results are discussed in relation to the value of the species for use under grazing in the uplands.

The effect of density of planting on the growth of two Phaseolus vulgaris varieties in England

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Lucas ◽  
G. M. Milbourn
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pod Photosynthesis ◽  
Number Of Branches

SummaryThe growth and development of two varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris (Purley King and Limelight) were compared in two experiments in 1973 and 1974 at a range of planting density from 20 to 100 seeds/m2. Within this range, the relationship between seed yield and density in Purley King was asymptotic, although there was a suggestion that if even higher densities had been tested, a downward trend in yield might have occurred. The optimum density of planting for Purley King in Expt 1 was 50 seeds/m2 while that for Limelight was 40 seeds/m2. The corresponding densities in Expt 2 were 75 and 50 seeds/m2 respectively. Although number of branches per plant generally decreased with increasing density, there was no significant density effect on the number of nodes per plant. Thus stabilization of seed yield occurred even at quite low densities. Although in the low-density treatments, less vegetative tissue was produced, the peak of dry-matter yield occurred later after flowering and the slower subsequent senescence ensured the presence of active photosynthetic tissue throughout the pod-fill stage. Less pod retention occurred at high density which, combined with the ability of widely spaced plants to produce pods over a longer period, resulted in a similar number of pods per unit area over a wide range of density.Although the variety Purley King produced more than double the number of mature pods from its extra nodes and branches, it was outyielded by Limelight by 35% from the combined effect of more seeds per pod and a higher mean seed weight. Limelight also produced this high yield with less vegetative tissue. In both varieties it appeared that pod photosynthesis could take place, in Purley King because the pods were borne on higher nodes above the canopy and in Limelight due to the earlier senescence of its smaller leaf area. However, in spite of the apparent physiological advantages of Limelight, the pods are not borne high enough on this plant to enable satisfactory mechanical harvesting.

Seed size, shape and persistence in soil: a test on Italian flora from Alps to Mediterranean coasts

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Cerabolini ◽  
Roberta M. Ceriani ◽  
Marco Caccianiga ◽  
Rossella De Andreis ◽  
Barbara Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Fate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Persistence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mediterranean Maquis ◽  
Italian Flora ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSeed size is a good predictor of seed persistence in soil for British, Argentinean, Iranian and – to some extent – New Zealand species. It has been suggested that seed shape should also be linked to the ease of burial and, thus, to seed persistence, even if some studies failed to show this. The relationship between seed size and shape and persistence in soil was analysed for 259 species of the Italian flora, belonging to a wide range of habitats, from alpine pasture to limestone prairies and meadows of the Prealps, and from woodlands to Mediterranean maquis and garigues. Seed size was related to persistence in soil in the same way as in most other floras examined. Furthermore, seed shape was highly related to persistence in soil among the species analysed, when considered both altogether and divided among the different habitats. Our results suggest that not only seed size, but also seed shape, are key factors in determining seed fate and seed persistence in soil.

‘One bourbon, one scotch, one beer’: alcohol sponsorship at Glasgow Jazz Festival, 1987–2001

Popular Music ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Alison C. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Music Festival ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between music and sponsorship by drinks companies. Glasgow Jazz Festival has taken place annually since 1987 and is the city's longest running music festival. In its early years, the Festival enjoyed both cash and in-kind sponsorship from a wide range of organisations, including breweries and distilleries along with companies specialising in non-alcoholic drinks. In 2015 sponsorship was more difficult to secure, with cash sponsorship proving to be particularly elusive. The article focuses on cash sponsorship from drinks companies from 1987 to 2001, arguing that the decline in this form of sponsorship is a result of a shifting commercial and cultural landscape. Changes in Glasgow's festival calendar have resulted in a crowded marketplace which not only makes it harder for arts organisations to secure funds, but also makes relationships with sponsors more challenging to manage. Meanwhile, legislative and social changes have meant that the role of alcohol in the city's cultural life has been subject to adjustment throughout the Festival's history.

A note on the relationship between the digestible dry matter and the digestible energy content of ruminant diets

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
The Relationship

The digestible energy content (y, in Calories per gram) of a wide range of foodstuffs for ruminants may be accurately estimated from the dry matter digestibility (x per cent) by the regression y = 0.0467 x - 0.158 (r = 0.998). It follows that dry matter digestibility itself is a simple and accurate description of the digestible energv content of foodstuffs for ruminants.

The effects of frequency of defoliation on the yield response of a perennial ryegrass sward to a wide range of nitrogen application rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cutting Frequency

SummaryIn a 3-year experiment on a sward of S. 23 perennial ryegrass 21 rates of nitrogen fertilizer ranging from 0 to 897 kg/ha were applied annually on plots cut three, five or ten times per year. The cutting dates within each frequency were decided on the basis of herbage growth stage. Four-parameter exponential curves fitted to the herbage yield data show that the pattern of response to nitrogen application in the five cuts per year treatment was markedly similar to that reported for a previous experiment (Reid, 1970). Alterations in the cutting frequency affected the pattern of dry-matter yield response to nitrogen, but not that of crude-protein yield response. The combined effects of cutting frequency and nitrogen rate are illustrated by response surfaces fitted to the dry-matter yield results using an extension of the equation for the curves fitted to the individual frequency results. These surfaces show that as the number of cuts per year was increased the total yield and the response to nitrogen decreased, but the response was maintained to an increasingly high nitrogen rate. The practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to intensive grazing managements for dairy cows.

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