Sayısal Yöntemlerle Belirlenen Yumurta Parametreleri Üzerine Yumurtalama Zamanı ve Kafes Katı Farklılığının Etkisi

In this study, the White Layer Pure Line that housing as individual cage system at the Poultry Research Institute in Ankara was used. Eggs obtained from 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks old eggs were collected 3 times a day in the morning (10:00), noon (12:00) and evening (15:00). Egg Size and Egg Width (YBE), Shape Index and Elongation (SIE), Egg Surface Area and Volume (YAH), Shell Weight and Shell Thickness (CAS), Number of Pores and Pore Density (GSY), Yellow Ratio and Yellow Weight (SOA), Albumen Weight and Albumen Ratio (AO) were examined in 438 eggs obtained from these chickens found in these cages which are three tiers as upper, middle and bottom. The difference in cage layer did not have a significant effect on the calculated properties. On the other hand, the effect of on all traits obtained from these calculations based on egg weight was found to be significant.

Evaluation of Native Rooster Based on Breeding Value of trait of Macroscopic and Microscopic Semen Quality

The aim of this research is to a determined the breeding value of native roosters based on macroscopic and microscopic semen. Ten native roosters were used in this research. Complete individual cage, semen collection tools and substance, macroscopic and microscopic tools, and substance were used in this research. The native rooster was rested for 2 weeks. Massage techniques were used for semen collection. Parameters observed were volume, pH, color, viscosity, smell, sperm concentration, and sperm livability. The semen collection was repeated 5 times. One-way analysis of variances was used for data analysis with the tools SPSS 16. The breeding value was estimated based on primary traits of semen and calculated for each rooster to make a rank. The results showed that significant parameters (P<0,05) are semen volume and sperm concentration, while the non-significant parameters (P?0,05) are pH semen and sperm livability. Semen color is yellowish-white, semen viscosity is medium-viscous and smell is spermin. The results of breeding value rank are rooster numbers 6, 7, 5, 3, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, and 1. The conclusion is the breeding value of Native roosters is varied. The recommendation is Native chicken breeding need to apply selection used breeding value based on semen quality.

Kadar Kolesterol, Asam Urat dan Glukosa Darah Ayam Petelur yang Diberi Jus Daun Sirih (Piper betle Linn) pada Level yang Berbeda

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose levels in laying hens which are fed with the addition of betel leaf juice (Piper Bettle Linn). There were 16 chickens used in layer phase hens. The cage used is an individual cage equipped with a place for feeding and drinking water. The treatments in this study consisted of: (P0) commercial feed + 0 ml of betel leaf juice, (P1) commercial feed + 5 ml of betel leaf juice, (P2) commercial feed + 10 ml of betel leaf juice, and (P3) commercial feed + 15 ml of betel leaf juice. The variables observed were cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose levels. The data obtained from the research results were analyzed using variance and continued with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the administration of betel leaf juice had no significant effect (p <0.05) on cholesterol, uric acid and blood glucose levels in layer phase hens. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the administration of betel leaf juice does not affect the amount of cholesterol, uric acid, and glucose levels in layer phase hens, but these conditions are still in normal physiological conditions. Keywords: uric acid, layer hens, glucose, cholesterol ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang kadar kolesterol, asam urat dan glukosa darah ayam petelur yang diberi penambahan jus daun sirih (Piper betle Linn) pada level yang berbeda. Ayam yang digunakan sebanyak 16 ekor induk ayam petelur betina fase layer. Kandang yang digunakan yaitu kandang individu yang dilengkapi dengan tempat pakan dan air minum. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini terdiri atas: (P0) pakan basal + 0 ml jus daun sirih, (P1) pakan basal + 5 ml jus daun sirih, (P2) pakan basal + 10 ml jus daun sirih, dan (P3) pakan basal + 15 ml jus daun sirih. Variabel yang diamati adalah kadar kolesterol, asam urat, dan glukosa darah. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian jus daun sirih tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (p<0.05) terhdadap kadar kolesterol, asam urat dan glukosa darah ayam petelur fase layer. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian jus daun sirih tidak mempengaruhi jumlah kadar kolestero, asam urat, dan glukosa ayam petelur fase layer, namun kondisi tersebut masih dalam kondisi fisiologis normal. Kata Kunci : asam urat, ayam petelur, glukosa, kolesterol

Hemoglobin Level and Total Leukocyte Differential in Laying Hens Fed with Betel Leaf Juice (Piper betle Linn)

This research aims to examine the hemoglobin level and the total leukocyte differential in the blood of laying hens fed with different levels of betel leaf juice (Piper betle Linn). There were 32 laying hens in layer phase. The cage used is an individual cage equipped with a place for feeding and drinking water. The treatments in this research consisted of: (P0) drinking water + 0 ml of betel leaf juice, (P1) drinking water + 5 ml of betel leaf juice, (P2) drinking water + 10 ml of betel leaf juice, and (P3) drinking water + 15 ml of betel leaf juice. The variables observed were hemoglobin level, leukocyte differential (lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) and the heterophils / lymphocyte ratio (H/L). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and then continued with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the addition of betel leaf juice had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on the levels of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and the H/L ratio of laying hens’ blood. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the addition of betel leaf juice at different levels does not affect the levels of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and the H/L ratio of laying hens’ blood, but these conditions are still in normal physiological conditions.

Effects of husbandry systems and Chinese indigenous chicken strain on cecum microbial diversity

Objective: This study was to evaluate the effect of husbandry systems and strains on cecum microbial diversity of Jingyang chickens under the same dietary conditions.Methods: A total of 320 laying hens (body weight, 1.70±0.15 kg; 47 weeks old) were randomly allocated to one of the four treatments: i) Silver-feathered hens in enrichment cages (SEC) with an individual cage (70×60×75 cm), ii) Silver-feathered hens in free range (SFR) with the stocking density of 1.5 chickens per ten square meters, iii) Gold-feathered hens in enrichment cages (GEC), iv) Gold-feathered hens in free range (GFR). The experiment lasted 8 weeks and the cecum fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing at the end of experiment.Results: i) The core microbiota was composed of Bacteroidetes (49% to 60%), Firmicutes (21% to 32%) and Proteobacteria (2% to 4%) at the phylum level. ii) The core bacteria were Bacteroides (26% to 31%), Rikenellaceae (9% to 16%), Parabacteroides (2% to 5%) and Lachnoclostridium (2% to 6%) at the genus level. iii) The indexes of operational taxonomic unit, Shannon, Simpson and observed species were all higher in SFR group than in SEC group while in GEC group than in GFR group, with SFR group showing the greatest diversity of cecum microorganisms among the four groups. iv) The clustering result was consistent with the strain classification, with a similar composition of cecum bacteria in the two strains of laying hens.Conclusion: The core microbiota were not altered by husbandry systems or strains. The free-range system increased the diversity of cecal microbes only for silver feathered hens. However, the cecum microbial composition was similar in two strain treatments under the same dietary conditions.

KAJIAN TINGKAH LAKU MONYET EKOR PANJANG (Macaca Fascicularis) OBES DALAM KANDANG INDIVIDU

STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF THE LONG TAIL MONKEY (Macaca fascicularis) OBESE IN INDIVIDUAL CAGE. This study was designed to obtain information of development behaviour the obesity of long-tailed monkey (Macaca fascicularis) fed with high energy obes diet. The need of obese monkeys highly to model byomedis obesity. Obesity is now a universal problem that needs to be explored and studied. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop obese adult male monkeys with high energy food for 12 months and monitoring their behaviour. Fifteen adult male monkeys 6-8 years old with the weight of between 4-5 kg were divided equally into three groups. The first group was body weight average 4.50 kg, the second group was body weight average 5.00 kg; and the third group was body weight average 4.75 kg. The results showed that body weight gave a significant effect (P <0.01) on daily behaviour and also gave a significant effect (P<0.01) on fed behaviour frequently,drink behaviour, agonistic behaviour, grooming behaviour, and locomotion behaviour .Keywords: Behaviour frequently, Long-tailed monkey (Macaca fascicularis), Obesity)

Evaluasi Kecernaan Energi dan Protein Dedak Padi Lokal pada Itik Mojosari Dara

Evaluation of metabolizable energy of local rice bran have been conducted on Mojosari laying duck. The purpose of study was to calculate the energy values of local rice bran. Ten Mojosari laying ducks were randomly allocated of two types of feeds. Each laying duck was reared in individual cage (metabolic cage). Two types of feeds were basal diet (30% commercial feed: 70% corn), and 70% basal diet and 30% local rice bran. There are five duck as replication in each types of feed. Metabolic energy (ME) was determined according to Farrel (1978) with any modification. The results indicated that the gross energy and apparent metabolically energy (AME) of rice bran were approximately 3317,00±17,30 kkal/kg and 2461,44±27,76 kkal/kg. Presentation of AME to Gross energy of local rice bran were 74.21 %. Metabolizable protein of local rice bran were 55,71 ± 9,30% from crude protein intake. It is concluded that according to apparent metabolically energy (AME) and digestible protein, local rice bran is appropriate as supplement feed of laying duct particularly Mojosari laying ducks.

Colony Volatiles and Substrate-borne Vibrations Entrain Circadian Rhythms and Are Potential Cues Mediating Social Synchronization in Honey Bee Colonies

Internal circadian clocks organize animal behavior and physiology and are entrained by ecologically relevant external time-givers such as light and temperature cycles. In the highly social honey bee, social time-givers are potent and can override photic entrainment, but the cues mediating social entrainment are unknown. Here, we tested whether substrate-borne vibrations and hive volatiles can mediate social synchronization in honey bees. We first placed newly emerged worker bees on the same or on a different substrate on which we placed cages with foragers entrained to ambient day-night cycles, while minimizing the spread of volatiles between cages. In the second experiment, we exposed young bees to constant airflow drawn from either a free-foraging colony or a similar-size control hive containing only heated empty honeycombs, while minimizing transfer of substrate-borne vibrations between cages. After 6 days, we isolated each focal bee in an individual cage in an environmental chamber and monitored her locomotor activity. We repeated each experiment 5 times, each trial with bees from a different source colony, monitoring a total of more than 1000 bees representing diverse genotypes. We found that bees placed on the same substrate as foragers showed a stronger phase coherence and a phase more similar to that of foragers compared with bees placed on a different substrate. In the second experiment, bees exposed to air drawn from a colony showed a stronger phase coherence and a phase more similar to that of foragers compared with bees exposed to air from an empty hive. These findings lend credence to the hypothesis that surrogates of activity entrain circadian rhythms and suggest that multiple social cues can act in concert to entrain social insect colonies to a common phase.

Performance of rabbit does housed in collective pens and individual cages

<p>In society today, there is increasing concern for the welfare of farm animals. New models of rabbit breeding are proposed, such as group housing of rabbit does in a semi-group system or environmental enrichment of individual housing. This work aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance and metabolic aspects of rabbit does housed in collective pens, comparing them to individual cages provided with a platform. Forty-eight animals were distributed in 24 individual cages (40×98×57 cm; width, length and height) and four collective pens (six does per pen; 240×100×65 cm) and remained during four cycles. The does previously housed in collective pens gained less weight and reached lighter weights by the first insemination day (3669 <em>vs.</em> 3872 g; <em>P</em>&lt;0.01), but regained weight over the cycles and had a similar weight during the experiment (4306 <em>vs.</em> 4329 g). It was observed that there was a lower feed intake in the period before delivery in collective pens, which contributed to the lower kit birth weights (57.2 <em>vs.</em> 60.1 g/kit for collective pens and individual cage respectively, <em>P</em>&lt;0.05). There were no differences in perirenal fat thickness, litter size at birth and milk yield, although does housed in collective pens had a lower feed intake (499 <em>vs.</em> 526 g dry matter/d for collective pens and individual cage, respectively; <em>P</em>&lt;0.001) and lost more perirenal fat after grouping (–0.05 <em>vs.</em> +0.15 mm for collective pens and individual cage, respectively; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05), and produced less milk the day after grouping (221 <em>vs.</em> 283 g for collective pens and individual cage, respectively; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05). In collective pens, a higher number of inseminations to reach a pregnancy (1.43 <em>vs.</em> 1.24 for collective pens and individual cage, respectively; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) and lower number of weaned (56 vs. 66 for collective pens and individual cage, respectively; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) kits per doe per year were revealed for does in individual cages. Overall, the use of collective pens prejudiced some parameters and needs to be economically evaluated for adoption on commercial rabbit farms.</p>

Colony volatiles and substrate-borne vibrations entrain circadian rhythms and are potential mediators of social synchronization in honey bee colonies

Internal circadian clocks organize animal behavior and physiology and are entrained by ecologically-relevant external time-givers such as light and temperature cycles. In the highly social honey bee, social time-givers are important and can override photic entrainment, but the cues mediating social synchronization are unknown. Here we tested whether substrate-borne vibrations and hive volatiles can mediate social synchronization in honey bees. We first placed newly-emerged worker bees on the same or on a different substrate on which we placed cages with foragers entrained to ambient day- night cycles, while minimizing transfer of volatiles between cages. In the second experiment, we exposed young bees to constant airflow coming from either a free-foraging colony or a similar size control hive containing only empty combs, while minimizing transfer of substrate-borne vibrations between cages. After five days, we individually isolated each focal bee in an individual cage in an environmental chamber, and monitored locomotor activity. We repeated each experiment five times, each trail with bees from a different source colony, monitoring a total of more than 1000 bees representing diverse genotypes. We found that bees placed on the same substrate as foragers showed a stronger phase coherence; and in 3 of 5 trials their phase was more similar to that of foragers, compared to bees placed on a different substrate. In the second experiment, bees exposed to air from a colony showed a stronger phase coherence, and in 4 out of 5 trial their phase was more similar to that of foragers, compared to control bees exposed to air from an empty hive. These findings lend credence to the hypothesis that surrogates of activity such as substrate-borne vibrations, and volatile cues entrain circadian rhythms in natural free-foraging honey bee colonies.