scholarly journals INTERACTION OF CIS-Pd(NH3)2Cl2 WITH DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS IN SOLUTIONS AT PHYSIOLOGICAL CHLORIDE-IONS CONCENTRATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Kozachkova ◽  
Nataliia Tsaryk ◽  
Vasyl Pekhnyo
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Bidentate Coordination ◽  
Aqua Complexes ◽  
Diphosphonic Acids ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

The complex formation of cis-Pd(NH3)2Cl2 with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic (HEDP, H4L1), 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-diphosphonic (AHPrDP, H4L2), and 1-aminopropylidene-1,1-diphosphonic (APrDP, H4L3) acids in aqueous solutions with the concentration CKCl=0.15 mol/L, which corresponds to the concentration of chloride ions in the intercellular fluid, has been studied by spectrophotometry and pH potentiometry. The results of studying the interaction between cis-Pd(NH3)2Cl2 and diphosphonic acids have been interpreted taking into account the equilibrium concentration distribution of complexes forming in Pd(NH3)2Cl2 solutions at a chloride ion concentration of 0.15 mol/L. It has been found that when Pd(NH3)2Cl2 is dissolved in 0.15 mol/L KCl, ammonia molecules are substituted by chloride ions and a water molecule in the pH range of 2 – 4 to form chloro-aqua complexes [PdCl4]2- and [PdCl3(H2O)]-. In the case of complex formation of Pd(II) chloro-aqua complexes with HEDP and AHPrDP, complexes with [Pd 2OPO3 2Cl] chromophore with bidentate coordination of ligands by two oxygen atoms of phosphonic groups are formed in the acidic pH range. At pH>5, a [Pd(L1)(NH3)2]2- complex (lgβ=30.55(5)) is formed in the cis-Pd(NH3)2Cl2:HEDP=1:1 system, and at pH>6, a [Pd(HL2)(NH3)2]- complex (lgβ=40.29(2)) is formed in the cis-Pd(NH3)2Cl2:AHPrDP=1:1 system. The formation of complexes with [Pd 2OPO3 2Namine] chromophore takes place with the displacement of chloride ions from the coordination sphere of complexes with [Pd 2OPO3 2Cl] chromophore by ammonia molecules. In the system cis-Pd(NH3)2Cl2:APrDP=1:1, the ligand is coordinated to Pd(II) in a bidentate fashion by the nitrogen atoms of the amine group and oxygen atoms of the phosphonic group to form a [Pd(H2L3)Cl2]2- complex with [Pd Namine OPO3 2Cl] chromophore in the acidic pH range. When pH is increased to 5 and then to 7, a sequential substitution of chloride ions by ammonia molecules takes place to form a [Pd(HL3)(NH3)Cl]2- complex (lgβ=38,84(4)) with [Pd 2Namine OPO3 Cl] chromophore and a [Pd(HL3)(NH3)2]- complex (lgβ=43,14(2)) and [Pd(L3)(NH3)2]2- complex (lgβ=34.91(2)) with [Pd 3Namine OPO3] chromophore.

The chemical stability of mendipite, diaboleïte, chloroxiphite, and cumengéite, and their relationships to other secondary lead(II) minerals

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (331) ◽  
pp. 901-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Alun Humphreys ◽  
John H. Thomas ◽  
Peter A. Williams ◽  
Robert F. Symes
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Stability Diagram ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Stability Field ◽  
Cupric Ion ◽  
Free Energy Of Formation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ph Range

SummaryThe chemical stabilities of mendipite, Pb3O2Cl2, diaboleïte, Pb2CuCl2(OH)4, chloroxiphite, Pb3CuCl2O2(OH)2, and cumengéite, Pb19Cu24Cl42 (OH)44, have been determined in aqueous solution at 298.2 K. Values of standard Gibbs free energy of formation, ΔGf°, for the four minerals are −740, −1160, −1129, and −15163±20 kJ mol−1 respectively. These values have been used to construct the stability diagram shown in fig. I which illustrates their relationships to each other and to the minerals cotunnite, PbCl2, paralaurionite, PbOHCl, and litharge, PbO. This diagram shows that mendipite occupies a large stability field and should readily form from cold, aqueous, mineralizing solutions containing variable amounts of lead and chloride ions, and over a broad pH range. The formation of paralaurionite and of cotunnite requires a considerable increase in chloride ion concentration, although paralaurionite can crystallize under much less extreme conditions than cotunnite. The encroachment of the copper minerals on to the stability fields of those mineral phases containing lead(II) only is significant even at very low relative activities of cupric ion. Chloroxiphite has a large stability field, and at given concentrations of cupric ion, diaboleïte is stable at relatively high aCl−. Cumengéite will only form at high concentrations of chloride ion.

scholarly journals Studies on complex formation between curcumin and Hg(II) ion by spectrophotometric method: A new approach to overcome peak overlap

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratanasuda Waranyoupalin ◽  
Sumpun Wongnawa ◽  
Malinee Wongnawa ◽  
Chaveng Pakawatchai ◽  
Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Tetrahedral Complex ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Peak Overlap ◽  
Linear Plot

AbstractComplex formation between curcumin and Hg(II) ion MeOH/H2O (1: 1 v/v) was investigated and monitored by the spectrophotometric method. The absorption peak of unreacted curcumin which was close and overlapped with that of the complex, was removed by calculation using Microsoft Excel, thereby, allowing determination of the stoichiometry of the complex by the mole-ratio and the Job’s continuous variation methods. Both methods indicated that a 1:1 complex of curcumin and Hg(II) was formed in solution. The formation constant of the 1:1 Hg(II) complex was obtained from two methods, the equilibrium concentration calculation and the linear plot of Benesi-Hildebrand equation, as log K = 4.44 ± 0.16 and 4.83 ± 0.02, respectively. The structure is proposed as a tetrahedral complex of Hg(II) with one curcumin and two chloride ions as ligands.

Use of agro-waste (Musa paradisiaca peels) as a sustainable biosorbent for toxic metal ions removal from contaminated water

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Adsorbent Dose

A study of removal of heavy metal ions from heavy metal contaminated water using agro-waste was carried out with Musa paradisiaca peels as test adsorbent. The study was carried by adding known quantities of lead (II) ions and cadmium (II) ions each and respectively into specific volume of water and adding specific dose of the test adsorbent into the heavy metal ion solution, and the mixture was agitated for a specific period of time and then the concentration of the metal ion remaining in the solution was determined with Perkin Elmer Atomic absorption spectrophotometer model 2380. The effect of contact time, initial adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature were considered. From the effect of contact time results equilibrium concentration was established at 60minutes. The percentage removal of these metal ions studied, were all above 90%. Adsorption and percentage removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from their aqueous solutions were affected by change in initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose pH and temperature. Adsorption isotherm studies confirmed the adsorption of the metal ions on the test adsorbent with good mathematical fits into Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Regression correlation (R2) values of the isotherm plots are all positive (>0.9), which suggests too, that the adsorption fitted into the isotherms considered.

scholarly journals Broadband dielectric spectroscopy for monitoring temperature-dependent chloride ion motion in BiOCl plates

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Radoń ◽  
Dariusz Łukowiec ◽  
Patryk Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Structure Rebuilding

AbstractThe dielectric properties and electrical conduction mechanism of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) plates synthesized using chloramine-T as the chloride ion source were investigated. Thermally-activated structure rebuilding was monitored using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, which showed that the onset temperature of this process was 283 K. This rebuilding was related to the introduction of free chloride ions into [Bi2O2]2+ layers and their growth, which increased the intensity of the (101) diffraction peak. The electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity were related to the movement of chloride ions between plates (in the low-frequency region), the interplanar motion of Cl− ions at higher frequencies, vibrations of these ions, and charge carrier hopping at frequencies above 10 kHz. The influence of the free chloride ion concentration on the electrical conductivity was also described. Structure rebuilding was associated with a lower concentration of free chloride ions, which significantly decreased the conductivity. According to the analysis, the BiOCl plate conductivity was related to the movement of Cl− ions, not electrons.

Schiff base equilibria. II. Beryllium complexes of N-n-butylsalicylideneimine and the hydrolysis of the Be2+ ion

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Green ◽  
PW Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Schiff Base ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Beryllium Complexes ◽  
Equilibria In Aqueous Solution

The Schiff base, N-n-butylsalicylideneimine, extracts more than 99.8% beryllium into toluene from dilute aqueous solution. The distribution of beryllium has been studied in the pH range 5-13 and is discussed in terms of the several complex equilibria in aqueous solution. The stability constants of the complexes formed between beryllium and the Schiff base are log β1 11.1 and log β2 20.4, and the distribution coefficient of the bis complex is 550. Over most of the pH range, hydrolysis of the Be2+ ion competes with complex formation and provides a means of measuring the hydrolysis constants. They are for the reactions: Be(H2O)42+ ↔ 2H+ + Be(H2O)2(OH)2, log*β2 - 13.65; Be(H2O)42+ ↔ 3H+ + Be(H2O)(OH)3-, log*β3 -24.11.

Peptic digestibility of raw and heat-coagulated hen's egg white proteins at acidic pH range

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 635-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Yoshino ◽  
Kentaro Sakai ◽  
Yoko Mizuha ◽  
Ayako Shimizuike ◽  
Shigeru Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Egg White ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Egg White Proteins ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Ph Range

GABA responses in rat dentate granule neurons are mediated by chloride

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Blaxter ◽  
Peter L. Carlen
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Granule Neurons ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
Central Neurons

The dendrites of granule cells in hippocampal slices responded to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with a depolarization. The response was blocked by picrotoxin in a noncompetitive manner. Reductions in the extracellular chloride ion concentration changed the reversal potential of the response by an amount predicted from the Nernst equation for chloride ion. Chloride-dependent hyperpolarizing responses were sometimes also found in the cell body of the granule cells. Since the reversal potential followed that predicted from the Nernst equation for chloride, we conclude that the response was mediated by chloride ions alone with no contribution from other ions. This has not previously been shown for the depolarizing response to GABA in central neurons.

scholarly journals AERVA LANATA LEAF EXTRACT AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR CARBON STEEL IN CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Rajesh V. ◽  
E. U. B. Reddi ◽  
T. Byragi Reddy ◽  
Ch. Durga Prasad ◽  
B. Prasanna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Aggressive Medium ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Aerva Lanata ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Chloride Environment

The present study was initiated with an objective of investigating a plant extract as an effective corrosion inhibitor useful for protection of carbon steel in aqueous environment containing chloride ions. For this purpose, the leaf extract of the plant ‘Aerva lanata’ belonging to Amaranthaceae family of genus Aerva was chosen. The required optimum concentration of the extract for an effective inhibition was found to be 5 %, resulting in the inhibition efficiency of 95 % against corrosion of carbon steel in 200 ppm of NaCl solution. The extract introduced as a corrosion inhibitor was found to be effective in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. The extract could retain its inhibition efficiency for about an immersion period of 60 days and also up to a temperature of 333 K. The 5 % extract was found to control corrosion of carbon steel in highly aggressive medium containing 300 ppm of NaCl also. In order to maintain the protective nature, the required concentration of the extract was 2 %. From these studies, it was inferred that the Aerva lanata leaf extract exhibits good inhibitive properties for carbon steel in aqueous environment in wide ranges of pH, temperature and aggressiveness of medium.

THE EFFECTS OF A CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE ON SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES WITHIN NERVE CELLS AND THEIR PROCESSES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pronounced Increase

Nerve cells and their processes in cat sympathetic ganglia and frog skeletal muscle have shown on electron microscopic examination alterations in subcellular morphology as a result of treatment with digoxin. Non-nervous cells were unaffected by the drug. These changes included, in ganglia, swelling of the affected cells, shrinkage of mitochondria with pronounced increase in internal density, swelling of Nissl substance in nerve cell bodies, and loss of structural detail in nerve processes. At the myoneural junction the motor nerve endings were swollen, mitochondria were altered, and the synaptic vesicles were reduced in numbers, those that remained being swollen. These changes were accompanied by invagination of the axon surface by Schwann cell processes.Cell swelling, but not the subcellular changes, was prevented by substitution of sulphate for chloride ions in the extracellular space. When the extracellular sodium ion concentration was reduced to 20 meq/l. the cells were completely protected against digoxin. It is concluded that swelling is caused by net uptake of sodium and chloride as a result of the known inhibitory action of digoxin on sodium extrusion by nerve cells. The possibility that these structural changes in subcellular organelles may be caused by a raised concentration of intracellular sodium ions, such as might occur during activity of excitable cells, is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Chloride Ions on the Point-of-Use Drinking Water Disinfection Performance of Porous Ceramic Media Embedded with Metallic Silver and Copper

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1625
Author(s):  
Rekha Singh ◽  
Woohang Kim ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Copper Release

This study quantifies the effects of chloride ions on silver and copper release from porous ceramic cubes embedded with silver and copper and its effect on E. coli disinfection in drinking water. Log-reduction of E. coli by silver ions decreased after 4 h of contact time as the chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L but, it was not changed by copper ions under the same conditions. For silver addition by silver-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli decreased sharply from 7.2 to 1.6 after 12 h as the chloride concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. For the silver-ceramic cube experiments, chloride ion also reduced the total silver concentration in solution. After 24 h, total silver concentrations in solution decreased from 61 µg/L to 20 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. According to the MINTEQ equilibrium model analysis, the decrease in disinfection ability with silver embedded ceramic cubes could be the result of precipitation of silver ions as silver chloride. This suggests that AgCl was precipitating within the pore space of the ceramic. These results indicate that, although ionic silver is a highly effective disinfectant for E. coli, the presence of chloride ions can significantly reduce disinfection efficacy. For copper-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli by copper embedded cubes increased from 1.2 to 1.5 when chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. Total copper concentrations in solution increased from 4 µg/L to 14 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. These results point towards the synergistic effect of chloride ions on copper oxidation as an increased concentration of chloride enhances copper release.

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