Old Age

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-206
Author(s):  
Nina Macaraig
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Old Age ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
World Fairs ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

This chapter describes how the hamam began to show signs of aging. This included a redefinition of its economic family relations, as it became a burden to the endowment and was rented out according to a practice that approximated the status of renters to that of owners. Furthermore, old age now meant that after a disastrous fire in 1865 novel city planning practices assigned less value to the sixteenth-century structure and allowed the monument to be mutilated for the sake of building a European-style boulevard wide enough for tramway traffic. At the same time, the hamam took on a new identity as an emblem of Ottoman cultural heritage to be displayed at nineteenth-century world fairs and exhibitions which required each nation to represent itself by easily recognizable architectural icons. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, this split identity continued: on the one hand, hamams constituted an old, redundant institution standing for the Ottoman Empire and lifestyle, resulting in neglect and destruction; on the other hand, they were part of the cultural heritage that every nation-state needs to legitimise itself. Nevertheless, the Çemberlitaş Hamamı managed to survive for practical reasons, as it still provided hygiene and entertainment.

scholarly journals The first period of double interstate military conflict on the African horn (1960-1977)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Andrii Pospielov
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the first period of the interstate military conflict in the Horn of Africa. The events of 1960-1977 are revealed. In two conflict zones. On the one hand, the buildup and manifestation of an interstate military-political confrontation between Ethiopia and the Republic of Somalia, and on the other hand, aspects of the emergence of an intrastate military conflict in Ethiopia itself related to the Eritrean issue are analyzed. Moreover, it is noted that the province of the Ethiopian Empire, and since 1974 the Republic of Eritrea, de facto was not so much an internal structure of the indicated state as a semi-legal state, fought for its independence. This process was provoked in 1945-1959. Great Britain, Italy and the UN. These world players created a situation of the unification of British and Italian Somalia into a single state - the Republic of Somalia, depriving it after the creation of those territories that were inhabited by related tribes. Thus, Western countries pushed Somalia to search for ways to unite with the territories of Ogaden and Kenya exclusively by military means. And Somalia, which was experiencing the shortcomings of all Somalia, was forced to seek a partner who would provide official Mogadishu with the means of warfare, against the background of constant help not to her, but exclusively to neighboring Ethiopia. That is why the Republic of Somalia has become an exclusively Soviet ally since the late 1960s. An example of the creation of a single Republic of Somalia and an attempt to have Western countries as an ally, and after 1974 the countries of socialism, the maritime power of Ethiopia, actually created a complex of double interstate conflict in this region of East Africa. It was in him that the status of Somalia as a country without related territories and Eritrea as the usual province of Ethiopia was fixed, which did not suit their peoples and leaders.

scholarly journals Geopolitics as an “Arbitrator” in the Economic Competition of Trans-Baikal Cities (Mid 19th - Early 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Lilia Kalmina
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the economic rivalry of two Trans-Baikal cities, such as the chief town of the district Verkhneudinsk and the regional town Chita, for the leadership in the region which began with the foundation of the Trans-Baikal region and the appointment of Chita as its capital. Unspoken competition was manifested in determining the status and role in the Trans-Baikal economic area, the place in the regional market system, and the development of banking and railway infrastructure. Despite the fact that Verkhneudinsk had better starting opportunities (a higher level of economic and cultural development), it was almost always in the role of the one which catches up. The status of the administrative center of the Trans-Baikal Region gave Chita the opportunity to «work ahead of the curve». However, the victory in the final round of the competition remained with the chief town of the district, which, however, did not manage to take advantage of its fruits. The author's task is to reconstruct the stages of this peculiar competition and determine the factors that influenced its outcome. The analysis of the sources, first of all, the documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia, allowed to make the conclusion that the decisions made by the imperial center in relation to both cities were based on the geopolitical factor. It was the task of strengthening Russian influence in the Far East that dictated the deployment of infrastructure facilities in Trans-Baikal cities, which increased their economic status.

scholarly journals Henri Prost in Istanbul: Urban transformation process of Taksim-Maçka Valley (Le parc n°2)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Bolca ◽  
Rosa Tamborrino ◽  
Fulvio Rinaudo
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
New City ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
The City

With the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in October 1923, modernization studies have been started throughout the country. The Republican authorities which adopted a new form of government independent of the Ottoman Empire had expectations for the city planning of Turkey according to the modernization rules of urbanism. After the proclamation of the Republic, the capital of the country was relocated from Istanbul to Ankara and the funds of the Republic were canalized to the construction of the new capital city. Following the creation of Ankara, in 1935, French architect and urban planner Henri Prost was invited directly to conduct the planning of Istanbul.  He worked between 1936 and 1951 with a conservative and modernist attitude. Prost’s plans for Istanbul was based on three principal issues: the transportation (la  circulation), hygiene (l’hygiène) and aesthetics (l’aesthetics). He gave importance on urban and public spaces (espaces libres) and proposed two public parks. One of these parks was considered as an archaeological park at the hearth of the Historical Peninsula (parc n1), the other one was considered as a park with cultural, arts and sports functions into the hearth of the Pera district which was the area extending from today’s Taksim Square to Maçka Valley (parc n2) and wherein these days the modern and new city was built. Only Park No2 (parc n2) was partially constructed in the 1940s following these park plans. However, the park has been transformed by the planning decisions taken over time depending on the political, cultural and ideological changes and this transformation process has been intensively discussed by the academic and professional field on the Istanbul’s and Turkey’s urban agenda.   The focus of this study is to understand and define the process of transformation, and investigate the changing of significances of the Taksim-Maçka Valley from foundation of the Republic of Turkey to the present time. Accordingly, the first part of the paper presents the formation process of the area through the 1:2000 plan of Park No2 (parc n2) and the 1:500 plan of The Republic Square and the İnönü Esplanade in Taksim (la place de la République et l'esplanade İnönü à Taksim) which were prepared by Henri Prost. In the second part, the  transformation process that occurs after Prost was discharged from his position is analyzed. The paper concludes with a discussion on the pros and cons of the transformation. In the study, the “digital urban history method” (telling the history of the city in the age of the ICT revolution) was used through the power of various direct and indirect sources with ArcGIS and 3D modeling techniques.

scholarly journals Age as a criterion of value for tangible cultural heritage objects under Russian law

Pravovedenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
Maria A. Aleksandrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Cultural Heritage Object ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tangible Object ◽  
The One ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects

UNESCO’s activities are dedicated to the conservation of both intangible and tangible cultural heritage. One of the most difficult issues in constructing a system for the protection of tangible cultural heritage objects is the criteria for identifying objects as cultural heritage. Obviously, it takes time to assess the cultural or historical value and significance of a tangible object. In most cases, granting the status of a cultural heritage object is assigned much later than its creation. However, international acts also do not contain specific requirements for how old a particular object should be in order to qualify it as an object of cultural heritage. UNESCO’s practice is known for several cases of adding to the World Heritage List relatively young sites. The Russian Cultural Heritage Object Act (2002), along with the laws of some other countries, establishes a specific age (40 years) that any object must reach in order to become a cultural heritage object. An exception is made only for memorial apartments and buildings (they can be attributed as objects of cultural heritage immediately after the death of famous personalities) and for objects of archeology (they must be at least 100 years old). This rule of law is mandatory, which means that it does not make other exceptions to the rule of 40 years. Such a rule of law significantly distinguishes the Russian approach from foreign legislation. On the one hand, such regulation may negatively affect the possibility of protecting outstanding objects from the late Soviet and early new Russian period. On the other hand, the approach of granting the status of cultural heritage objects to many relatively new objects can negatively affect urban development. The author proposes to evaluate and review this provision of law in order to find the optimal balance of public and private interests.

When Near Becomes Far

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Balberg ◽  
Haim Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
Bodily Appearance ◽  
The One

When Near Becomes Far explores the representations and depictions of old age in the rabbinic Jewish literature of late antiquity. Through close literary readings and cultural analysis, the book reveals the gaps and tensions between idealized images of old age on the one hand, and the psychologically, physiologically, and socially complicated realities of aging on the other hand. The authors argue that while rabbinic literature presents various statements on the qualities and activities that make for good old age, on the respect and reverence that the elderly should be awarded, and on harmonious intergenerational relationships, it also includes multiple anecdotes and narratives that portray aging in much more nuanced and poignant ways. These anecdotes and narratives relate, alongside fantasies about blissful or unnoticeable aging, a host of fears associated with old age: from the loss of beauty and physical capability to the loss of memory and mental acuity, and from marginalization in the community to being experienced as a burden by one’s own children. Each chapter of the book focuses on a different aspect of aging in the rabbinic world: bodily appearance and sexuality, family relations, intellectual and cognitive prowess, honor and shame, and social roles and identity. As the book shows, in their powerful and sensitive treatments of aging, rabbinic texts offer some of the richest and most audacious observations on aging in ancient world literature, many of which still resonate today.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL PERSONS IN R. OF MACEDONIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1952
Author(s):  
Alban Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

Otherwise the subject of justice of a person with whom a person earns from his birth, a legal person is a product of the written law. In general, a legal entity is usually an organization that has ownership, economic activity, operational management, property and liability of its obligations with that property. Legal persons have their own will, their property they own and are responsible for their actions, which allows not being confused with the property of the people who founded it, nor of the will of all the people who work in it. Legal persons have an important role in everyday life. They are present and active in every field, because the legal system recognizes them as subjects of law.As an artificial creation created by law, a legal person also serves to create different collective goals and interests in society. However, it is important to note that all organizations, associations, institutions, etc., which exist today in the Republic of Macedonia, which have the property and organization of people working there, are not considered as legal entities. For this, the organization, company or the status of a legal person or the same should be foreseen in the state legal order. Criminal law in a country must, above all, serve the citizens, namely to assure their personal security and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, with proper functioning and due respect, above all of state bodies, but also of others. to enable citizens a peaceful life on the one hand, and on the other hand, the state will provide opportunities and a range of tools for maintaining the peace and well-being of citizens.From this we can conclude that if the offense is committed outside of the authority given to a natural person in this case the legal person can not be held responsible, but if the same case and despite being carried out outside the authorization is carried out in favor of the person legal entity in this case the legal person appears as an accomplice in the crime and to decide on his responsibility is the sufficient fact that the benefits he takes for himself or shares with his bailiff, noting the fact that the legal person and the person in charge of the person are collaborators of crime.From the criminal liability, the only excluded is the country by simple reason which would be illogical or with other words the state only accounts for themselves and their actions, while local governments are responsible only for offenses committed outside their public powers.

scholarly journals TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE AREA OF SUBAK JATILUWIH, TABANAN, BALI

2018 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
I Gede Susila
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
The Status ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
The One ◽  
Heritage Area

Subak Jatiluwih in Tabanan Regency, Bali, has double status. On the one hand the Subak (water irrigation system) is a tourist attraction (destination), and on the other hand its status is as World Cultural Heritage (Warisan Budaya Dunia or WBD). Related to that matter, this paper describes two things: (1) the development of tourism facilities in Subak Jatiluwih area, and (2) the financial input in managing Jatiluwih tourist attraction and its distribution. This is a qualitative study. The data found is analyzed using qualitative data analysis. The result of study shows that, regarding the double status as stated above, it is precisely within the perceptions of local community about the status of Subak Jatiluwih as WBD are related to "tourism brand". Therefore, the development of tourism facilities that violate the provisions of the law in the area of ??Subat Jatiluwih WBD was inevitable. On the rice fields in the subak, area parking lots of buses and restaurants have been built. Thus, there are some conversion of rice field into parking lots and restaurants in the area of ??the WBD. Specifically in relation to financial input in the management of DTW Jatiluwih, it turns out financial input reaches hundreds of millions of dollars even nearly 1 billion per month. The distribution of the results of the DTW (daerah tujuan wisata or tourist destination) management is conducted with the management of the parties based on justice that is tailored to the contribution and needs of each manager. This means that the greater the contribution and the needs of the parties involved in managing the DTW, the greater the share of the financial results it receives.

Heimat Is Where the Heart Is; or, What Kind of Hungarian was Goldmark?

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
David Brodbeck
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Old Age ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The One ◽  
First World

On 2 January 1915, during the first winter of the First World War, the celebrated composer Carl Goldmark died in Vienna at the ripe old age of eighty-four. The Viennese press gave the story of his passing the kind of coverage that one would expect for a figure who was described as the “rector of Austrian music,” even its “epicenter.” The notice in the Neue Freie Presse was particularly striking in its imagery: “We, musical Vienna and the entire musical world, stand shaken around the funeral bier of the great composer and Austrian Carl Goldmark.” As the report goes on, the writer makes a clear reference to the growing war effort: “Many of our best and brightest must now die on the battlefield for the fatherland. Goldmark lived for his fatherland, and by creating art touched by the breadth of eternity, he honored the fatherland in his own way and greatly increased the cultural heritage of humanity.” Meanwhile, in the other great capital of the Dual Monarchy, the composer's death was covered very differently. To read the obituaries that appeared in Budapest is to be told that Hungary, not Austria, was Goldmark's fatherland. Here, in effect, both halves of the monarchy were fighting over the same man's legacy—the one, primarily on the basis of his Hungarian birth and childhood; the other, on the basis of his long residency in Austria and the central role he played in the musical culture of late Habsburg Vienna.

Ottoman Muslim and Turkish women in an international context

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE A. N. M. VAN OS
Keyword(s):  
Women's Movements ◽  
Turkish Women ◽  
Feminist Activism ◽  
International Context ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Late Ottoman Empire ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Late Ottoman

Women's movements in the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey are explored in an international context. The international contacts of individual and organized women in both the first and the second waves of ‘feminist’ activism are considered. It is necessary to determine the influence, on the one hand, of Turkish women on the international scene of the women's movement and, on the other hand, the influence of the international organizations on Turkish policies vis-à-vis women. In this way a little light can be shed on the indirect ways Turkish women, through international networks, were and are able to exert influence on the changing policies of the Turkish government regarding the position of women in their society.

scholarly journals ARMENIA: AN UNEASY CHOICE BETWEEN RUSSIA'S NEW INITIATIVES AND THE EU EASTERN PARTNERSHIP

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
M. Y. Vardazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Factor ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Strategic Cooperation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The article studies the problems of foreign policy orientations of the Republic of Armenia, first of all those concerning "Russian" and "European" integration processes. Particularly, the main stages and peculiarities of Armenia's cooperation with the EU are presented. The author reflects upon the issue of the essence of the status and perspectives of associated membership in the EU. Revealing the difficulties within the EU and on the CIS territory, the author analyzes the capabilities of Armenia to combine, on the one hand, economic integration with the West and, on the other, military-political integration with the East. The article identifies the reasons of "freezing" Armenian-Russian relations in early 2013. Examining the perspectives of the Association Agreement with the EU and of membership in the Customs Union and taking into account the complex geopolitical situation in the region, analyzing all the facets of Armenia's economic and political collaboration both with the EU and RF, the author comes to the conclusion that Yerevan's choice of September 35 3,2013 is expedient and justified. Deepened strategic cooperation with Moscow, first of all, provides military and energy security of Armenia, although the economic factor shouldn't be underestimated. The author draws attention to the fact that Armenia's involvement in the Customs Union avails it the opportunity to keep collaborating with the European Union, however, from a more powerful position, which we have already witnessed through the alterations in the tone of some European officials.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document