Introduction: Scottish Coal Miners and Economic Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jim Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Basic Industry ◽  
The 1960S

Changes in coalfield employment and coal industry ownership illustrate the ways in which economic security was strengthened from the 1920s to the 1960s. Private ownership was an obstacle to communal security, with employers protecting their profits at the expense of employment and wage stability. Nationalisation in 1947 was an important victory. Progress was not straightforward, however, disturbed by pit closures and job losses from the late 1950s onwards. Policy-makers moved human and capital resources out of basic industry, including coal, and into higher value-added manufacturing. The new employer, the National Coal Board (NCB), was initially clumsy in its approach to restructuring. Nationalisation involved limited innovation in the sense of enhanced industrial democracy. But miners and their union representatives made the changes work in their favour. Policy-makers were persuaded to accommodate the needs of the coalfields as miners defined them. New factories were established in the coalfields through UK government regional policy, mainly in mechanical engineering and then electrical engineering, with jobs for women as well as men. A reconfigured pattern of social relations emerged gradually, with more opportunities for women and less gender inequality.

The ‘Modernisation’ of Scotland and its Impact on Glasgow, 1955–1979: ‘Unwanted Side Effects’ and Vulnerabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chik Collins ◽  
Ian Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This article reports findings of research into the far-reaching plan to ‘modernise’ the Scottish economy, which emerged from the mid-late 1950s and was formally adopted by government in the early 1960s. It shows the growing awareness amongst policy-makers from the mid-1960s as to the profoundly deleterious effects the implementation of the plan was having on Glasgow. By 1971 these effects were understood to be substantial with likely severe consequences for the future. Nonetheless, there was no proportionate adjustment to the regional policy which was creating these understood ‘unwanted’ outcomes, even when such was proposed by the Secretary of State for Scotland. After presenting these findings, the paper offers some consideration as to their relevance to the task of accounting for Glasgow's ‘excess mortality’. It is suggested that regional policy can be seen to have contributed to the accumulation of ‘vulnerabilities’, particularly in Glasgow but also more widely in Scotland, during the 1960s and 1970s, and that the impact of the post-1979 UK government policy agenda on these vulnerabilities is likely to have been salient in the increase in ‘excess mortality’ evident in subsequent years.

Assessment of risk factors for multifocal atherosclerosis in the workers of the main professions of coal enterprises in the South of Kuzbass

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
E. S. Filimonov ◽  
O. Yu. Korotenko ◽  
O. A. Rumpel ◽  
O. N. Blazhina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Coal Enterprises

Introduction. The problem of high mortality from cardiovascular diseases is caused, among other things, by asymptomatic atherosclerosis, which proceeds latently for a long time and manifests itself as a serious vascular catastrophe, which is of particular importance for people working at production facilities with difficult and dangerous working conditions.The aim of the study was to assess the risk factors for atherosclerosis and the state of the vascular wall in the workers of the main professions of coal enterprises in the South of Kuzbass.Material and methods. In total, the study included 384 people (men), of whom 266 were the workers in coal mines in the South of Kuzbass and 118 people who were not employed in the coal industry, aged 40 to 55 years. The diagnosis of atherosclerosis was carried out on the ultrasound system “Vivid E9” of the manufacturing company GE using a linear sensor for measuring the thickness of the intima-media complex and visualization of atherosclerotic plaques. To identify significant risk factors, anthropometric, anamnestic data, indices of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and the presence of arterial hypertension were studied.Results. Significant differences in the frequency of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in the form of an increase in intima-media thickness by more than 1 mm and / or the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in both groups were not found: 60.2% among the miners and 62.3% among non-coal mining workers (p=0.703); at the same time, the percentage of detection of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries was significantly lower among coal workers — 46.9% versus 60.5% among people in the comparison group (p=0.016). The common risk factors for all examined subjects were arterial hypertension and increased level of glycated hemoglobin; in turn, in coal miners additional risk factors were increased values of low density lipoproteins and waist-hip index, as well as burdened heredity for cardiovascular diseases, and among the individuals not employed in the coal industry it was smoking.Conclusions. The most significant risk factors for atherosclerosis in coal industry workers were arterial hypertension, raised values of glycated hemoglobin, low density lipoproteins and waist-hip index, as well as burdened heredity for cardiovascular diseases. Significant differences in the frequency of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in the form of an increase in the thickness of the intima-media complex of the main arteries and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in both groups were not established, but the percentage of the detection of atherosclerotic plaques was lower among coal miners.The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Black Men and Black Masculinity

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-457
Author(s):  
Alford A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Black Masculinity ◽  
First Century ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Male Experience ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Research ◽  
Sociological Studies

In recent decades, sociological studies of black males and of black masculinity in America unfolded with great rapidity. In the 1960s, sociological studies of black males gained currency. Much of their focus has been on the problematic state of black males in education, employment, family life, peer and social relations, and within criminal justice systems. That tradition moved from employing a social problems lens for researching black men to documenting how their efforts in these and other spheres of life reflect creativity and efficacy as much as malaise and despair. Emerging several decades later in sociology, black masculinity studies began with an emphasis on how black males contended with hegemonic masculinity. This tradition moved to explore how sexual, socioeconomic, and other variations in the black male experience elucidated vulnerability as a common feature of that experience, as well as to more extensive visions of black masculinity. New research questions stand before both traditions that constitute the twenty-first-century agenda.

scholarly journals Coal cluster as a structural factor in the development of Kuzbass

2021 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Yuri Fridman ◽  
Galina Rechko ◽  
Olesya Khokhrina
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Employment Dynamics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Negative Factors

The article contains the results of the analysis of dynamics and structural transformations of employment and production of gross value added (GVA), carried out by the authors on the material of Kuzbass. The study was carried out using the shift-share analysis for 2007–2018. We can state that the employment dynamics, which was negative during this period, was determined primarily by regional factors. The dynamics of GVA was influenced by national (positive) and regional (negative) factors. The contribution of structural shifts to the growth of GVA over the past decade was negative and insignificant, and the decline in the number of employed occurred with a scarcely changed employment pattern. The coal cluster remains the core of the Kuzbass economy and retains the status of its most efficient sector – there are no obvious candidates for the role of a new leader. Meanwhile, the high dependence of the coal industry on external macroeconomic conditions, fluctuations in world markets, makes the strategic outlook of the entire region's economy vulnerable and unstable. Therefore, it is important to find and implement such model of the socio-economic transformation of Kuzbass, which will help protect and ensure the stability of the region for decades to come.

scholarly journals Priority directions for the development of the potential of the agrarian sector in the system of economic security of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (92) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
S. I. Urba
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Expected Effect ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Integrated Structures

The article examines the importance of the existing potential of the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy, the use of which is insufficient, given the results of its functioning in the system of economic relations. The basic preconditions, which complicate the processes of effective realization of the potential of the domestic agrarian sector in the system of providing economic security, are determined. Particular attention is paid to the problematic issues that form the destabilizing impacts on the development of the potential of the agrarian sector. It is noted that the incompleteness of agrarian reform and long-term transformation processes in the agrarian sector of the economy, the absence of a rationally organized market of agricultural land in Ukraine, the lack of development of vertically-integrated structures of the formation of value added connecting chains, complicate the processes of effective realization of the potential of the domestic agrarian sector. It is argued that in order to increase the economic, social and environmental efficiency of the functioning of the agrarian sector and the realization of its potential, it is expedient to adhere to certain strategic priorities that will ensure the strengthening of economic security. The article proposes a comprehensive implementation of the measures and the expected effect of the implementation of priority directions of development of the potential of the agrarian sector in the system of ensuring economic security of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Long-term Development of National Human Capital. Evidence from China and Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-66
Author(s):  
Łukasz Bryl
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
National Human ◽  
Capital Development

AbstractObjective: The aim of this paper is to present the long-term development of the chosen human capital indices that uncovers and compares the outcome of the national efforts performed by the two culturally distant countries (China and Poland) over the decade. Additionally, paper indicates the areas of further HC progress in both nations.Methodology: The study was based on measuring human capital with the help of deliberately chosen set of macroeconomic indices (28 items) referring to the nations’ capability to create innovations. Analysis was performed for the 2007–2017 years.Findings: Positive phenomena in the case of human capital development outperform the negative ones in both countries, however, the extent is more remarkable in the case of China. China managed to: improve greatly the pupil-teacher ratio (both in primary and secondary schools), increase secondary and tertiary education enrolment rate along with the rise of the no. of students from abroad. In Poland, the greatest increase was observed in the case of the number of researchers what consequently contributed to the improvement of number of scientific and technical articles and citable documents (h-index).Value Added: To the best Author’s knowledge this is the first paper that compares national human capital development in Poland and China with a set of indices focused on capability to create innovations and adopts longitudinal approach.Recommendations: Policy-makers in the case of Poland should concentrate on: fostering university/industry research collaboration, improving rank in worldwide QS classification and performing more efforts to attract and retain talents. Moreover, the negative trends should be reversed with regard to: PISA scores and general quality of education system. In turn, Chinese authorities should facilitate better PISA scores and increase the presence of scientific and technical articles.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF REGULARITY OF CHANGES IN INDICATORS OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY ON DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Consistent Assessment ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this article is to investigate the current state and dynamics of technical, energy capacities, labor resources and wages in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises, the impact of these indicators on efficiency of agricultural production, indicators of development and competitiveness of products on the domestic and foreign markets. The moral and physical deterioration of the equipment available at the farms is determined, which does not contribute to the increase of labor productivity and to obtaining consistently high economic results. On the basis of the dynamics of the analyzed statistical data, the problem of providing agricultural producers with labor resources was confirmed against the background of deepening of depopulation processes in the countryside, which led to the deterioration of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources. Indicators of development and production rates of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine have been investigated, that showed a low level of innovation implementation. Mathematical formalization of the relationship between the dynamics of changes in the gross value added indicators and the volume of sales of agricultural products is carried out. Based on the analysis of innovative activity indicators in the agricultural sector of Ukraine and the consistent assessment of the adequacy of linear and nonlinear pair equations, the model specification is presented, which is presented in the form of linear pair regression, which confirms the existence of a direct link between changes in the volume of sales in the agrarian sector.

scholarly journals The Value of Anthropology in Child Health Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Spray
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Child Health Policy ◽  
Streptococcus A ◽  
Government Initiative

AbstractWorking at the nexus of medical anthropology and the anthropology of childhood, this article challenges three assumptions often embedded in child health policy: (1) children are the passive recipients of healthcare; (2) children’s knowledge of illness and their body can be assumed based on adult understandings; and (3) children’s healthcare can be isolated from their social relations. I explore these themes through the case study of a 2011 New Zealand government initiative to reduce the rates of rheumatic fever affecting low-income Māori and Pasifika children. Drawing on fieldwork with around 80 children at an Auckland primary school, I show how the ‘sore throat’ programme does not merely treat streptococcus A infections, but plays an active role in constituting children’s experiences and understandings of their bodies and illness, and in shaping healthcare practices in ways unintended by policy-makers.

Changing Communities and Collieries

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-79
Author(s):  
Jim Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Economic Security ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Union Representation ◽  
Power Loading ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Union Voice ◽  
The 1960S

Economic security in the coalfields was intimately connected with underground safety. Hazards were mediated by the effectiveness of trade union representation. Where employers attacked workplace trade unionism, the risks to workers of death, serious injury and illness were increased. This was the pattern in the 1920s and 1930s, when private owners excluded forceful union advocates. The reverse was observable in the 1950s and 1960s, when nationalisation facilitated stronger union voice. The rate of fatality was cut by one half as a result. On this most fundamental of all questions, life and death, nationalisation was an unambiguous success. Major fatal disasters from the 1950s to the early 1970s showed that dangers were diminished but not eradicated. Changes in production, with the application of power-loading in the 1960s, also brought new hazards. Miners were nevertheless empowered by union voice and public ownership to act with greater vigilance in pursuit of safety and were compensated when missing shifts because of injury or illness. This was unmistakable progress towards greater security in the coalfields.

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