The Indiscriminate Use of an Emergency Contraceptive Pill in the Light of the Integrated Literature Review

Objective: To identify through literature what has caused the indiscriminate use of emergency contraceptives. Method: Bibliographic study of articles published from 2013 to 2019, found in the databases; Bdenf, Lilacs and SciELO, with inclusion and exclusion criteria when 16 articles were selected. Results: The main factors pointed out by the study as a cause for the use of abortion pills were low education, disadvantaged family income with a minimum wage level equal to or less than three minimum wages and the untruthfulness of information acquired in basic health units. Conclusion: It highlights the need to terminate an unwanted pregnancy leading women to misuse of pills that can lead to miscarriage or cause greater harm to womens health who in addition to the pills also seek alternative services such as clandestine clinics to perform abortion and increasing the risk of death due to complications of the procedure.

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Knowledge and Use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills among Bachelor's Level Female Students of Kathmandu Valley

Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.3126/jhp.v8i0.32990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 109-118

Author(s):

Bhu Dev Jha

Keyword(s):

Sexual Intercourse ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Female Students ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Emergency Contraceptives

Emergency Contraceptive Pill (ECP) is used for preventing pregnancy after having unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure or forced sex. The use of ECP within 120 hours of sexual intercourse could prevent unwanted pregnancy and its adverse effects particularly unintended childbirth and unsafe abortion. The study, therefore, aimed to assess knowledge and use of emergency contraceptives among Bachelors level female students from Kathmandu Valley. A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken from August to November 2017 among 347 female students who were studying at the Bachelors's level. A random sampling technique was used to select study participants and a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and use of ECP after securing informed consent. Epi data and SPSS version 22 were used for data processing and analysis. The mean age of the female students was 21.5 years. Overall, 91.4% of the respondents had ever heard about emergency contraceptives. The main sources of information were radio or television, the internet and newspapers. About 4.6% of the undergraduate female students used ECP. Age, marital status, use of contraceptives and knowledge of ECP used within 72 hours were significantly associated with use of ECP. Although the findings of this study showed a high prevalence of knowledge among respondents, the improvement of female students’ knowledge on specific details of ECP and its advantages/disadvantages and timely utilization needs to be considered for any future awareness programmes.

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Clinical Pharmacology of Hormonal Emergency Contraceptive Pills

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/2785839 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Celia M. J. Matyanga ◽

Blessing Dzingirai

Keyword(s):

Clinical Pharmacology ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Emergency Contraception ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Emergency Contraceptives

Emergency contraceptives play a major role in preventing unwanted pregnancy. The use of emergency contraceptives is characterized by myths and lack of knowledge by both health professionals and users. The main objective of this paper is to summarize the clinical pharmacology of hormonal methods of emergency contraception. A literature review was done to describe in detail the mechanism of action, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and drug interactions of hormonal emergency contraceptive pills. This information is useful to healthcare professionals and users to fully understand how hormonal emergency contraceptive methods work.

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LNG Emergency Contraceptive Pills: Risk Factor for Ectopic Pregnancy

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1233 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 87-88

Author(s):

Sunita Ghike ◽

Savita A Somalwar ◽

Sulbha A Joshi ◽

Anjali S Kawthalkar ◽

Sheela H Jain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

South Asian ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pills ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pill ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Protection Rate ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Emergency Contraceptives

ABSTRACT Hormonal emergency contraceptive drugs designed to prevent undesired pregnancy are available over the counter. In spite of availability of various contraceptive techniques, couple protection rate in our country is still inadequate. A large number of couples prefer to use emergency contraceptive pill instead of regular contraceptives. Though hormonal emergency contraceptives pills are highly effective and safe with fewer side effects, their failure rate is high when used in periovulatory period with increased chances of ectopic pregnancy. How to cite this article Jain SH, Ghike S, Gawande MS, Joshi SA, Kawthalkar AS, Somalwar SA. LNG Emergency Contraceptive Pills: Risk Factor for Ectopic Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(2):87-88.

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Emergency contraceptive pill use among women of reproductive age in Pathein, Myanmar

Journal of Health Research ◽

10.1108/jhr-07-2018-0047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 349-358

Author(s):

Khin Wai Wai Htun ◽

Korravarn Yodmai ◽

Pimsurang Taechaboonsermsak

Keyword(s):

Sexual Intercourse ◽

Family Income ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

The Government

Purpose Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) allow a second chance to prevent unwanted pregnancy in unplanned sexual intercourse. Therefore, it helps reduce the rate of induced or unsafe abortions. Although they are available over-the-counter in Myanmar, relevant information remains improperly known by women and its use is limited. The purpose of this paper is to identify the prevalence and associated factors of ECPs use among women of reproductive age in the delta region of Myanmar. Design/methodology/approach This community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Pathein Township, Ayeyarwady Division, Myanmar from March 30 to April 29, 2018. This study was conducted among 238 respondents selected using multistage sampling and face-to-face interviews employed structured questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the associations among variables. Findings The prevalence of ECPs use among reproductive aged women was 11.3 percent. Factors significantly associated with ECPs use were high monthly family income (AOR=4.50, 95% CI=1.31–15.48), condom use (AOR=4.40, 95% CI=1.07–18.16) and never having experienced pregnancy (AOR=6.20, 95% CI=2.06–18.67). Originality/value To improve the use of ECPs, extension of services such as opening hours or working days is needed. The government and NGOs should implement the services to support women who have encountered unplanned sexual intercourse so that unwanted pregnancy can be prevented.

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Kontrasepsi Darurat dan Permasalahannya

Medical Scope Journal ◽

10.35790/msj.3.1.2021.34908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Erna Suparman

Keyword(s):

Emergency Contraception ◽

Intrauterine Device ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Unprotected Sex ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pills ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pill ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Copper Intrauterine Device

Abstract: Emergency contraception is a contraceptive method that can prevent pregnancy if used immediately following unprotected sex. The use of emergency contraception could reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancy by up to 50%. There are two emergency contraceptive methods, including the emergency contraceptive pill and copper intrauterine device (IUD). Emergency contraceptive pills should be taken immediately following unprotected sex and are most effective when taken within 24 hours. IUD as an emergency contraceptive can be applied five days after unprotected sex, and it does not cause abortion. There is no absolute contraindication for emergency contraception except for known pregnancy, and simply because it is ineffective. The efficacy of emergency contraception can be defined by the proportion of women who become pregnant after using this method and the total pregnancy observed after using the method divided by the estimated number of pregnancies that would occur without using the method.Keywords: emergency contraception; sexual intercourse; pregnancy Abstrak: Kontrasepsi darurat dapat mencegah kehamilan bila digunakan segera setelah senggama. Penggunaan kontrasepsi darurat dapat menurunkan angka kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan hingga 50%. Terdapat dua metode kontrasepsi darurat, yaitu pil kontrasepsi darurat dan alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim (AKDR) yang menggunakan tembaga. Pil kontrasepsi darurat harus diberikan sesegera mungkin setelah senggama tidak terlindungi, dan paling efektif bila diberikan dalam waktu 24 jam. AKDR sebagai kontrasepsi darurat dapat dipasang hingga lima hari pasca senggama tidak terlindungi. Kontrasepsi darurat terutama bekerja dengan mencegah fertilisasi, dan tidak menggugurkan kehamilan. Tidak ada kontraindikasi absolut untuk penggunaan kontrasepsi darurat kecuali kehamilan yang diketahui, dan ini hanya karena tidak efektif. Efektivitas kontrasepsi darurat dapat didefinisikan dari proporsi wanita menjadi hamil setelah menggunakan metode ini, dan jumlah kehamilan yang diamati setelah penggunaan dibagi dengan perkiraan jumlah kehamilan yang akan terjadi tanpa penggunaan.Kata kunci: kontrasepsi darurat; senggama; kehamilan

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Assessment of emergency contraceptives utilization and associated factors among female college students at Debre Tabor town

Contraception and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s40834-020-00139-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tadesse Wuletaw Demissie ◽

Araya Mesfin Nigatu ◽

Getnet Mihretie Beyene

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Female Students ◽

Unprotected Sex ◽

College Level ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Contraceptive Utilization ◽

Debre Tabor ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Emergency Contraceptives

Abstract Background Unwanted pregnancy is a significant public health problem worldwide. In higher education, students are exposed to the risk of unintended pregnancy, abortion, and its related negative consequences. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of emergency contraceptives and factors associated with its utilization among college female students at Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional, institutional-based study was conducted from June to October 2017. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was applied to select the study participants. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi info 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the association between the use of emergency contraception and the predictor variables. The P-value less than 0.05 at 95% CI was taken as statistical significance. Results A total of 821 respondents participated with a response rate of 97.6%. The finding showed that 33.3% of them have used emergency contraceptives following unprotected sex. Female students’ knowledge about emergency contraceptive [AOR: 2.3; 95% CI 1.20, 4.25], age with 20–24 years category [AOR: 2.3; 95% CI 1.21, 4.49] and married [AOR: 2.8; 95% CI 1.22, 6.21] and divorced [AOR: 4.9; 95% CI 1.12, 21.08] students were found to be significant predictors of EC utilization. Conclusions This study revealed that the level of emergency contraceptive utilization was low. Students’ level of knowledge about an emergency contraceptive, age at present, and marital status were found to be the major predictor for emergency contraceptive utilization. Therefore, responsible bodies should develop strategies that enhance the knowledge level of students at the college level on the effective utilization of emergency contraceptive methods.

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Determinant of emergency contraceptive practice among female university students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Contraception and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s40834-020-00123-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rekiku Fikre ◽

Belay Amare ◽

Alemu Tamiso ◽

Akalewold Alemayehu

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

University Students ◽

Marital Status ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Positive Association ◽

Female Students ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Emergency Contraceptives ◽

Contraceptive Practice

Abstract Introduction Despite Ethiopia’s government’s commitment to alleviating unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion by increasing holistic reproductive health service accessibility, the rate of unwanted pregnancy among female students in the universities is distressing and becoming a multisectoral concern. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to assess the prevalence and determinant of emergency contraceptive practice among female university students in Ethiopia. Result The overall pooled prevalence of emergency contraceptive practice among female university students in Ethiopia was 34.5% [95% CI [20.8, 48.2%]. The pooled odds ratio showed that positive association between practice of emergency contraceptives with age of the students [OR, 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.98, P = 0.05] Previous contraceptive methods use [OR, 0.22; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.40, P = 0.0001], Marital status [OR, 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40, P < 0.002] and knowledge [OR, 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.37, P < 0.0003]. Conclusion The practice of emergency contraceptives among university female students was 34.5% and explained by knowledge, age, previous use of contraceptive methods and marital status.

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Hemodialysis Patients with Pruritus and Insomnia Have Increased Risk of Death

Blood Purification ◽

10.1159/000505147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 419-425

Author(s):

Olga Hilda Orasan ◽

Flaviu Muresan ◽

Augustin Mot ◽

Adela Sitar Taut ◽

Iulia Minciuna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Study Groups ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Survival Difference ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Laboratory Features ◽

Impact On Survival

Background: Pruritus and insomnia are common disorders in hemodialysis (HD) patients, with a major clinical impact as they are associated with poor quality of life and increased mortality. Their coexistence and impact on survival in HD patients have rarely been investigated. Our aim is to investigate the survival of HD patients presenting either none, one, or both disorders and to compare certain features between these groups. Methods: After the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 170 patients treated by HD or online hemodiafiltration were assigned in 4 study groups depending on the presence of either, neither, or both pruritus and insomnia. We analyzed the survival difference between groups after 20 months, and we searched if there were significant differences in terms of clinical and laboratory features. Results: Survival at 20 months was lower in patients with both pruritus and insomnia. Patients with pruritus alone had a lower Kt/V than those with no complaints or insomnia alone. Those with no complaints had lower C-reactive protein and higher albumin levels than patients with insomnia alone or both conditions. Conclusion: Pruritus and insomnia should be actively investigated and correlated with some clinical and laboratory features as they have a significant impact on survival in HD patients.

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HUBUNGAN PERDARAHAN GASTROINTESTINAL DENGAN LUARAN PASIEN STROKE ISKEMIK AKUT

Majalah Kedokteran Neurosains Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia ◽

10.52386/neurona.v36i2.58 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rico Defryantho ◽

Lisda Amalia ◽

Ahmad Rizal ◽

Suryani Gunadharma ◽

Siti Aminah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Clinical Outcome ◽

Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

History Of ◽

Gcs Score

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE PATIENTABSTRACTIntroduction: Gastrointestinal bleeding associated by the delay in the administration of antiplatelet and anticoagulant, thus affected the clinical outcome and patient treatment.Aims: To find the association between gastrointestinal bleeding and clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patient.Methods: This study was a prospective observational, conducted at Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung in November 2017 to February 2018. Acute ischemic stroke patients that fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria were observed while being treated in the ward and the survival rate and length of stay were studied. This study used univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and stratification analysis.Results: In the study period, 100 acute ischemic stroke patients were found and 24 patients had gastrointestinal bleeding. A history of previous peptic ulcer/gastrointestinal bleeding was found in patient with gastrointestinal bleeding (20.8%). Median NIHSS score was higher (16 vs 7) and GCS score was lower (12 vs 15) in patients with bleeding. Multivariate analysis showed that gastrointestinal bleeding were significantly associated with survival and length of stay. The analysis of stratification showed subjects with infections who later experienced gastrointestinal bleeding had a lower risk of death and length of stay than subjects without infection who experienced gastrointestinal bleeding (1.7 vs 22.5 times and 1.5 vs 2 times).Discussion: Ischemic stroke with gastrointestinal bleeding had higher mortality and length of stay than without gastrointestinal bleeding in acute ischemic stroke patient.Keyword: Acute ischemic stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, length of stay, mortalityABSTRAKPendahuluan: Perdarahan gastrointestinal berhubungan dengan penundaan terapi antiplatelet atau antikoagulan, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap luaran dan tata laksana pasien.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan perdarahan gastrointestinal dengan luaran pasien stroke iskemik akut.Metode: Penelitian prospektif observasional terhadap pasien stroke iskemik akut di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung pada bulan November 2017 hingga Februari 2018. Pasien stroke iskemik akut yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi diobservasi selama perawatan untuk mengetahui survival dan lama perawatan di rumah sakit. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah univariat, bivariat, multivariat, dan stratifikasi.Hasil: Selama periode penelitian didapatkan 100 subjek stroke iskemik akut dengan 24 subjek mengalami perdarahan gastrointestinal. Riwayat ulkus peptikum/perdarahan gastrointestinal sebelumnya sebanyak 20,8% pada perdarahan gastrointestinal. Median skor NIHSS lebih tinggi (16 vs 7) dan skor GCS lebih rendah (12 vs 15) pada perdarahan. Analisis multivariat didapatkan perdarahan gastrointestinal memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan survival dan lama perawatan. Berdasarkan analisis stratifikasi subjek dengan infeksi yang kemudian mengalami perdarahan gastrointestinal memiliki risiko mortalitas dan lama perawatan lebih rendah dibandingkan subjek tanpa infeksi kemudian mengalami perdarahan gastrointestinal (1,7 vs 22,5 kali dan 1,5 vs 2 kali).Diskusi: Stroke iskemik akut yang mengalami perdarahan gastrointestinal memiliki risiko mortalitas dan lama perawatan lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa perdarahan gastrointestinal.Kata kunci: Lama perawatan, mortalitas, perdarahan gastrointestinal, stroke iskemik akut

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Access to the Emergency Contraceptive Pill and Women's Reproductive Health: Evidence From Public Reform in Chile

Demography ◽

10.1215/00703370-9544015 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Damian Clarke ◽

Viviana Salinas

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Health ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Well Being ◽

Public Health Care ◽

Data Sets ◽

Contraceptive Pill ◽

Emergency Contraceptive Pill ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

Women’S Reproductive Health ◽

Women's Reproductive Health

Abstract We examine the sharp expansion in availability of the emergency contraceptive pill in Chile following legalized access through municipal public health care centers. We study the period 2002–2016 and a broad rollout of the emergency contraceptive pill occurring between 2008 and 2011. By combining a number of administrative data sets on health outcomes and pharmaceutical use, and using event-study and difference-in-differences methods, we document that this expansion improved certain classes of women's reproductive health outcomes, notably reducing rates of abortion-related morbidity. These improvements were greater in areas of the country where the rollout of the emergency contraceptive pill was more extensive. We also document some evidence that refusal to provide the emergency contraceptive pill upon a women's request was linked with a worsening in reproductive health outcomes. These results point to the importance of contraceptive access as a determinant of women's reproductive health and well-being and relates to a growing body of work documenting the importance of women's autonomy as a determinant of health.

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