scholarly journals Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyang Lu ◽  
Yaqun Yan ◽  
Fuchun Jian ◽  
Changshen Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Gut and Beyond

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Vyas ◽  
Natarajan Ranganathan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.

scholarly journals Functional genomics of simian malaria parasites and host–parasite interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary R Galinski
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractTwo simian malaria parasite species, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, cause zoonotic infections in Southeast Asia, and they have therefore gained recognition among scientists and public health officials. Notwithstanding, these species and others including Plasmodium coatneyi have served for decades as sources of knowledge on the biology, genetics and evolution of Plasmodium, and the diverse ramifications and outcomes of malaria in their monkey hosts. Experimental analysis of these species can help to fill gaps in knowledge beyond what may be possible studying the human malaria parasites or rodent parasite species. The genome sequences for these simian malaria parasite species were reported during the last decade, and functional genomics research has since been pursued. Here research on the functional genomics analysis involving these species is summarized and their importance is stressed, particularly for understanding host–parasite interactions, and potentially testing novel interventions. Importantly, while Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax can be studied in small New World monkeys, the simian malaria parasites can be studied more effectively in the larger Old World monkey macaque hosts, which are more closely related to humans. In addition to ex vivo analyses, experimental scenarios can include passage through Anopheline mosquito hosts and longitudinal infections in monkeys to study acute and chronic infections, as well as relapses, all in the context of the in vivo host environment. Such experiments provide opportunities for understanding functional genomic elements that govern host–parasite interactions, immunity and pathogenesis in-depth, addressing hypotheses not possible from in vitro cultures or cross-sectional clinical studies with humans.

scholarly journals Parasite Microbiome Project: Systematic Investigation of Microbiome Dynamics within and across Parasite-Host Interactions

mSystems ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolwenn M. Dheilly ◽  
Daniel Bolnick ◽  
Seth Bordenstein ◽  
Paul J. Brindley ◽  
Cédric Figuères ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Host Parasite

ABSTRACT Understanding how microbiomes affect host resistance, parasite virulence, and parasite-associated diseases requires a collaborative effort between parasitologists, microbial ecologists, virologists, and immunologists. We hereby propose the Parasite Microbiome Project to bring together researchers with complementary expertise and to study the role of microbes in host-parasite interactions. Understanding how microbiomes affect host resistance, parasite virulence, and parasite-associated diseases requires a collaborative effort between parasitologists, microbial ecologists, virologists, and immunologists. We hereby propose the Parasite Microbiome Project to bring together researchers with complementary expertise and to study the role of microbes in host-parasite interactions. Data from the Parasite Microbiome Project will help identify the mechanisms driving microbiome variation in parasites and infected hosts and how that variation is associated with the ecology and evolution of parasites and their disease outcomes. This is a call to arms to prevent fragmented research endeavors, encourage best practices in experimental approaches, and allow reliable comparative analyses across model systems. It is also an invitation to foundations and national funding agencies to propel the field of parasitology into the microbiome/metagenomic era.

Population interactions between a parasitic castrator, Probopyrus pandalicola (Isopoda: Bopyridae), and one of its freshwater shrimp hosts, Palaemonetes paludosus (Decapoda: Caridea)

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Host Population ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Freshwater Shrimp ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Population Interactions ◽  
Parasitic Castrator ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYFreshwater shrimp, Palaemonetes paludosus, infected by the bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola, occurred as far as 33 km upstream in many coastal rivers and canals throughout Florida. Free-swimming isopod larvae and the intermediate copepod host, Acartia tonsa, were collected in the plankton of the Wakulla River, and it appeared that cryptoniscus larvae swam at least as far as 13 km upstream to infect the definitive shrimp host after leaving the copepod in brackish water. In the Wakulla River infection levels ranged from 87·5 to 100%. In contrast, at McBride's Slough infection levels fluctuated from 0·9 to 93·2%. In the St Marks River the frequency of infected shrimp gradually increased from 0% upstream to 96%, 6 km further downstream. A significantly greater percentage of female than male hosts were infected, but only females of size classes less than 31 mm long had a greater frequency of infection. Female P. pandalicola were greatly under-dispersed (coefficient of dispersion (s2/x¯) less than 1) throughout the host population; 99·6% of the infected hosts carried only 1 female parasite. Control of P. pandalicola at the infrapopulation level is probably accomplished by some mode of intraspecific competition, and control at the suprapopulation level occurs through an upstream limitation of the transmission range of the cryptoniscus larval stage. Host–parasite interactions appear to be unstable.

scholarly journals Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1821) ◽  
pp. 20152097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja-Riikka Louhi ◽  
Lotta-Riina Sundberg ◽  
Jukka Jokela ◽  
Anssi Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Parasite Fitness ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Infection Focus ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Virulent Parasite

Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host–parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co-infections compared with single infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co-infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G × G interactions among co-infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.

scholarly journals Functional Intricacy and Symmetry of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Parasitic Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Seun Olajide ◽  
Bolatito Olopade ◽  
Jianping Cai
Keyword(s):  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Landscapes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Molecular Crosstalk

RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our understanding for future works on host and parasite long non-coding RNAs.

scholarly journals Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 200172
Author(s):  
Numair Masud ◽  
Laura Hayes ◽  
Davide Crivelli ◽  
Stephen Grigg ◽  
Jo Cable
Keyword(s):  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive global pollutant that has been detected in every major habitat on the planet. Detrimental impacts of noise pollution on physiology, immunology and behaviour have been shown in terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Equivalent research on aquatic organisms has until recently been stunted by the misnomer of a silent underwater world. In fish, however, noise pollution can lead to stress, hearing loss, behavioural changes and impacted immunity. But, the functional effects of this impacted immunity on disease resistance due to noise exposure have remained neglected. Parasites that cause transmissible disease are key drivers of ecosystem biodiversity and a significant factor limiting the sustainable expansion of the animal trade. Therefore, understanding how a pervasive stressor is impacting host–parasite interactions will have far-reaching implications for global animal health. Here, we investigated the impact of acute and chronic noise on vertebrate susceptibility to parasitic infections, using a model host–parasite system (guppy– Gyrodactylus turnbulli ). Hosts experiencing acute noise suffered significantly increased parasite burden compared with those in no noise treatments. By contrast, fish experiencing chronic noise had the lowest parasite burden. However, these hosts died significantly earlier compared with those exposed to acute and no noise treatments. By revealing the detrimental impacts of acute and chronic noise on host–parasite interactions, we add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a link between noise pollution and reduced animal health.

scholarly journals The evolution of host protection by vertically transmitted parasites

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1707) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward O. Jones ◽  
Andrew White ◽  
Michael Boots
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Host Protection ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Selective Effects

Hosts are often infected by a variety of different parasites, leading to competition for hosts and coevolution between parasite species. There is increasing evidence that some vertically transmitted parasitic symbionts may protect their hosts from further infection and that this protection may be an important reason for their persistence in nature. Here, we examine theoretically when protection is likely to evolve and its selective effects on other parasites. Our key result is that protection is most likely to evolve in response to horizontally transmitted parasites that cause a significant reduction in host fecundity. The preponderance of sterilizing horizontally transmitted parasites found in arthropods may therefore explain the evolution of protection seen by their symbionts. We also find that protection is more likely to evolve in response to highly transmissible parasites that cause intermediate, rather than high, virulence (increased death rate when infected). Furthermore, intermediate levels of protection select for faster, more virulent horizontally transmitted parasites, suggesting that protective symbionts may lead to the evolution of more virulent parasites in nature. When we allow for coevolution between the symbiont and the parasite, more protection is likely to evolve in the vertically transmitted symbionts of longer lived hosts. Therefore, if protection is found to be common in nature, it has the potential to be a major selective force on host–parasite interactions.

scholarly journals Fitness costs of disrupting circadian rhythms in malaria parasites

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1717) ◽  
pp. 2429-2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan J. O'Donnell ◽  
Petra Schneider ◽  
Harriet G. McWatters ◽  
Sarah E. Reece
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Host Parasite

Circadian biology assumes that biological rhythms maximize fitness by enabling organisms to coordinate with their environment. Despite circadian clocks being such a widespread phenomenon, demonstrating the fitness benefits of temporal coordination is challenging and such studies are rare. Here, we tested the consequences—for parasites—of being temporally mismatched to host circadian rhythms using the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi . The cyclical nature of malaria infections is well known, as the cell cycles across parasite species last a multiple of approximately 24 h, but the evolutionary explanations for periodicity are poorly understood. We demonstrate that perturbation of parasite rhythms results in a twofold cost to the production of replicating and transmission stages. Thus, synchronization with host rhythms influences in-host survival and between-host transmission potential, revealing a role for circadian rhythms in the evolution of host–parasite interactions. More generally, our results provide a demonstration of the adaptive value of circadian rhythms and the utility of using an evolutionary framework to understand parasite traits.

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