Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive global pollutant that has been detected in every major habitat on the planet. Detrimental impacts of noise pollution on physiology, immunology and behaviour have been shown in terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Equivalent research on aquatic organisms has until recently been stunted by the misnomer of a silent underwater world. In fish, however, noise pollution can lead to stress, hearing loss, behavioural changes and impacted immunity. But, the functional effects of this impacted immunity on disease resistance due to noise exposure have remained neglected. Parasites that cause transmissible disease are key drivers of ecosystem biodiversity and a significant factor limiting the sustainable expansion of the animal trade. Therefore, understanding how a pervasive stressor is impacting host–parasite interactions will have far-reaching implications for global animal health. Here, we investigated the impact of acute and chronic noise on vertebrate susceptibility to parasitic infections, using a model host–parasite system (guppy– Gyrodactylus turnbulli ). Hosts experiencing acute noise suffered significantly increased parasite burden compared with those in no noise treatments. By contrast, fish experiencing chronic noise had the lowest parasite burden. However, these hosts died significantly earlier compared with those exposed to acute and no noise treatments. By revealing the detrimental impacts of acute and chronic noise on host–parasite interactions, we add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a link between noise pollution and reduced animal health.

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Non-linear phenomena in host—parasite interactions

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000083426 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 99 (S1) ◽

pp. S59-S79 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

R. M. Anderson ◽

R. M. May ◽

S. Gupta

Keyword(s):

Control Measure ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽

Control Measures ◽

Developmental Cycle ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Control Effort ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Non Linear ◽

Host Parasite ◽

The Impact

SUMMARYThe paper examines non-linear dynamical phenomena in host—parasite interactions by reference to a series of different problems ranging from the impact on transmission of control measures based on vaccination and chemotherapy, to the effects of immunological responses targeted at different stages in a parasite's life-cycle. Throughout, simple mathematical models are employed to aid in interpretation. Analyses reveal that the influence of a defined control measure on the prevalence or intensity of infection, whether vaccination or drug treatment, is non-linearly related to the magnitude of control effort (as defined by the proportion of individuals vaccinated or treated with a drug). Consideration of the relative merits of gametocyte and sporozoite vaccines against malarial parasites suggests that very high levels of cohort immunization will be required to block transmission in endemic areas, with the former type of vaccine being more effective in reducing transmission for a defined level of coverage and the latter being better with respect to a reduction in morbidity. The inclusion of genetic elements in analyses of the transmission of helminth parasites reveals complex non-linear patterns of change in the abundance of different parasite genotypes under selection pressures imposed by either the host immunological defences or the application of chemotherapeutic agents. When resistance genes are present in parasite populations, the degree to which abundance can be suppressed by chemotherapy depends critically on the frequency and intensity of application, with intermediate values of the former being optimal. A more detailed consideration of the impact of immunological defences on parasite population growth within an individual host, by reference to the erythrocytic cycle of malaria, suggests that the effectiveness of a given immunological response is inversely related to the life-expectancy of the target stage in the parasite's developmental cycle.

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Assessment of Traffic Noise Pollution Due to Urban Residential Road Transport

Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure ◽

10.2478/rjti-2019-0002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 34-52

Author(s):

Elena Lezhneva ◽

Katerina Vakulenko ◽

Andrii Galkin

Keyword(s):

Noise Exposure ◽

Traffic Noise ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

National Income ◽

Noise Pollution ◽

Road Transport ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Residential Areas ◽

Noise Emission ◽

The Impact

Abstract The problem of combating urban noise is closely linked to the rational transformation of the urban environment, which must go through the elimination or reduction of the number of sources of noise, the localization of the noise emission zone, reducing the level of sound sources and protection against noise for the residential areas. Theoretical and experimental studies of acoustic loading on the territory along the highway for the typical section of the urban territory have been conducted. To estimate the complex noise impact from all sources and from individual sources, as well as to predict the total noise exposure for this site, a noise map was constructed using software. As a measure to combat traffic noise in the territory along the highway, the location of the noise protection screen was justified, taking into account the loss of part of the national income as a result of the continuous impact of noise on a person.The results of the research allow to assess the degree of technogenic impact of noise pollution during the operation of the highway, which allows regulating, by administrative and legislative methods, the nature of the impact on natural objects and human health of certain types of activities, as well as reasonably proposing measures that ensure environmental safety when organizing urban streets traffic.

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Co-evolution between mosquitoes and microsporidian transmission strategies

10.35662/unine-thesis-2665 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Giacomo Zilio

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Life History Evolution ◽

Induced Response ◽

Ecological Conditions ◽

Transmission Strategy ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Key Aspects ◽

Host Parasite ◽

The Impact

Parasite and host impose strong selection on each other. The first causes damages and mortality to the host, while the second responds by reducing the detrimental effects and the intensity and/or success of infection. The resulting co-evolutionary dynamics are profoundly affected by the ecological conditions, for these may influence many aspects of host-parasite interactions including life history evolution, virulence and transmission. It is therefore essential to study and incorporate environmental variation in the field of parasitology to gain an exhaustive understanding of how host and parasite evolve. In this thesis, a single generation and an evolutionary experimental approach were used to investigate the impact of the ecological and epidemiological conditions on several aspects of host-parasite interactions, with the main focus on parasite transmission strategies. Firstly, it was examined the effect of the availability of resources for the host, timing of infection, and co-infection on the virulence and transmission success of two parasites with conflicting transmission strategy. Next, it was tested how the environment influenced the trade-off between vertical and horizontal transmission in a parasite with a mixed mode of transmission and it was assessed the genetic contribution of the host to its transmission mode. Whether the vertical and horizontal component of this parasite and the associated virulence responded to restriction opportunities, represented by different availability of resources over several generations, was investigated with an evolutionary experiment. Finally, the presence of a plastically parasite-induced response on the recombination rate of the host as a potential cross-generational defence mechanism was explored. The experiments cover many key aspects of host-parasite interactions and emphasize the role of the ecological conditions on shaping these relationships. The results and their implications are discussed in detail throughout the thesis. Overall, this work highlights the dependence of crucial aspects of host-parasite interactions from the epidemiological and ecological conditions. Disentangling the various forces surrounding these interactions may help us to acquire a better knowledge of how a changing environment may drive the evolution of both host and parasite.

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Mapping of host-parasite-microbiome interactions reveals metabolic determinants of tropism and tolerance in Chagas disease

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aaz2015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (30) ◽

pp. eaaz2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Hossain ◽

S. Khanam ◽

D. A. Dean ◽

C. Wu ◽

S. Lostracco-Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chagas Disease ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Effects ◽

Parasite Burden ◽

Acute Stage ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

Cardiac Strain ◽

Host Parasite ◽

The Impact

Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa, presenting with cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, and/or megacolon. To determine the mechanisms of gastrointestinal (GI) CD tissue tropism, we systematically characterized the spatial localization of infection-induced metabolic and microbiome alterations, in a mouse model of CD. Notably, the impact of the transition between acute and persistent infection differed between tissue sites, with sustained large-scale effects of infection in the esophagus and large intestine, providing a potential mechanism for the tropism of CD within the GI tract. Infection affected acylcarnitine metabolism; carnitine supplementation prevented acute-stage CD mortality without affecting parasite burden by mitigating infection-induced metabolic disturbances and reducing cardiac strain. Overall, results identified a previously-unknown mechanism of disease tolerance in CD, with potential for new therapeutic regimen development. More broadly, results highlight the potential of spatially resolved metabolomics to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and infectious disease drug development.

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PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS ON SCAFFOLDING CAUSED BY NOISE EXPOSURE

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management ◽

10.3846/jcem.2018.5716 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 437-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marek Jabłoński ◽

Iwona Szer ◽

Jacek Szer

Keyword(s):

Noise Exposure ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Noise Pollution ◽

Sound Level ◽

Work Environments ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Sound Levels ◽

Safety Risks ◽

Noise Measurements ◽

The Impact

The paper presents the results of measurements for one hundred and ten scaffolds located in five cities in different parts of Poland. Measurements were made between April of 2016 and October of 2017. The environmental tests performed on scaffoldings were focused mainly on the sound level. The parameters on which we base our analysis are the value of C-weighted peak sound levels and daily noise exposure level. The noise that affects construction workers on scaffolding may influence the behaviour of workers and increase the risk of accidents. And at the same time, noise exposure laws facilitate identification of high noise-emitting activities and provide effective preventive measures that reduce noise pollution and improve work environments. The analyses carried out confirmed the qualitatively expected dependencies, and allowed us to quantify the impact of noise to which scaffolding workers are exposed. In summary, noise measurements on scaffoldings can be a valuable aid in improving working conditions. The analysis of research results allows understanding hazards related to noise in an accessible way. They provide the opportunity to modify the professional environment so that it is more employee-friendly and does not expose them to problems occurring in a noisy work environment.

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Functional Intricacy and Symmetry of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Parasitic Infections

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.751523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua Seun Olajide ◽

Bolatito Olopade ◽

Jianping Cai

Keyword(s):

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Host Responses ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Dynamic Landscapes ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Molecular Crosstalk

RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our understanding for future works on host and parasite long non-coding RNAs.

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Evolution of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2016.1136 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 283 (1839) ◽

pp. 20161136 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

R. Pigeault ◽

R. Garnier ◽

A. Rivero ◽

S. Gandon

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Vertebrate Species ◽

Invertebrate Species ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Expected Longevity ◽

Host Parasite ◽

The Impact ◽

Evolution Of Immunity

Over a decade ago, the discovery of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates shifted existing paradigms on the lack of sophistication of their immune system. Nonetheless, the prevalence of this trait and the ecological factors driving its evolution in invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical host–parasite model and predict that long lifespan and low dispersal should promote the evolution of transgenerational immunity. We also predict that in species that produce both philopatric and dispersing individuals, it may pay to have a plastic allocation strategy with a higher transgenerational immunity investment in philopatric offspring because they are more likely to encounter locally adapted pathogens. We review all experimental studies published to date, comprising 21 invertebrate species in nine different orders, and we show that, as expected, longevity and dispersal correlate with the transfer of immunity to offspring. The validity of our prediction regarding the plasticity of investment in transgenerational immunity remains to be tested in invertebrates, but also in vertebrate species. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of the evolution of immunity, and we suggest further avenues of research to expand our knowledge of the impact of transgenerational immune protection in host–parasite interactions.

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Large, rapidly evolving gene families are at the forefront of host–parasite interactions inApicomplexa

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182014001528 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 142 (S1) ◽

pp. S57-S70 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

ADAM J REID

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Malaria Parasite ◽

Gene Expression Regulation ◽

Protein Localization ◽

Animal Health ◽

Gene Families ◽

Sequence Diversity ◽

Genomic Context ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Host Parasite

SUMMARYTheApicomplexais a phylum of parasitic protozoa, which includes the malaria parasitePlasmodium, amongst other species that can devastate human and animal health. The past decade has seen the release of genome sequences for many of the most important apicomplexan species, providing an excellent basis for improving our understanding of their biology. One of the key features of each genome is a unique set of large, variant gene families. Although closely related species share the same families, even different types of malaria parasite have distinct families. In some species they tend to be found at the ends of chromosomes, which may facilitate aspects of gene expression regulation and generation of sequence diversity. In others they are scattered apparently randomly across chromosomes. For some families there is evidence they are involved in antigenic variation, immune regulation and immune evasion. For others there are no known functions. Even where function is unknown these families are most often predicted to be exposed to the host, contain much sequence diversity and evolve rapidly. Based on these properties it is clear that they are at the forefront of host–parasite interactions. In this review I compare and contrast the genomic context, gene structure, gene expression, protein localization and function of these families across different species.

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Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.751481 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Chenyang Lu ◽

Yaqun Yan ◽

Fuchun Jian ◽

Changshen Ning

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Parasite Species ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Two Factors ◽

Host Parasite ◽

And Control

As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.

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A unifying framework for the transient parasite dynamics of migratory hosts

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1908777117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (20) ◽

pp. 10897-10903

Author(s):

Stephanie J. Peacock ◽

Martin Krkošek ◽

Mark A. Lewis ◽

Péter K. Molnár

Keyword(s):

Disease Risk ◽

Animal Health ◽

Parasite Burden ◽

Parasite Development ◽

Long Distance ◽

Migratory Patterns ◽

The Impact ◽

Insight Into ◽

Parasite Dynamics ◽

Migratory Wildlife

Migrations allow animals to track seasonal changes in resources, find mates, and avoid harsh climates, but these regular, long-distance movements also have implications for parasite dynamics and animal health. Migratory animals have been dubbed “superspreaders” of infection, but migration can also reduce parasite burdens within host populations via migratory escape from contaminated habitats and transmission hotspots, migratory recovery due to parasite mortality, and migratory culling of infected individuals. Here, we show that a single migratory host–macroparasite model can give rise to these different phenomena under different parametrizations, providing a unifying framework for a mechanistic understanding of the parasite dynamics of migratory animals. Importantly, our model includes the impact of parasite burden on host movement capability during migration, which can lead to “parasite-induced migratory stalling” due to a positive feedback between increasing parasite burdens and reduced movement. Our results provide general insight into the conditions leading to different health outcomes in migratory wildlife. Our approach lays the foundation for tactical models that can help understand, predict, and mitigate future changes of disease risk in migratory wildlife that may arise from shifting migratory patterns, loss of migratory behavior, or climate effects on parasite development, mortality, and transmission.

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