scholarly journals Groundwater Hydrograph Decomposition With the HydroSight Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feihe Kong ◽  
Jinxi Song ◽  
Russell S. Crosbie ◽  
Olga Barron ◽  
David Schafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Groundwater Level Changes ◽  
Over Time

Groundwater, the most important water resource and the largest distributed store of fresh water in the world, supports sustainability of groundwater-dependent ecosystems and resilient and sustainable economy of the future. However, groundwater level decline in many parts of world has occurred as a result of a combination of climate change, land cover change and groundwater abstraction from aquifers. This study investigates the determination of the contributions of these factors to the groundwater level changes with the HydroSight model. The unconfined superficial aquifer in the Gnangara region in Western Australia was used as a case study. It was found that rainfall dominates long-term (1992–2014) groundwater level changes and the contribution rate of rainfall reduced because the rainfall decreased over time. The mean rainfall contribution rate is 77% for climate and land cover analysis and 90% for climate and pumping analysis. Secondly, the increasing groundwater pumping activities had a significant influence on groundwater level and its mean contribution rate on groundwater level decline is -23%. The land cover changes had limited influence on long-term groundwater level changes and the contribution rate is stable over time with a mean of 2%. Results also showed spatial heterogeneity: the groundwater level changes were mainly influenced by rainfall and groundwater pumping in the southern study region, and the groundwater level changes were influenced by the combination of rainfall, land cover and groundwater pumping in the northern study region. This research will assist in developing a quantitative understanding of the influences of different factors on groundwater level changes in any aquifer in the world.

scholarly journals A Century of Forest Regrowth and Snow Loss Alters the Cooling Effect of Historical Land Use in the Upper Midwest

Ecosystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1056-1074
Author(s):  
Bethany J. Blakely ◽  
Adrian V. Rocha ◽  
Jason S. McLachalan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Forest Regrowth ◽  
Historical Land Use ◽  
Over Time

AbstractAnthropogenic land use affects climate by altering the energy balance of the Earth’s surface. In temperate regions, cooling from increased albedo is a common result of historical land-use change. However, this albedo cooling effect is dependent mainly on the exposure of snow cover following forest canopy removal and may change over time due to simultaneous changes in both land cover and snow cover. In this paper, we combine modern remote sensing data and historical records, incorporating over 100 years of realized land use and climatic change into an empirical assessment of centennial-scale surface forcings in the Upper Midwestern USA. We show that, although increases in surface albedo cooled through strong negative shortwave forcings, those forcings were reduced over time by a combination of forest regrowth and snow-cover loss. Deforestation cooled strongly (− 5.3 Wm−2) and mainly in winter, while composition shift cooled less strongly (− 3.03 Wm−2) and mainly in summer. Combined, changes in albedo due to deforestation, shifts in species composition, and the return of historical forest cover resulted in − 2.81 Wm−2 of regional radiative cooling, 55% less than full deforestation. Forcings due to changing vegetation were further reduced by 0.32 Wm−2 of warming from a shortened snow-covered season and a thinning of seasonal snowpack. Our findings suggest that accounting for long-term changes in land cover and snow cover reduces the estimated cooling impact of deforestation, with implications for long-term land-use planning.

Estimating surface displacement in the Hanshin area, Japan, by PS-InSAR analysis using satellite Sentinel-1 data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Shigemitsu ◽  
Kazuya Ishitsuka ◽  
Weiren Lin
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Active Segment ◽  
2018 Northern Osaka Earthquake ◽  
Groundwater Level Changes

<p>The 2018 northern Osaka earthquake with a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck on June 18, 2018 in northern Osaka, causing enormous damage. SAR interferometry using satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data can detect surface displacement distribution over a wide area and is effective for observing surface displacement during an earthquake. On the other hand, it is also important to observe the tendency of long-term surface displacement around active faults on a yearly basis in order to monitor the deformation at and around active faults. In this study, we used persistent scatter SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) to clarify the recent surface displacement including before and after the 2018 northern Osaka earthquake near the Arima-Takatsuki Fault Zone and the Mt. Rokko active segment, near the epicenter of the earthquake. PS-InSAR analysis is a method that analyzes coherent pixels only, and can extract surface displacements with less noise than the conventional two-pass SAR interferometry. By using Sentinel-1 data, we expect to understand a long-term surface displacement and temporal changes in displacement pattern by comparing with the results using other satellites in previous studies. As a result of our analysis, we found that (i) ground subsidence occurred near the Mt. Rokko active segment, (ii) subsidence or eastward displacement occurred in the eastern part of the Takarazuka GNSS station, (iii) surface displacement in the wedge-shaped area located between the Arima-Takatsuki Fault Zone and the Mt. Rokko active segment is suggested to be caused by groundwater level changes, (iv) groundwater level changes may have caused surface displacement considered to be uplift in the wide area between the Ikoma Fault Zone and Uemachi Fault Zone, and (v) slip of the source fault may have caused surface displacement around the epicenter of the 2018 northern Osaka earthquake. Furthermore, we validated the estimated surface displacements by comparison with GNSS measurements and previous studies. These results suggest that surface displacement near the Arima-Takatsuki fault zone was caused by the 2018 northern Osaka earthquake. In order to reveal the mechanism of surface displacement in the vicinity of the fault, it is necessary to continue to monitor the surface displacement in this area using time-series SAR interferometry.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>We acknowledge Sentinel-1 data provided from the European Space Agency (ESA) based on the open data policy.</p>

Leaving the village on migration

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-197
Author(s):  
Camilla Toulmin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Village ◽  
Time Away ◽  
Over Time

The Sahel has been a region of movement for millennia, as people cope with drought, search for better land, and seek out new economic opportunities. People move from rural to urban areas and from Mali to elsewhere in West Africa. For the people of Dlonguébougou (DBG), migration has become much more significant since 1980. Increasing numbers of people have left the village permanently, and their children will be urban dwellers. As described through interviews, both men and women want to spend some time away from the village, exploring the world and earning some cash. Becoming a long-term migrant is not usually a one-off choice, but a process over time, which leads one to stay away. Migrant earnings are key to purchase of assets and buying personal goods such as a motorbike, clothes, and mobile phones. For some, they say they see no future in bush villages like DBG.

Impacts of heavy groundwater pumping on hydrogeological conditions in Libya: Past and present development and future prognosis on a regional scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-296
Author(s):  
Yousef M. Elgzeli ◽  
Tomáš Ondovčin ◽  
Zbyněk Hrkal ◽  
Jiří Krásný ◽  
Jiří Mls
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Hydrogeological Conditions ◽  
Piezometric Surface ◽  
Social Importance

Abstract Elgzeli, Y.M., Ondovčin, T., Hrkal, Z., Krasny, J. and Mls, J. 2011. Impacts of heavy groundwater pumping on hydrogeological conditions in Libya: Past and present development and future prognosis on a regional scale. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63 (2), 283-296. Warszawa. Libya, like many other regions with arid climates, suffers from inadequate water resources to cover all the needs of this rapidly developing country. Increasing amounts of water are needed to supply the population, as well as for agricultural irrigation and industrial use. As groundwater is the main water source in the country, it represents a natural resource of the highest economic and social importance. Conceptual and numerical models were implemented on a regional scale to show how the natural situation has changed following heavy groundwater abstraction during the last decades in the northwestern part of the country. The results of the numerical model indicated that the current zones of depression of the piezometric surface could have been caused by smaller withdrawn amounts than previously estimated. The differences in the assessed withdrawn groundwater volumes seem to be quite high and might have a considerable influence on the future possibilities of groundwater use in the study region.

scholarly journals Challenges of health care systems and health cooperatives in international and national context

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-243
Author(s):  
Milorad Stamenovic
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
National Context ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

This paper presents different models of health systems in the world as well as selected important challenges that they face. Also, the paper presents historical and modern concepts of development of health cooperatives in selected countries, including the Republic of Serbia. Observing the long-term sustainability of different models of health systems, certain weaknesses are pointed out, but also the significant role of health cooperatives in these systems over time, both in the international and national context. A view of the work of health cooperatives during the COVID-19 pandemic in selected countries is presented with examples of innovations in organizational terms that health cooperatives have applied in order to increase efficiency and to respond to business and health challenges posed by the pandemic. A potential answer to the presented weaknesses of health systems is to consider establishing and strengthening health cooperatives, having in mind their role in those systems throughout history, with special reference to the Republic of Serbia where health cooperatives were founded during the 19th century. However, although Serbian health cooperatives were a model for the development of health cooperatives in the world, since 1949 health cooperatives in Serbia are almost non-existent. Following the genesis of the development of these organizations and their modern role in societies around the world, the conclusions indicate the flexibility and resilience of health cooperatives to adapt to new socio-economic conditions, innovation of these organizations shown over time, importance and contribution to societies during their history and during the emerging pandemic. Also, the need for a change in public policies is pointed out, which would enable the establishment of a larger number of health cooperatives in the Republic of Serbia in response to the growing challenges of the health system, following the example of the world.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of foreign experience in accounting of machine and tractor fleet depreciation in agricultural organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
A. A. Efremov ◽  
I. L. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Conceptual Overview ◽  
Repair Cycle ◽  
Over Time

The article presents a conceptual overview of modern approaches to accounting for depreciation of machine and tractor fleet in agrarian production used in different countries of the world. The emphasis is placed on the agricultural specifics, which determines the use of certain methods and tools for calculating depreciation charges. The mechanism of the influence of the operating conditions of agricultural machinery on the choice of the organization’s depreciation policy, as well as the distinctive principles of management accounting for depreciation at agricultural enterprises, is disclosed, the possibilities of taking into account a number of specific factors in the process of determining depreciation are considered – inflation, uneven operation of equipment, its repair cycle, etc. The problem of scientifically based distribution of the value of long-term assets over time is touched upon.

scholarly journals Statistical modeling of spatial and temporal vulnerability of groundwater level in the Gaza Strip (Palestine)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Najjar ◽  
Gokmen Ceribasi ◽  
Emrah Dogan ◽  
Khalid Qahman ◽  
Mazen Abualtayef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Groundwater Balance ◽  
The Gaza Strip

Abstract The water supply in the Gaza Strip substantially depends on the groundwater resource of the Gaza coastal aquifer. The climate changes and the over-exploiting processes negatively impact the recovery of the groundwater balance. The climate variability is characterized by the decline in the precipitation by −5.2% and an increase in the temperature by +1 °C in the timeframe of 2020–2040. The potential evaporation and the sunshine period are expected to increase by about 111 mm and 5 hours, respectively, during the next 20 years. However, the atmosphere is predicted to be drier where the relative humidity will fall by a trend of −8% in 20 years. The groundwater abstraction is predicted to increase by 55% by 2040. The response of the groundwater level to climate change and groundwater pumping was evaluated using a model of a 20-neuron ANN with a performance of the correlation coefficient (r)=0.95–0.99 and the root mean square error (RMSE)=0.09–0.21. Nowadays, the model reveals that the groundwater level ranges between −0.38 and −18.5 m and by 2040 it is expected to reach −1.13 and −28 m below MSL at the northern and southern governorates of the Gaza Strip, respectively.

Adolescence Alone?

Teen Spirit ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 144-166
Author(s):  
Paul Howe
Keyword(s):  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Adolescent Society ◽  
Over Time

This chapter addresses some key forces reshaping society over the past century (or more) that have combined with the rise of adolescent character traits in interesting and often unexpected ways to produce the adolescent society we see all around us today. The critical development was the articulation and dissemination of a philosophy that rejects entrenched privilege and tradition in favor of individual freedom. Personal autonomy and freedom of choice for all — or more simply liberalism, in the classical sense of the term — became the defining principles of the modern age. Other leading thinkers seeking to understand the state of today's society focus less on abstract philosophical ideals and more on the material realities that shape our lives. One prominent perspective holds that the main force of change is capitalism, now the dominant economic system in most parts of the world. In thinking about other factors that can help us better understand the evolution of the adolescent society, there is one that deserves special extended attention: the dramatic expansion in educational opportunities for people of all backgrounds. One trend that has puzzled many observers is the long-term decline in political engagement even as education levels have risen steadily over time.

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