scholarly journals Targeting Low-Phytate Soybean Genotypes Without Compromising Desirable Phosphorus-Acquisition Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireadili Kuerban ◽  
Wenfeng Jiao ◽  
Jiayin Pang ◽  
Jingying Jing ◽  
Li-Juan Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Food And Feed

Phytate-phosphorus (P) in food and feed is not efficiently utilized by humans and non-ruminant livestock, potentially contributing to high losses of P to the environment. Crops with high P-acquisition efficiency can access soil P effectively. It remains elusive whether crop genotypes with high P-acquisition efficiency can also have low seed phytate concentrations. A core collection of 256 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes from China with diverse genetic background were grown in the same environment and seeds were sampled to screen for seed phytate-P concentration. Some of these genotypes were also grown in a low-P soil in the glasshouse to measure root morphological and physiological traits related to P acquisition. Large genotypic variation was found in seed phytate-P concentration (0.69–5.49 mg P g–1 dry weight), total root length, root surface area, rhizosheath carboxylates, and acid phosphatase activity in rhizosheath soil. Geographically, seed phytate-P concentration was the highest for the genotypes from Hainan Province, whereas it was the lowest for the genotypes from Inner Mongolia. Seed phytate-P concentration showed no correlation with any desirable root traits associated with enhanced P acquisition. Two genotypes (Siliyuan and Diliuhuangdou-2) with both low phytate concentrations and highly desirable P-acquisition traits were identified. This is the first study to show that some soybean genotypes have extremely low seed phytate concentrations, combined with important root traits for efficient P acquisition, offering material for breeding genotypes with low seed phytate-P concentrations.

scholarly journals Novel approaches to improving growth of pasture legumes at low phosphorus levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
S.N. Nichols ◽  
J.R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Strategies to reduce the economic and environmental costs of phosphate (P) fertiliser use in mixed pastures through plant breeding are focussed on inefficiencies in the legume component. One approach is breeding within white clover for root systems with improved P acquisition properties. Selection for root length per unit root weight (specific root length, SRL) showed that higher SRL plants could retain more biomass in the above ground fraction with decreasing soil P, whereas plants with lower SRL diverted more biomass to roots. Back cross 1 (BC1) generation interspecific hybrids between white clover and a wild relative, Trifolium uniflorum L., may possess additional root traits influencing P acquisition. In glasshouse experiments, some T. repens × T. uniflorum hybrids, back-crossed to white clover, also exhibited higher shoot dry weight than their white clover cultivar parents at low nutrient supply levels and low to intermediate soil Olsen P. This, combined with low internal P concentrations, suggests some BC1 hybrids may be more tolerant of low soil P than white clover. Differences in both P acquisition ability and internal P use efficiency may contribute to the observed yield differences. There are good prospects for delivery of new-generation clover cultivars with improved phosphate use efficiency to New Zealand farmers. Keywords: phosphorus, white clover, Trifolium uniflorum, interspecific

Genotypic differences in phosphorus acquisition efficiency and root performance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under low-phosphorus stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolang Chen ◽  
Qinghui Wang ◽  
Heike Bücking ◽  
Jiandong Sheng ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
Cotton Genotypes

Low availability of phosphorus (P) is a major constraint to production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The extent to which genotypic variation in root traits exists or contributes to P-acquisition efficiency (PAE) in cotton is unknown. To assess genetic variation in PAE, the biomass and P-acquisition characteristics of 32 cotton genotypes were evaluated in a hydroponic experiment. Significant genotypic variation in biomass and P content was detected among the cotton genotypes in two seasons. We then conducted a 2-year pot experiment to compare P-efficiency traits between three P-efficient and two P-inefficient genotypes under P-deficient and P-sufficient conditions (0 and 75 mg P2O5 kg–1 soil, respectively). We detected significant differences in biomass accumulation and allocation, P accumulation and allocation, root traits and PAE among the five cotton genotypes under P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Compared with P-inefficient genotypes, P-efficient genotypes had longer surface fine roots, and greater total root surface area, total root length, surface root length, and P concentration (partitioning index) in bolls. Root morphology, especially surface fine root length and middle root length, played an important role in P uptake under P-deficient conditions.

scholarly journals High Phosphorus Acquisition and Allocation Strategy Is Associated with Soybean Seed Yield under Water- and P-Limited Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Yun-Yin Feng ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Water Treatments

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Interactions between stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, and defense pathways modulate rootstock root-dependent fire blight susceptibility in apple (Malus × domestica)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jugpreet Singh ◽  
Jack Fabrizio ◽  
Elsa Desnoues ◽  
Julliany Pereira Silva ◽  
Wolfgang Busch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Molecular Relationships

Abstract Background Although it is known that resistant rootstocks facilitate management of fire blight disease, incited by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al., of apple scion cultivars, the role of rootstock root traits in providing systemic defense against E. amylovora is unclear. In this study, the hypothesis that rootstocks of higher root mass provide higher tolerance to fire blight infection in apples is tested. Several apple scion cultivars grafted onto a single rootstock genotype and non-grafted ‘M.7’ rootstocks of varying root mass are used to assess phenotypic and molecular relationships between root traits of rootstocks and fire blight susceptibility of apple scion cultivars. Results It is observed that different root traits display significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with fire blight susceptibility. In fact, root surface area partially dictates differential levels of fire blight susceptibility of ‘M.7’ rootstocks. Furthermore, contrasting changes in gene expression patterns of diverse molecular pathways accompany observed differences in levels of root-driven fire blight susceptibility. It is noted that a singular co-expression gene network consisting of genes from defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein kinase activity, oxidation-reduction, and stress response pathways modulates root-dependent fire blight susceptibility in apple. In particular, WRKY75 and UDP-glycotransferase are singled-out as hub genes deserving of further detailed analysis. Conclusions It is proposed that low root mass may incite resource-limiting conditions to activate carbohydrate metabolic pathways, which reciprocally interact with plant immune system genes to elicit differential levels of fire blight susceptibility.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Germination and Root Traits of ‘Lambada’ and ‘Don Victor’ Onion Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1759-1764
Author(s):  
Maria A. Macias-Leon ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are easily outcompeted by weeds because of slow germination and relative growth rates. Therefore, high percentage of seed germination and root vigor are important traits to improve field performance. The effects of exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon, Eth), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin (tZ), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were evaluated on the germination and root growth of ‘Don Victor’ (yellow) and ‘Lambada’ (red) onion seedlings. Seeds were soaked for 10 hours in hormonal solutions and water (hydro-priming). Seed germination improved with Eth (30 and 100 μm), Eth (100 μm) + IAA (10 μm), and IAA (3 μm) treatments. Root surface area (RSA) increased in response to Eth at 30 and 100 μm, Eth + IAA, and 3 μm IAA. Root length (RL) and root diameter (RD) were enhanced by 1 μm tZ and 100 μm ACC. Eth reduced RL and RD, whereas IAA showed no effects. A subsequent experiment evaluated synergistic effects of different PGRs. Treatment of seeds with ACC (250 μm) + tZ (0.5 μm) and ACC (250 μm) + tZ (0.5 μm) + Eth (20 μm) enhanced RL and RD. RSA was unaffected by ACC + tZ + Eth. The results suggest that exogenous PGRs could be useful to enhance germination, RL, and RSA of onion seedlings.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
David H. Suchoff ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Christopher C. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

Evaluation of Maize Inbreds for Vegetative Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Maize Inbreds ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

Twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines were cultured under hydroponic conditions in a controlled environment room for evaluation of NO3--N uptake, subsequent translocation patterns and utilisation. Prior to harvest (8-10-leaf stage), inbred roots were exposed to 24 h of 10 atom % 15NO3--N. Differences for N contents and biomass were determined. Root dry weight (RDW) was significantly correlated (r = 0.93) with root surface area. Significant inbred differences were found when N content in the plant was based on RDW. When based on 15N during the 24 h, the amount of N absorbed varied between 30 and 71 mg per plant for the inbreds. Uptake rates ranged between 8.7 and 14.4 mg g-1 day-1 RDW. Nitrogen uptake over the 24 h based on RDW and total plant-N contents based on RDW were significantly (P< 0.001) correlated, implying that uptake rates were constant up to mid-vegetative stages for these genotypes. Of the 15N absorbed, between 30 and 61% was reduced by the inbreds and the amount reduced varied with plant tissue. The total amount reduced ranged between 0.72 and 1.25 mg g-1 dry weight.

Root exudation index: screening organic acid exudation and phosphorus acquisition efficiency in soybean genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vengavasi Krishnapriya ◽  
Renu Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

High-molecular-weight secretory proteins and low-molecular-weight exudates (carboxylates, phenols, free amino acids and sugars) released from roots of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) differentially influence genotypic phosphorus (P) acquisition efficiency (PAE). We hypothesised that genotypes with higher root exudation potential would exhibit enhanced P acquisition, and screened 116 diverse soybean genotypes by labelling shoots with 14CO2. A root exudation index (REI) derived from total 14C in the root exudate at sufficient (250 μm) and low (4 μm) P levels was used to classify genotypes for PAE. Genotypes with REI >2.25 exhibited significantly higher exudation at low than at sufficient P, which in turn increased PAE. Under low P availability, efficient genotypes exude a greater quantity of organic compounds into the rhizosphere. This increases P availability to meet the crop requirement, enabling the crop to produce consistent biomass and seed yield with reduced fertiliser addition. Such maintenance of growth and yield potential by mining the inherent soil P is a favourable trait in genotypes, reducing dependence on P fertilisers. Measuring REI at seedling stage to select P-efficient plants accelerates the screening process by accommodating large numbers of genotypes.

Influence of Glomus fasciculatus mycorrhizae on some physical and chemical characteristics of Platanus occidentalis seedlings

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (14) ◽  
pp. 1601-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatus ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Inoculation of Platanus occidentalis seedlings with Glomus fasciculatus significantly increased plant dry weight and foliar phosphorus (P) concentration when compared with the uninoculated control. After 12 weeks inoculated seedlings were 73% taller and 200% greater in total dry weight. The largest dry weight increase was recorded for foliage (212%) followed in order by stem (202%) and root (171%). Averaged overall nutrient treatments, foliar P concentration was 22% greater for the inoculated seedlings. Nutrient regimes representing 1×, 2×, and 4× Hoagland's No. 2 solution and a control significantly influenced seedling height, dry weight, percentage of foliar N, P, and K, and the degree of root colonization. Maximum growth and foliar nutrient concentrations were associated with the 2× Hoagland's nutrient regime followed in order by the 4× and 1× nutrient treatments and the control. Degree of root colonization by G. fasciculatus increased from 42% of the root length in the unfertilized control to 48% at the 1× Hoagland's regime and sharply declined at the 2× and 4× levels. Total dry weight of inoculated seedlings was significantly greater than the noninoculated control at each nutrient level. Incremental differences were 2.71, 4.03, 4.37, and 3.08 g for the control, 1×, 2×, and 4× Hoagland's nutrient regimes, respectively. Seedling growth attributed to G. fasciculatus is directly related to degree of mycorrhizal colonization and inversely related to the amount of extractable soil P.

scholarly journals Effect of Transplanting Practices on Growth and Water Relations of ‘Colt’ Cherry Trees During Reestablishment

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Ranney ◽  
N.L. Bassuk ◽  
T.H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract Dormant pruning, a film antitranspirant, and soil-applied paclobutrazol were evaluated as transplanting treatments in newly transplanted ‘Colt’ cherry trees under irrigated and water-stressed conditions. Under irrigated conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss. However, all three treatments resulted in large reductions in mean growth rate, mean relative growth rate, root dry weight, and root surface area. The pruning treatment had no effect on the leaf area:root area ratio whereas the antitranspirant treatment resulted in an increased leaf area:root area ratio, a response considered undesirable. Paclobutrazol decreased the leaf area:root area ratio but also induced abnormal radial enlargement of plant roots. Under water-stressed conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss and were successful in delaying plant water stress. Both pruned and antitranspirant treated plants had improved relative growth rates as compared to the controls.

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