scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms and Risk Factors for the Pathogenesis of Hydrocephalus

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Li ◽  
Xinjie Zhang ◽  
Jian Guo ◽  
Chen Yu ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Improve Patient

Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition due to the aberrant circulation and/or obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow with consequent enlargement of cerebral ventricular cavities. However, it is noticed that a lot of patients may still go through symptomatic progression despite standard shunting procedures, suggesting that hydrocephalus is far more complicated than a simple CSF circulative/obstructive disorder. Growing evidence indicates that genetic factors play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of some hydrocephalus. Although the genetic research of hydrocephalus in humans is limited, many genetic loci of hydrocephalus have been defined in animal models. In general, the molecular abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus include brain development and ependymal cell dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation, free radical generation, blood flow, and cerebral metabolism. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that the molecular abnormalities relevant to aberrant cerebral glymphatic drainage turn into an attractive subject in the CSF circulation disorder. Furthermore, the prevalent risk factors could facilitate the development of hydrocephalus. In this review, we elicited some possible fundamental molecular mechanisms and facilitating risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, and aimed to widen the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for hydrocephalus management. Such knowledge could be used to improve patient care in different ways, such as early precise diagnosis and effective therapeutic regimens.

scholarly journals Novel non invasive diagnostic strategies in bladder cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Truta ◽  
Tudor Adrian Hodor Popon ◽  
George Saraci ◽  
Liviu Ghervan ◽  
Ioan Victor Pop
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Biomarkers ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Bladder Carcinogenesis

Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide, derived from the urothelium of the urinary bladder and defined by long asymptomatic and atypical clinical picture. Its complex etiopathogenesis is dependent on numerous risk factors that can be divided into three distinct categories: genetic and molecular abnormalities, chemical or environmental exposure and  previous genitourinary disorders and family history of different malignancies. Various genetic polymorphisms and microRNA might represent useful diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Genetic and molecular abnormalities - risk factors are represented by miRNA or genetic polymorphisms proved to be part of bladder carcinogenesis such as: genetic mutations of oncogenes TP53, Ras, Rb1 or p21 oncoproteins, cyclin D or genetic polymorhisms of XPD,ERCC1, CYP1B1, NQO1C609T, MDM2SNP309, CHEK2, ERCC6, NRF2, NQO1Pro187Ser polymorphism and microRNA (miR-143, -145, -222, -210, -10b, 576-3p). The aim of our article is to  highlight the most recent acquisitions via molecular biomarkers (miRNAs and genetic polymorphisms) involved in bladder cancer in order to provide early diagnosis, precise therapy according to the molecular profile of bladder tumors, as well as to improve clinical outcome, survival rates and life quality of oncological patients. These molecular biomarkers play a key role in bladder carcinogenesis, clinical evolution, prognosis and therapeutic response and explain the molecular mechanisms involved in bladder carcinogenesis;  they can also be selected as therapeutic targets in developing novel therapeutic strategies in bladder malignancies. Moreover, the purpose in defining these molecular non invasive biomarkers is also to develop non invasive screening programs in bladder malignancies with the result of decreasing bladder cancer incidence in risk population.

scholarly journals Learning the Ropes of Platelet Count Regulation: Inherited Thrombocytopenias

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Bury ◽  
Emanuela Falcinelli ◽  
Paolo Gresele
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Hereditary Disorders ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Platelet Formation

Inherited thrombocytopenias (IT) are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by a reduced platelet count sometimes associated with abnormal platelet function, which can lead to bleeding but also to syndromic manifestations and predispositions to other disorders. Currently at least 41 disorders caused by mutations in 42 different genes have been described. The pathogenic mechanisms of many forms of IT have been identified as well as the gene variants implicated in megakaryocyte maturation or platelet formation and clearance, while for several of them the pathogenic mechanism is still unknown. A range of therapeutic approaches are now available to improve survival and quality of life of patients with IT; it is thus important to recognize an IT and establish a precise diagnosis. ITs may be difficult to diagnose and an initial accurate clinical evaluation is mandatory. A combination of clinical and traditional laboratory approaches together with advanced sequencing techniques provide the highest rate of diagnostic success. Despite advancement in the diagnosis of IT, around 50% of patients still do not receive a diagnosis, therefore further research in the field of ITs is warranted to further improve patient care.

scholarly journals Risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmission among patients undergoing laparotomy for perforation peritonitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Marwah ◽  
Priyanka Singla ◽  
Mahavir Singh ◽  
Himanshu Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Unplanned Readmission ◽  
Emergency Laparotomy ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Stoma Creation ◽  
Perforation Peritonitis ◽  
American Society ◽  
Improve Patient

Background: Unforeseen re-admissions are a consequence of natural course of patient’s disease or results from sub-optimal care during first admission. Apart from causing increased expenditure, readmission immensely adds to the distress of the patient as well as his relatives. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmission following emergency laparotomy for perforation peritonitis.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 145 patients undergoing laparotomy for perforation peritonitis in over a period of two years. Various pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative parameters were studied to identify the risk factors for readmission.Results: Overall readmission rate was 8.96% and in majority of the cases it was due to post-surgical complications. Various factors found significant for readmission were American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) grade (p = 0.014) hypoproteinemia (p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), immuno compromised status (p<0.001), stoma creation (p<0.001), blood transfusion (p = 0.022), renal complications and UTI (p = 0.027 each). On multivariate analysis, hypoproteinemia and stoma creation were found to be significant.Conclusions: Risk factors for readmission among surgical patients are multi-factorial. Taking appropriate steps can reduce the burden of readmission. Moreover decreasing the rate of surgical readmission represents an opportunity to improve patient care.

scholarly journals Incidence of Post-Tonsillectomy Hemorrhage in Children and Adults: A Study of 4,848 Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 626-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen P. Windfuhr ◽  
Yue-Shih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Hemorrhage ◽  
Improve Patient

We conducted a retrospective study of 4,848 patients to evaluate the age-specific incidence of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage that required surgical treatment. We reviewed the charts of 2,567 patients younger than 15 years (pediatric group) and 2,281 patients aged 15 years and older (adult group) who had undergone tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. We found that post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred significantly more often in the adult group (3.9 vs 1.6%; p< 0.001). Moreover, primary hemorrhage (<24 hr postoperatively) was also significantly more common in the adult group than in the pediatric group (82.9 vs 65.9%, p = 0.023). Analysis of other parameters revealed that post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage was significantly more common in males and in patients who had a history of chronic or recurrent throat infection. Awareness of these risk factors should help improve patient care and outcomes.

Analytical Methods for the Determination of Sartans in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-222
Author(s):  
Miglena Smerikarova ◽  
Stanislav Bozhanov ◽  
Vania Maslarska
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Reliable Methods ◽  
Improve Patient

Background: Sartans are mostly used as a part of combination with additional medicines in the therapy of essencial hypertension. Preferred combinations are ARB and thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and Chlorthalidone (CHL)) or ARB and calcium antagonists. The number of sartans mostly prescribed by specialists is only seven - Candesartan (CDS), Eprosartan (EPS), Irbesartan (IBS), Losartan (LOS), Olmesartan (OMS), Telmisartan (TMS) and Valsartan (VLS). Methods: The widespread use of sartans in the treatment of hypertension requires reliable methods of analysis. Bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations should be analyzed to ensure the quality of the medicinal products reaching patients. On the other hand, the analysis of drugs in biological fluids aims to trace and improve patient care by adjusting the therapeutic doses of drugs. According to our knowledge, a review devoted to the analysis of sartans was published in 2014. Results: Spectral methods are widely used in the analysis of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms due to their relatively simple procedures, low reagent and sample consumption, speed, precision and accuracy combined with accessibility and comparatively low cost of common apparatus. Many papers for determination of sartans in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations based on liquid chromatographic techniques were published in the available literature. Among these methods, HPLC takes the leading place but UPLC and HPTLC are also present. Conclusion: The widespread use of sartans in the treatment of hypertension requires reliable methods of analysis. Bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations should be analyzed to ensure the quality of the medicinal products reaching patients. On the other hand, the analysis of drugs in biological fluids aims to trace and improve patient care by adjusting the therapeutic doses of drugs. Since 2014, many articles have been published on the sartans analysis and this provoked our interest to summarize the latest applications in the analysis of sartans in pharmaceutical formulations and biological media. Articles published from 2014 to 2018 are covered.

Review of the Literature Examining the Association of Serum Uric Acid with Osteoporosis and Mechanistic Insights into Its Effect on Bone Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelam Kaushal ◽  
Divya Vohora ◽  
Rajinder K Jalali ◽  
Sujeet Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Age Related

Background And Objective:Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that increases susceptibility to fragility bone fractures. The clinical and public health repercussions of osteoporosis are huge due to the morbidity, mortality, and cost of medical care linked with fragility fractures. Clinical assessment of osteoporotic risk factors can help to identify candidates at an early stage that will benefit from medical intervention and potentially lowering the morbidity and mortality seen with fractures and complications. Given this, research is ongoing to evaluate the association of osteoporosis with some novel or less well-studied risk factors/bio-markers such as uric acid (UA).Discussion:Uric acid’s antioxidant activity has been proposed to be one of the factors responsible for increasing longevity and lowering rates of age-related cancers during primate evolution, the level of which increased markedly due to loss of uricase enzyme activity (mutational silencing). Accumulated evidence shows that oxidative stress is the fundamental mechanism of age-related bone loss and acts via enhancing osteoclastic activity and increasing bone resorption. Antioxidant substances such as ascorbic acid scavenge free radicals are positively related to bone health. Thus, it is hypothesized that uric acid holds bone-protective potential owing to its potent antioxidative property. Several correlation studies have been conducted globally to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid with bone mineral density and osteoporosis. Few pre-clinical studies have tried to investigate the interaction between uric acid and bone mineral density and reported important role played via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2)/core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (CBF-alpha-1), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)-3a/β-catenin signaling pathway and 11β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase type 1.Conclusion:In this review, the authors provided a comprehensive summary of the literature related to association studies reported in humans as well work done until date to understand the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms that interplay between uric acid and bone metabolism.

scholarly journals How will artificial intelligence and bioinformatics change our understanding of IgA in the next decade?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman David Bülow ◽  
Daniel Dimitrov ◽  
Peter Boor ◽  
Julio Saez-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis. It is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the kidney’s glomeruli, triggering an inflammatory process. In many patients, the disease has a progressive course, eventually leading to end-stage kidney disease. The current understanding of IgAN’s pathophysiology is incomplete, with the involvement of several potential players, including the mucosal immune system, the complement system, and the microbiome. Dissecting this complex pathophysiology requires an integrated analysis across molecular, cellular, and organ scales. Such data can be obtained by employing emerging technologies, including single-cell sequencing, next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and complex imaging approaches. These techniques generate complex “big data,” requiring advanced computational methods for their analyses and interpretation. Here, we introduce such methods, focusing on the broad areas of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence and discuss how they can advance our understanding of IgAN and ultimately improve patient care. The close integration of advanced experimental and computational technologies with medical and clinical expertise is essential to improve our understanding of human diseases. We argue that IgAN is a paradigmatic disease to demonstrate the value of such a multidisciplinary approach.

scholarly journals Reappraisal of the incidence, various types and risk factors of malignancies in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Lung Hsu ◽  
Ming-Feng Liao ◽  
Chun-Che Chu ◽  
Hung-Chou Kuo ◽  
Rong-Kuo Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
T Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Low Serum

AbstractOur study aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors and time to occurrence of malignancy in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). The electronic medical records of 1100 patients with DM and 1164 patients with PM were studied between January 2001 and May 2019. Malignancies after myositis were diagnosed in 61 (5.55%) patients with DM and 38 (3.26%) patients with PM. The cumulative incidence of malignancies in patients with DM were significantly higher than patients with PM (hazard ratio = 1.78, log-rank p = 0.004). Patients with DM had a greater risk of developing malignancy than those with PM at 40–59 years old (p = 0.01). Most malignancies occurred within 1 year after the initial diagnosis of DM (n = 35; 57.38%). Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) was the most common type of malignancy in patients with DM (22.95%), followed by lung, and breast cancers. In patients with PM, colorectal, lung and hepatic malignancies were the top three types of malignancy. The risk factors for malignancy included old age (≥ 45 years old) and low serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) for patients with DM and male sex and low serum levels of CPK for patients with PM. Low serum levels of CPK in patients with myositis with malignancy represented a low degree of muscle destruction/inflammation, which might be attributed to activation of the PD-L1 pathway by tumor cells, thus inducing T-cell dysfunction mediating immune responses in myofibers. A treatment and follow-up algorithm should explore the occurrence of malignancy in different tissues and organs and suggested annual follow-ups for at least 5.5 years to cover the 80% cumulative incidence of malignancy in patients with DM and PM.

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