scholarly journals The Epithelial Cell Glycocalyx in Ocular Surface Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Argüeso ◽  
Ashley M. Woodward ◽  
Dina B. AbuSamra
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Defense Molecules ◽  
Gain Access

The glycocalyx is the main component of the transcellular barrier located at the interface between the ocular surface epithelia and the external environment. This barrier extends up to 500 nm from the plasma membrane and projects into the tear fluid bathing the surface of the eye. Under homeostatic conditions, defense molecules in the glycocalyx, such as transmembrane mucins, resist infection. However, many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved to exploit components of the glycocalyx in order to gain access to epithelial cells and consequently exert deleterious effects. This manuscript reviews the implications of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection. Moreover, it presents some ongoing controversies surrounding the functional relevance of the epithelial glycocalyx to ocular infectious disease.

Microanatomy of the Periplasm of Bacillus Licheniformis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
B.K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Periplasmic Space ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Periplasm of bacteria is the space outside the permeability barrier of plasma membrane but enclosed by the cell wall. The contents of this special milieu exterior could be regulated by the plasma membrane from the internal, and by the cell wall from the external environment of the cell. Unlike the gram-negative organism, the presence of this space in gram-positive bacteria is still controversial because it cannot be clearly demonstrated. We have shown the importance of some periplasmic bodies in the secretion of penicillinase from Bacillus licheniformis.In negatively stained specimens prepared by a modified technique (Figs. 1 and 2), periplasmic space (PS) contained two kinds of structures: (i) fibrils (F, 100 Å) running perpendicular to the cell wall from the protoplast and (ii) an array of vesicles of various sizes (V), which seem to have evaginated from the protoplast.

scholarly journals Functional Relevance of Golgi- and Plasma Membrane-Localized Endothelial NO Synthase in Reconstituted Endothelial Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Jarrod E. Church ◽  
Davin Jagnandan ◽  
John D. Catravas ◽  
William C. Sessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Endothelial No Synthase ◽  
Functional Relevance

scholarly journals ENaC structure and function in the wake of a resolved structure of a family member

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. F684-F696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama B. Kashlan ◽  
Thomas R. Kleyman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Channel Assembly ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Our understanding of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) structure and function has been profoundly impacted by the resolved structure of the homologous acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1). The structure of the extracellular and pore regions provide insight into channel assembly, processing, and the ability of these channels to sense the external environment. The absence of intracellular structures precludes insight into important interactions with intracellular factors that regulate trafficking and function. The primary sequences of ASIC1 and ENaC subunits are well conserved within the regions that are within or in close proximity to the plasma membrane, but poorly conserved in peripheral domains that may functionally differentiate family members. This review examines functional data, including ion selectivity, gating, and amiloride block, in light of the resolved ASIC1 structure.

scholarly journals Studies on Physiological Response to Salt Stress of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Yu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
High Permeability

<p>In lab conditions, study on physiological response of eelgrass in different salinities (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60). Take permeability of plasma membrane, proline content and chlorophyll content as parameters. The results show, (1) High salinity leads to high permeability of plasma membrane making intracellular material spreads to external environment which cannot maintain the normal physiological activity, (2) with the increasing of salinity, proline is accumulated in eelgrass in a large scale, which has an toxic action on eelgrass, (3) with the increasing of salinity, the content of chlorophyll descends. Comprehensive the above results, (1) the suitable salinity range for eelgrass living is 10-30, (2) the most suitable salinity for eelgrass living is about 20, (3) when the salinity is greater than 40, eelgrass cannot grow normally, (4) when the salinity is greater than 60, the plasma membrane is seriously damaged and it has a high permeability, the cells of eelgrass cannot maintain the basic physiological activity.</p>

İMMUNPROFILAKTIKANIN TƏŞKILININ ƏSASLARI, ONUN EFFEKTIVLIYININ VƏ TƏHLÜKƏSIZLIYININ QIYMƏTLƏNDIRILMƏSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Gunay Isfandiyar Sadigov ◽  
◽  
Gulustan Alihuseyin Azizova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Anatomical Feature ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Foreign Antigen ◽  
Key Words Immunology ◽  
Artificial Immunity

The purpose of this article is to investigate the growing number of viral diseases, to gather information on what measures should be taken against them and to educate the population. The immunological structure of the population is formed due to increased insensitivity to pathogenic microorganisms, which occurs through the formation of natural immunity (inherited or acquired as a result of an infectious process) and artificial immunity (created through immunoprophylaxis). The level of the immunological structure of the population affects the direction (trend) of the epidemic process. The higher the AID for a particular infectious disease, the lower the incidence, as well as the risk of group illnesses or outbreaks Key words: immunology, prophylaxis, natural immunity, artificial immunity, vaccination, vaccine, acquired immunity, serum, foreign antigen, organism, hereditary, physiological feature, anatomical feature

scholarly journals Extended synaptotagmin regulates plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact site structure and lipid transfer function in vivo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaisaly R Nath ◽  
Shirish Mishra ◽  
Bishal Basak ◽  
Deepti Trivedi ◽  
Padinjat Raghu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Membrane Contact Sites ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Organelle Communication ◽  
And Function

SummaryInter-organelle communication between closely apposed membranes is proposed at Membrane Contact Sites (MCS). However the regulation of MCS structure and their functional relevance in vivo remain debated. The extended synaptotagmins (Esyt) are evolutionarily conserved proteins proposed to function at MCS. However, loss of all three Esyts in yeast or mammals shows minimal phenotypes questioning the functional importance of Esyt. We report that in Drosophila photoreceptors, MCS number is regulated by PLCβ activity. Photoreceptors of a null allele of Drosophila extended synaptotagmin (dEsyt) show loss of ER-PM MCS. Loss of dEsyt results in mislocalization of RDGB, an MCS localized lipid transfer protein, required for photoreceptor structure and function, ultimately leading to retinal degeneration. dEsyt depletion enhanced the retinal degeneration, reduced light responses and slower rates of plasma membrane PIP2 resynthesis seen in rdgB mutants. Thus, dEsyt function and PLCβ signaling regulate ER-PM MCS structure and lipid transfer in Drosophila photoreceptors.

scholarly journals Caveolin-1 Regulates Cellular Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilu Luo ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Hao Zhao ◽  
Yachun Han ◽  
Na Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Main Component

The kidney is an energy-consuming organ, and cellular metabolism plays an indispensable role in kidney-related diseases. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a multifunctional membrane protein, is the main component of caveolae on the plasma membrane. Caveolae are represented by tiny invaginations that are abundant on the plasma membrane and that serve as a platform to regulate cellular endocytosis, stress responses, and signal transduction. However, caveolae have received increasing attention as a metabolic platform that mediates the endocytosis of albumin, cholesterol, and glucose, participates in cellular metabolic reprogramming and is involved in the progression of kidney disease. It is worth noting that caveolae mainly depend on Cav-1 to perform the abovementioned cellular functions. Furthermore, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates cellular metabolism and participates in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we introduce the structure and function of Cav-1 and its functions in regulating cellular metabolism, autophagy, and oxidative stress, focusing on the relationship between Cav-1 in cellular metabolism and kidney disease; in addition, Cav-1 that serves as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease is also described.

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