Ecological Specialization Within a Carnivorous Fish Family Is Supported by a Herbivorous Microbiome Shaped by a Combination of Gut Traits and Specific Diet

Animals have been developing key associations with micro-organisms through evolutionary processes and ecological diversification. Hence, in some host clades, phylogenetic distance between hosts is correlated to dissimilarity in microbiomes, a pattern called phylosymbiosis. Teleost fishes, despite being the most diverse and ancient group of vertebrates, have received little attention from the microbiome perspective and our understanding of its determinants is currently limited. In this study, we assessed the gut microbiome of 12 co-occurring species of teleost representing a large breadth of ecological diversity and originating from a single family (i.e., the Sparidae). We tested how host evolutionary history, diet composition and morphological traits are related to fish gut microbiome. Despite fish species having different microbiomes, there is no phylosymbiosis signal in this fish family, but gut length and diet had a strong influence on the microbiome. We revealed that the only species with a specialized herbivorous diet, Sarpa salpa had a 3.3 times longer gut than carnivorous species and such a long gut favor the presence of anaerobic bacteria typical of herbivorous gut microbiomes. Hence, dietary uniqueness is paired with both unique gut anatomy and unique microbiome.

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Anaerobes in ejaculates of subfertile men

Human Reproduction Update ◽

10.1093/humupd/1.5.462 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 462-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Waltraud Eggert-Kruse ◽

Gerhard Rohr ◽

Wolfram Ströck ◽

Susanne Pohl ◽

Beate Schwalbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Genital Tract ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Cervical Mucus ◽

Anaerobic Growth ◽

Pathogenic Species ◽

Genital Tract Infection ◽

Micro Organisms

Abstract The clinical significance of micro-organisms in semen samples of asymptomatic subfertile patients is a matter of constant debate. Usually little attention is paid to anaerobic bacteria as they are sensitive to transportation and culturing, and differentiation is difficult, costly and time-consuming. In the present study, special screening was carried out for anaerobes in ejaculates in addition to the routine microbial cultures of genital secretions of both partners. In addition to standard semen analysis and evaluation of sperm ability to penetrate cervical mucus (CM) in vivo (postcoital testing) and in vitro using a standardized test system, semen samples from 126 randomly chosen males of couples with a median duration of infertility of 4 years were examined for colonization with anaerobic bacteria. All couples were without clinical signs or symptoms of genital tract infection. The special care taken for anaerobic growth in semen samples gave a high rate of positive cultures and showed that nearly all ejaculates (99%) were colonized with anaerobic micro-organisms, and potentially pathogenic species were found in 71% of men. This rate was more than four times higher than that obtained with routine cultures and standard transportation (16%). Anaerobic bacterial growth of ≥106 colony forming units (CFU)/ml was seen in 42% (total range 103-108 CFU/ml). In addition, aerobic growth was found in 96%(≥106 CFU/ml in 21%), potentially pathogenic species in 61% of semen specimens. There were no marked differences in the prevalence of anaerobic micro-organisms in patients with reduced or normal sperm count, motility or morphology. Nor was there any significant difference in anaerobic colonization between samples with impaired or good ability to penetrate CM of female partners (in vivo or in vitro), or the CM of fertile donors in the in-vitro sperm-cervical mucus penetration test (SCMPT) in this asymptomatic group of patients. There was no clear association between microbial colonization and subsequent fertility in vivo within an observation period of 6 months. The results of this study suggest that anaerobic bacteria are often not detected when routine methods for microbial evaluation are used. This should be considered during assisted reproduction and in patients with symptoms of genital tract infection and should lead to further studies in infertile patients where subclinical infection or inflammation is indicated by specific markers in semen samples.

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Comparative Analyses of Vertebrate Gut Microbiomes Reveal Convergence between Birds and Bats

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02901-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Se Jin Song ◽

Jon G. Sanders ◽

Frédéric Delsuc ◽

Jessica Metcalf ◽

Katherine Amato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Phylogenetic Distance ◽

Strong Correlations ◽

Evolutionary Relatedness ◽

Host Diet ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Taxonomic Range ◽

Host Phylogeny ◽

The Cost

ABSTRACT Diet and host phylogeny drive the taxonomic and functional contents of the gut microbiome in mammals, yet it is unknown whether these patterns hold across all vertebrate lineages. Here, we assessed gut microbiomes from ∼900 vertebrate species, including 315 mammals and 491 birds, assessing contributions of diet, phylogeny, and physiology to structuring gut microbiomes. In most nonflying mammals, strong correlations exist between microbial community similarity, host diet, and host phylogenetic distance up to the host order level. In birds, by contrast, gut microbiomes are only very weakly correlated to diet or host phylogeny. Furthermore, while most microbes resident in mammalian guts are present in only a restricted taxonomic range of hosts, most microbes recovered from birds show little evidence of host specificity. Notably, among the mammals, bats host especially bird-like gut microbiomes, with little evidence for correlation to host diet or phylogeny. This suggests that host-gut microbiome phylosymbiosis depends on factors convergently absent in birds and bats, potentially associated with physiological adaptations to flight. Our findings expose major variations in the behavior of these important symbioses in endothermic vertebrates and may signal fundamental evolutionary shifts in the cost/benefit framework of the gut microbiome. IMPORTANCE In this comprehensive survey of microbiomes of >900 species, including 315 mammals and 491 birds, we find a striking convergence of the microbiomes of birds and animals that fly. In nonflying mammals, diet and short-term evolutionary relatedness drive the microbiome, and many microbial species are specific to a particular kind of mammal, but flying mammals and birds break this pattern with many microbes shared across different species, with little correlation either with diet or with relatedness of the hosts. This finding suggests that adaptation to flight breaks long-held relationships between hosts and their microbes.

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Unraveling the Etiology of Periodontitis

International Journal of Biomedical Investigation ◽

10.31531/2581-4745.1000131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Dr. Zeenat Iqbal ◽

◽

Mohd. Aamir Mirza

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

High Dose ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Micro Organisms

Across the globe, incidence of oral afflictions like gingivitis and periodontitis are increasing at a very fast pace. Evidencearethere to support the fact that despite of being an oro-dental infection, periodontitis is associated with the systemic diseases too. Different ecological niches of oral cavity can harbor both pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms. Although the main cause of the disease is the anaerobic or the facultative anaerobic bacteria, other factors such as poor personal hygiene, diet and immune related disorders are also responsible for the progression of the disease. The vicious circle starts from deposition of the bacterial plaque/biofilm on the tooth surface then leading to gingivitis. If left untreated, it progresses to the development of periodontal pockets and ultimately tooth loss. However traditional treatment modalities like high dose of systemic antibiotics are available but antimicrobial resistance and virulence of the periodontal pathogens is the major cause of the treatment failures. This review primarily focuses on the etiology, pathogenesis and microbiology of the periodontitis. It also discusses the virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors of the periodontopathic micro-organisms. It is an attempt to develop the thorough understanding of the disease so that better therapeutic outcomes of periodonto-therapy can be attained.

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Abstract 17318: Cardioprotective Microbes and Restorative Sleep Are Reduced and Blood Pressure During Sleep is Increased When Rats Have Fragmented Sleep

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.17318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Katherine A Maki ◽

Jennifer J Barb ◽

Ulf G Bronas ◽

Michael W Calik ◽

Stefan Green ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Slow Wave Sleep ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Quality Sleep ◽

Wistar Kyoto

Introduction: Sleep that is restless and fragmented impairs cardiovascular (CV) health. Using a rat model, we measured sleep characteristics and assessed bacterial communities in the gut microbiome. We hypothesized poor quality sleep to be associated with a reduction in cardioprotective microbiomes and adverse CV outcomes. Methods: Wistar Kyoto rats had normal sleep (n= 7, controls) or 8-hrs of fragmented sleep (n = 8) for 28 days. Implanted telemetry transmitters recorded blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) signals continuously. Fecal samples were collected daily; microbial composition was determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results: The sleep fragmented (SF) rats could not achieve deep slow-wave sleep (SWS) for 8-hrs each day—compared with controls, relative EEG delta power (a marker of the depth of sleep) was significantly lower (29±3% versus 39±3%, P = 0.04). In addition, SF was associated with a rise in BP and HR. The relative abundance of Parabacteroides (classified to genus level) and Tannerellaceae (classified to family level), both gram-negative anaerobic bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes, were decreased in SF rats during late-SF (intervention days 20 & 27), relative to controls. Elevated Parabacteroides levels (%) were significantly and inversely correlated with systolic (R= -0.002, P <0.001) and diastolic (R= -0.003, P <0.001) BP levels recorded during sleep in both groups of rats. Conclusions: Parabacteroides levels in the gut microbiome may contribute to changes in BP. Undesirable changes in sleep from SF are associated with reduced levels of Parabacteroides during the late-SF period in the gut microbiome, compared with controls. The Parabacteroides -BP associations and reactivity of this bacterium to disrupted sleep support Parabacteroides as an exciting cardioprotective biomarker to stratify and prevent negative CV outcomes provoked by SF.

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Microbial endocrinology: host–bacteria communication within the gut microbiome

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-14-0615 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 225 (2) ◽

pp. R21-R34 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Sara Sandrini ◽

Marwh Aldriwesh ◽

Mashael Alruways ◽

Primrose Freestone

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Disease States ◽

Bidirectional Communication ◽

Micro Organisms

The human body is home to trillions of micro-organisms, which are increasingly being shown to have significant effects on a variety of disease states. Evidence exists that a bidirectional communication is taking place between us and our microbiome co-habitants, and that this dialogue is capable of influencing our health in a variety of ways. This review considers how host hormonal signals shape the microbiome, and what in return the microbiome residents may be signalling to their hosts.

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Gut Dysbiosis With Bacilli Dominance and Accumulation of Fermentation Products Precedes Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciy882 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 268-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S Graspeuntner ◽

S Waschina ◽

S Künzel ◽

N Twisselmann ◽

T K Rausch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Late Onset ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Gene Profiling ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Late Onset Sepsis

Abstract Background Gut dysbiosis has been suggested as a major risk factor for the development of late-onset sepsis (LOS), a main cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. We aimed to assess specific signatures of the gut microbiome, including metabolic profiles, in preterm infants <34 weeks of gestation preceding LOS. Methods In a single-center cohort, fecal samples from preterm infants were prospectively collected during the period of highest vulnerability for LOS (days 7, 14, and 21 of life). Following 16S rRNA gene profiling, we assessed microbial community function using microbial metabolic network modeling. Data were adjusted for gestational age and use of probiotics. Results We studied stool samples from 71 preterm infants with LOS and 164 unaffected controls (no LOS/necrotizing enterocolitis). In most cases, the bacteria isolated in diagnostic blood culture corresponded to the genera in the gut microbiome. LOS cases had a decelerated development of microbial diversity. Before onset of disease, LOS cases had specific gut microbiome signatures with higher abundance of Bacilli (specifically coagulase-negative Staphylococci) and a lack of anaerobic bacteria. In silico modeling of bacterial community metabolism suggested accumulation of the fermentation products ethanol and formic acid in LOS cases before the onset of disease. Conclusions Intestinal dysbiosis preceding LOS is characterized by an accumulation of Bacilli and their fermentation products and a paucity of anaerobic bacteria. Early microbiome and metabolic patterns may become a valuable biomarker to guide individualized prevention strategies of LOS in highly vulnerable populations.

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The Role of Facultative Anaerobic Micro-Organisms in Anaerobic Biodegradation of Chlorophenols

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1985.0024 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 289-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R Hakulinen ◽

S Woods ◽

J Ferguson ◽

M Benjamin

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Common Species ◽

Methanogenic Bacteria ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Facultative Anaerobic ◽

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Micro Organisms

Pure cultures of facultative anaerobic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from anaerobic reactors fed synthetic wastewater which contained eight different chlorophenolic compounds. The concentration of facultative anaerobic micro-organisms was followed in the reactor throughout the experimental period, during which the chlorophenol concentrations were increased and many of the chloronated phenols were removed nearly completely. The most common species were Klebsiella spp. and K. Pneumoniae. Some of the common colonies were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas-like organisms and Aeromonas hydrofila. Methanogenic bacteria in the reactor were mainly acetate users. When the total chlorophenol concentration in the feed was increased from zero to 2.4 or 5.3 mg/1, the concentration of Pseudomonas-like organisms increased, as did the concentration of yeasts. Pure and mixed cultures were tested for use of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246-TCP) as a sole carbon and energy source under anaerobic conditions. None of the isolates were able to degrade 246-TCP under anaerobic conditions in pure culture. However, mixed cultures containing only P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca were able to degrade 246-TCP.

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Solid-liquid anaerobic baffled reactor treating food waste

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815603042 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 03042

Author(s):

Indro Sumantri ◽

Ika Bagus Priyambada ◽

Hadiyanto Hadiyanto

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Organic Loading ◽

Solid Retention Time ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Adequate Treatment ◽

Anaerobic Reactors ◽

Process Wastewater ◽

Micro Organisms

The characteristics of the sauce industrial wastewater is high organic degradable materials, it requires adequate treatment in order to process wastewater is technically and economically feasible. The main treatment to remove high content of organic material is anaerobic process. The presence of a preservative agent in wastewater would lead to disruption of the growth of micro-organisms. Slow the growth of anaerobic bacteria require a solids residence time (solid retention time, SRT) period in anaerobic reactors. This research is to observe the effect of input COD with constant sludge height to the removal of COD. Main equipment process of anaerobic reactor is baffled reactor. Activated sludge used are obtained from the tofu and tempe wastewater treatment unit in Semarang while synthetic wastewater was obtained from dissolution of preservative material product (Del monte sauce). The control parameter was: pH, alkalinity, the ratio of COD: N: P, baffled configuration, wastewater flow rate (20 L/day), addition of micro-nutrient and height of suldge. The variable of reseach was initial COD input. The observed response is: COD removal and pH. The total COD removal for low organic loading (2369.7 mg COD/L) is 80.36 to 98.03 % and for high organic loading (7334 mg COD/L) is 98.15.

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Phylosymbiosis across Deeply Diverging Lineages of Omnivorous Cockroaches (Order Blattodea)

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02513-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kara A. Tinker ◽

Elizabeth A. Ottesen

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Significant Role ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Host Species ◽

Evolutionary Divergence ◽

Phylogenetic Distance ◽

Evolutionary Time ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Ancient Lineage ◽

Host Phylogeny

ABSTRACT The gut microbiome is shaped by both host diet and host phylogeny. However, separating the relative influence of these two factors over long periods of evolutionary time is often difficult. We conducted a 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based survey of the gut microbiome from 237 individuals and 19 species of omnivorous cockroaches from the order Blattodea. The order Blattodea represents an ancient lineage of insects that emerged over 300 million years ago, have a diverse gut microbiota, and have a typically gregarious lifestyle. All cockroaches shared a broadly similar gut microbiota, with 66 microbial families present across all species and 13 present in every individual examined. Although our network analysis of the cockroach gut microbiome showed a large amount of connectivity, we demonstrated that gut microbiota cluster strongly by host species. We conducted follow-up tests to determine if cockroaches exhibit phylosymbiosis, or the tendency of host-associated microbial communities to parallel the phylogeny of related host species. Across the full data set, gut microbial community similarity was not found to correlate with host phylogenetic distance. However, a weak but significant phylosymbiotic signature was observed using the matching cluster metric, which allows for localized changes within a phylogenetic tree that are more likely to occur over long evolutionary distances. This finding suggests that host phylogeny plays a large role in structuring the cockroach gut microbiome over shorter evolutionary distances and a weak but significant role in shaping the gut microbiome over extended periods of evolutionary time. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome plays a key role in host health. Therefore, it is important to understand the evolution of the gut microbiota and how it impacts, and is impacted by, host evolution. In this study, we explore the relationship between host phylogeny and gut microbiome composition in omnivorous, gregarious cockroaches within the Blattodea order, an ancient lineage that spans 300 million years of evolutionary divergence. We demonstrate a strong relationship between host species identity and gut microbiome composition and found a weaker but significant role for host phylogeny in determining microbiome similarity over extended periods of evolutionary time. This study advances our understanding of the role of host phylogeny in shaping the gut microbiome over different evolutionary distances.

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Breaking down the gut microbiome composition in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458516682105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 628-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Adrian Budhram ◽

Seema Parvathy ◽

Marcelo Kremenchutzky ◽

Michael Silverman

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Systematic Study ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Case Control ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Comprehensive Search ◽

Micro Organisms

Background: The gut microbiome, which consists of a highly diverse ecologic community of micro-organisms, has increasingly been studied regarding its role in multiple sclerosis (MS) immunopathogenesis. This review critically examines the literature investigating the gut microbiome in MS. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed of PubMed databases and ECTRIMS meeting abstracts for literature relating to the gut microbiome in MS. Controlled studies examining the gut microbiome in patients with MS were included for review. Results: Identified studies were predominantly case-control in their design and consistently found differences in the gut microbiome of MS patients compared to controls. We examine plausible mechanistic links between these differences and MS immunopathogenesis, and discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings. Conclusions: Review of the available literature reveals potential immunopathogenic links between the gut microbiome and MS, identifies avenues for therapeutic advancement, and emphasizes the need for further systematic study in this emerging field.

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