scholarly journals Material Function of Mycelium-Based Bio-Composite: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libin Yang ◽  
Daekwon Park ◽  
Zhao Qin
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Material Function ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Fungus Mycelium ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan ◽  
Crop Waste

Mycelium-based bio-composite materials have been invented and widely applied to different areas, including construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and biomedical. As the vegetative part of a fungus, mycelium has the unique capability to utilize agricultural crop waste (e.g., sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, cotton stalks, straw, and stover) as substrates for the growth of its network, which integrates the wastes from pieces to continuous composites without energy input or generating extra waste. Their low-cost and environmentally friendly features attract interest in their research and commercialization. For example, mycelium-based foam and sandwich composites have been actively developed for construction structures. It can be used as synthetic planar materials (e.g., plastic films and sheets), larger low-density objects (e.g., synthetic foams and plastics), and semi-structural materials (e.g., paneling, flooring, furniture, decking). It is shown that the material function of these composites can be further tuned by controlling the species of fungus, the growing conditions, and the post-growth processing method to meet a specific mechanical requirement in applications (e.g., structural support, acoustic and thermal insulation). Moreover, mycelium can be used to produce chitin and chitosan, which have been applied to clinical trials for wound healing, showing the potential for biomedical applications. Given the strong potential and multiple advantages of such a material, we are interested in studying it in-depth and reviewing the current progress of its related study in this review paper.

scholarly journals Biotechnological production of xylitol from agricultural waste//Producción biotecnológica de xilitol a partir de residuos agrícolas

Biotecnia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
José Luis Espinoza-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biotechnological Processes ◽  
Crop Waste

Agricultural residues valorization has been an important issue over the last decades. Agricultural crop waste is an abundant, non-food, renewable, and low-cost feedstock to obtain attractive products for the food industry. The interest in replacing food ingredients such as artificial sweeteners with these obtained by biotechnological processes has grown in recent years, due to consumer’s high demand for low-calories foods and beverages without sacrificing taste. Several types of low caloric sweeteners are being obtained from the biotransformation of agricultural residues, with xylitol above all, for environmental, economic, and nutritional reasons. In recent years, the conversion of hydrolyzed agricultural residues into xylitol using enzymes, yeasts, and fungi has shown significant advances, although there are still many problems to be solved. This review presents the main advances in the use of microorganisms, substrates, and process conditions for the biotransformation of agricultural residues to xylitol. Besides, the main advantages and disadvantages of xylitol obtained by biotechnological routes compared to traditional chemical routes are discussed.RESUMENLa valorización de residuos agrícolas ha sido un tema importante en las últimas décadas. Los desechos de cultivos agrícolas son una materia prima abundante, no alimenticia, renovable y de bajo costo útil para obtener productos atractivos para la industria alimenticia. El interés por reemplazar ingredientes alimenticios de origen sintético por aquellos obtenidos por procesos biotecnológicos ha crecido en los últimos años debido a la gran demanda de los consumidores por los alimentos y bebidas con bajo contenido calórico sin sacrificar el sabor. Varios tipos de edulcorantes de bajo contenido calórico se han obteniendo a partir de la biotransformación de residuos agrícolas, destacando de todos ellos el xilitol por razones ecológicas, económicas y nutricionales. En los últimos años, la conversión de hidrolizados de residuos agrícolas en xilitol utilizando enzimas, levaduras y hongos ha mostrado avances importantes, aunque aún existen muchos problemas por resolver. En esta revisión se presentan los principales avances en el uso de microorganismos, sustratos y condiciones de proceso para la biotransformación de residuos agrícolas en xilitol. Además, se discuten las principales ventajas y desventajas del xilitol obtenido por rutas biotecnológicas comparado con las rutas químicas tradicionales.

scholarly journals Elemental Composition of Biochar Obtained from Agricultural Waste for Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 3980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saowanee Wijitkosum ◽  
Preamsuda Jiwnok
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Agricultural Crop

For an agricultural country such as Thailand, converting agricultural waste into biochar offers a potential solution to manage massive quantities of crop residues following harvest. This research studied the structure and chemical composition of biochar obtained from cassava rhizomes, cassava stems and corncobs, produced using a patented locally-manufactured biochar kiln using low-cost appropriate technology designed to be fabricated locally by farmers. The research found that cassava stems yielded the highest number of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area in the biochar product, while chemical analysis indicated that corncobs yielded the highest amount of C (81.35%). The amount of H in the corncob biochar was also the highest (2.42%). The study also showed biochar produced by slow pyrolysis was of a high quality, with stable C and low H/C ratio. Biochar’s high BET surface area and total pore volume makes it suitable for soil amendment, contributing to reduced soil density, higher soil moisture and aeration and reduced leaching of plant nutrients from the rhizosphere. Biochar also provides a conducive habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms. The findings indicate that soil incorporation of biochar produced from agricultural crop residues can enhance food security and mitigate the contribution of the agricultural sector to climate change impacts.

Characterization of chitin and chitosan extracted from shrimp shells by two methods

e-Polymers ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmiña Gartner ◽  
Carlos Alberto Peláez ◽  
Betty Lucy López
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Shrimp Shells ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chitin Extraction ◽  
Angle Spinning ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

AbstractShrimp shells from Penaeus Vannamei species were hydrolyzed for chitin extraction by a chemical and a papain enzymatic method. Composition of shells was analyzed and their microstructure was characterized before and after hydrolysis by microscopy. Chitin fibers arrangement in the tissue was preserved after chemical extraction, but after papain hydrolysis the tissue presented structural disarrangement indicating that papain reacts indistinctly with peptidic and N-acetyl linkages. Although chemical purification is very effective, by-products are not recoverable. Conversely, papain hydrolysis yields partially purified chitosan but permits aminoacids isolation, which is important in food industry. This method has other advantages such as low cost and easy accessibility of papain. Chitin and chitosan were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. Degree of N-acetylation (DA) was determined by cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13CNMR) or potentiometry and crystallinity was measured by X ray diffraction.

scholarly journals Low-cost laser measurement gauge for real-time quality control of boards and sheets production

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e100997079
Author(s):  
Marlene Correa Henrique ◽  
Luiz Felipe Gonçalves Dib ◽  
Eduardo Acedo Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Production System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser Beams ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Laser Measurement ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Thickness Variations

This paper describes the conception, the development and the testing of a prototype of a simple and versatile device for micro displacement measurement and thickness monitoring of paper sheets and opaque or transparent plastic films during their fabrication. The device works based on triangulation using low power red diode laser beams for the measurements and low-cost Silicon photodiodes for light detection. The system reproductibility was evaluated as well as experimental simulations for thickness variation detection on adhesive tapes were carried out. The results showed that the gauge is capable to detect and measure thickness variations smaller than 5 µm in real time and can be easily implemented in a production system.

scholarly journals Construction and assessment of a low cost NDVI sensor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaella Pironato Amaro ◽  
Luiz Henrique Antunes Rodrigues ◽  
Felipe Ferreira Bocca
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Cost Components ◽  
Temporal Inconsistency

Given the potential of low cost sensors for agriculture, a monitoring system with low cost components was constructed to evaluate its capacity to detect variations in vegetative vigor in smooth lettuce seedlings under different growing conditions. The results showed temporal inconsistency and low variability in NDVI values. The inconsistency can be attributed mainly to factors such as luminosity and the high capacity of retention of water and nutrients of the substrate. Days with milder light intensity produced potentially better NDVI values. The low variability of NDVI eventually contributed to its low correlation with mass.

Pyrolysis of Tropical Agricultural Crop Waste (Pineapple Residue and Banana Pseudo-Stem): Kinetics, Mechanism and Valorization of Bio-Char

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Boxiong Shen ◽  
Jiancheng Yang ◽  
Lianfei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Crop Waste

Investigation of Mycelium Growth Network As a Thermal Transpiration Membrane for Thermal Transpiration Based Pumping and Power Generation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza M. Willsey ◽  
Alexander R. Hartwell ◽  
Thomas S. Welles ◽  
Daekwon Park ◽  
Paul D. Ronney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Transpiration ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Power Generation Systems

Abstract Micro combustion and power generation systems have increasingly been investigated as potential alternatives to electrochemical energy storage thanks to hydrocarbon fuel’s high energy density, but electrical componentry for pumping significantly limits the overall system efficiency. These components must be eliminated to allow for widespread adoption of micro combustion and power generation systems, and so the development of an alternative pumping technique is required. By taking advantage of the thermal transpiration phenomenon, small-scale pumping can be obtained in the presence of a temperature gradient. Initial work has been done to investigate the efficacy of this system, but a major issue has arisen due to the lack of low-cost thermal transpiration membranes with desirable pore characteristics. Research has revealed that vessel hyphae present in the roots of mushrooms (mycelium) form a network which could meet the requirements of an effective thermal transpiration membrane. Proper growing conditions could also allow for an application specific mycelium structure providing a highly effective and low-cost thermal transpiration membrane for micro combustion systems.

scholarly journals Hexavalent chromium removal by waste mycelium of Aspergillus awamori

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velizar Gochev ◽  
Zdravka Velkova ◽  
Margarita Stoytcheva
Keyword(s):  
Metal Binding ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan ◽  
Initial Adsorption ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Waste Mycelium

In this study, the Cr(VI) removal potential of waste mycelium from the industrial xylanase-producing strain Aspergillus awamori was evaluated. It was determined by FTIR analysis that amino groups from the major fungal wall constituents, chitin and chitosan, played a key role in the metal binding process. The effect of pH, initial ion concentration, temperature and amount of biomass on the removal was also studied. The removal efficiency increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature and amount of biomass. The mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by A. awamori can be explained by a two-stage process involving an initial adsorption stage followed by a reducing stage. The removal process was described by a second-order polynomial and the optimal process parameters for attaining Rmax 94.4 % in 48 h were predicted, i.e., pH 1.5 and T 40?C. From both economic and ecological points of view, a promising possibility for the utilization of waste industrial mycelium of A. awamori as a low-cost Cr(VI) removal agent was proposed.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Biopolymer-Based Dye Removal Technologies

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4697
Author(s):  
Rohan S. Dassanayake ◽  
Sanjit Acharya ◽  
Noureddine Abidi
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Removal Technologies ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan ◽  
Intense Color

Synthetic dyes have become an integral part of many industries such as textiles, tannin and even food and pharmaceuticals. Industrial dye effluents from various dye utilizing industries are considered harmful to the environment and human health due to their intense color, toxicity and carcinogenic nature. To mitigate environmental and public health related issues, different techniques of dye remediation have been widely investigated. However, efficient and cost-effective methods of dye removal have not been fully established yet. This paper highlights and presents a review of recent literature on the utilization of the most widely available biopolymers, specifically, cellulose, chitin and chitosan-based products for dye removal. The focus has been limited to the three most widely explored technologies: adsorption, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration. Due to their high efficiency in dye removal coupled with environmental benignity, scalability, low cost and non-toxicity, biopolymer-based dye removal technologies have the potential to become sustainable alternatives for the remediation of industrial dye effluents as well as contaminated water bodies.

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