scholarly journals Active Surveillance of Asymptomatic, Presymptomatic, and Oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals in Communities Inhabiting Closed or Semi-closed Institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Ambrosis ◽  
Pablo Martin Aispuro ◽  
Keila Belhart ◽  
Daniela Bottero ◽  
Renée Leonor Crisp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Care ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Pooling Strategy ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Dissemination Rate

Background: The high COVID-19 dissemination rate demands active surveillance to identify asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and oligosymptomatic (APO) SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. This is of special importance in communities inhabiting closed or semi-closed institutions such as residential care homes, prisons, neuropsychiatric hospitals, etc., where risk people are in close contact. Thus, a pooling approach—where samples are mixed and tested as single pools—is an attractive strategy to rapidly detect APO-infected in these epidemiological scenarios.Materials and Methods: This study was done at different pandemic periods between May 28 and August 31 2020 in 153 closed or semi-closed institutions in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). We setup pooling strategy in two stages: first a pool-testing followed by selective individual-testing according to pool results. Samples included in negative pools were presumed as negative, while samples from positive pools were re-tested individually for positives identification.Results: Sensitivity in 5-sample or 10-sample pools was adequate since only 2 Ct values were increased with regard to single tests on average. Concordance between 5-sample or 10-sample pools and individual-testing was 100% in the Ct ≤ 36. We tested 4,936 APO clinical samples in 822 pools, requiring 86–50% fewer tests in low-to-moderate prevalence settings compared to individual testing.Conclusions: By this strategy we detected three COVID-19 outbreaks at early stages in these institutions, helping to their containment and increasing the likelihood of saving lives in such places where risk groups are concentrated.

scholarly journals Active surveillance for highly resistant microorganisms in patients with prolonged hospitalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido J. H. Bastiaens ◽  
Tom Baarslag ◽  
Corinne Pelgrum ◽  
Ellen M. Mascini
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Hospital Policy ◽  
Prolonged Hospitalization

AbstractWe evaluated a new hospital policy comprising active surveillance for highly resistant microorganisms (HRMO) in patients with prolonged hospitalization, including detection of nosocomial transmission after identification of HRMO carriers. Our findings raise the question of whether active surveillance should be extended from traditional risk groups to patients with prolonged hospitalization.

Expanded criteria in men on active surveillance monitored by MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 115-115
Author(s):  
Thomas P Frye ◽  
Steven F. Abboud ◽  
Richard Ho ◽  
Michele Fascelli ◽  
Raju Chelluri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Guided Biopsy ◽  
Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Expanded Criteria ◽  
Clinically Significant

115 Background: Active surveillance (AS) is an established option for men with prostate cancer. Studies have shown that multiparametric-MRI along with MRI-TRUS fusion-guided biopsy (FB) may better assess risk in patients eligible for AS, compared to 12-core biopsy, due to improved detection of clinically significant cancers. The objective is to evaluate the performance of expanded criteria eligibility in men on AS being monitored with MRI-TRUS guided biopsy. Methods: Men on AS were included if they had mp-MRI and pathology data for 2 or more FB sessions. FB procedures consisted of targeted biopsies and random 12 core biopsies. Men participated in AS with low and intermediate risk prostate cancer, Gleason score ≤ 3+4=7 with no restriction on percent core involvement or number of cores positive. Progression was defined by patients with initial Gleason 3+3=6 to any Gleason 4, and Gleason 3+4=7 disease progressing to a primary Gleason 4 or higher. Results: 124 men on AS met study criteria. Low risk men had a mean age of 61.3 years versus intermediate risk men with a mean age of 65.5 years (p=0.0062). Mean PSA levels of the low and intermediate risk groups were 5.8 and 5.76 ng/ml (p=0.95), respectively. The mean length of follow-up was 22.56 months (range: 3.6 – 74.4 mo). Rates of pathologic progression in the intermediate and low risk patients were, 38.5% vs. 28.5% (p=0.33). Intermediate risk men had a mean progression-free survival (PFS) of 2.8 years compared to low risk men of 3.9 years (p=0.27). Patients were stratified according to established AS criteria (Epstein, Toronto, PRIAS) and rates of progression are summarized in the Table. 69% of patients met Epstein criteria for AS of which 29.4% (20/68) progressed compared to 28.5% for the low risk cohort overall. Conclusions: Men in our cohort who met strict criteria for AS had the same rate of progression as the entire expaned criteria low risk cohort, 29.4% vs 28.5%, respectively. Our data suggests that with accurate initial Gleason classification other AS criteria such as percent core or number of cores positive have no added benefit in predicting which men may have reclassification or progression of disease. [Table: see text]

Vaccination Induced Immunity to the Hepatitis B Virus among High-Risk Groups in Glasgow 1993–2001: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the United Kingdom's Selective Immunisation Policy

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Roy ◽  
DJ Goldberg ◽  
K Wilson ◽  
SO Cameron
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Increased Risk

Background and Aims The United Kingdom has adopted a selective approach to the control of hepatitis B (HBV), vaccinating those at increased risk of infection through lifestyle, occupation or other factors such as close contact with a case or carrier. This paper sought to assess the effectiveness of the targeted HBV vaccination programme, by determining the level of immunity and exposure to HBV infection among three high risk groups (injecting drug users (IDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals attending genitourinary medicine clinics) at three time points between 1993–2001 in Glasgow, Scotland. Methods Residual sera from i) IDUs having a named HIV test and ii) MSM and heterosexual men and women attending GUM clinics and undergoing routine syphilis serology testing, were tested anonymously for HBV infection. Results The overall prevalence of HBV infection remained at a low level in all three risk groups. IDUs continue to be the group at greatest risk of infection. Discussion Despite the implementation of new initiatives targeting high-risk groups, vaccination levels remain low in the populations studied.

The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes and their role in the onset, persistence and recurrence of clinical depression

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Francis C. Charlton ◽  
Mick J. Power
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Dysfunctional attitudes have been proposed as an important vulnerability factor in the cognitive model of depression. Yet it has often proved difficult to demonstrate their existence in non‐symptomatic populations. We examine the ways in which dysfunctional attitudes have been conceptualized and assessed, from self‐report methods to information‐processing tasks. A s dysfunctional attitudes are typically viewed as latent in non‐symptomatic groups, the importance of priming or activating such variables is emphasized, together with recommendations as to how this may best be achieved. Comparative studies of depressed, control, and at‐risk groups are then considered, together with longitudinal studies that have directly testedpredictions of the cognitive model. Prospective studies of non‐depressed, non‐clinical samples have so far had mixed results in demonstrating that dysfunctional attitudes precede depression or that specific attitudes interact with congruent events in the way the model predicts, although more consistent results emerge from clinical samples with a past history of depression. Possible reasons for the variability in findings are presented, together with suggestions for further research and a revised cognitive model of depression.

scholarly journals Communicating risk in active surveillance of localised prostate cancer: a protocol for a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e017372
Author(s):  
Frances Rapport ◽  
Anne Hogden ◽  
Howard Gurney ◽  
David Gillatt ◽  
Mia Bierbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Human Research Ethics ◽  
Patient Questionnaires ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
To Receive

IntroductionOne in five men is likely to receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) by the age of 85 years. Men diagnosed with low-risk PCa may be eligible for active surveillance (AS) to monitor their cancer to ensure that any changes are discovered and responded to in a timely way. Communication of risk in this context is more complicated than determining a numerical probability of risk, as patients wish to understand the implications of risk on their lives in concrete terms. Our study will examine how risk for PCa is perceived, experienced and communicated by patients using AS with their health professionals, and the implications for treatment and care.Methods and analysisThis is a proof of concept study, testing out a multimethod, qualitative approach to data collection in the context of PCa for the first time in Australia. It is being conducted from November 2016 to December 2017 in an Australian university hospital urology clinic. Participants are 10 men with a diagnosis of localised PCa, who are using an AS protocol, and 5 health professionals who work with this patient group (eg, urologists and Pca nurses). Data will be collected using observations of patient consultations with health professionals, patient questionnaires and interviews, and interviews with healthcare professionals. Analysis will be conducted in two stages. First, observational data from consultations will be analysed thematically to encapsulate various dimensions of risk classification and consultation dialogue. Second, interview data will be coded to derive meaning in text and analysed thematically. Overarching themes will represent patient and health professional perspectives of risk communication.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study has been granted by Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee, approval 5201600638. Knowledge translation will be achieved through publications, reports and conference presentations to patients, families, clinicians and researchers.

scholarly journals Invasive Listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004–2009: Further Targeted Prevention Needed for Higher-Risk Groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. S396-S404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Silk ◽  
Kashmira A. Date ◽  
Kelly A. Jackson ◽  
Régis Pouillot ◽  
Kristin G. Holt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Surveillance Network

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated From Cats and Dogs From the Iberian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Li ◽  
Rubén Fernández ◽  
Inma Durán ◽  
Rafael A. Molina-López ◽  
Laila Darwich
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Private Laboratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Pet animals are assumed to be potential reservoirs in transferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to humans due to the extensively applied broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents and their close contact with humans. In this study, microbiological data and antimicrobial susceptibility results of dog (n = 5,086) and cat (n = 789) clinical samples from a private Laboratory of Diagnosis in Barcelona were analyzed. Samples came from different counties of the Iberian Peninsula during 2016–2018. In dogs, clinical samples were most commonly from otitis, and in cats from wounds, respiratory tract infections and conjunctivitis. In both pet groups, Staphylococcus spp. (31% in dogs vs 30% in cats), Streptococcus spp. (19% vs 17%), Pseudomonas spp. (16% vs 10%), Escherichia coli (8% vs 5.6%), and Enterococcus spp. (5.5% vs 6.8%) were shown as the most predominant bacteria. However, higher frequencies of P. aeruginosa, P. canis, and S. pseudintermedius were found in dogs, while S. aureus and P. multocida were more prevalent in cats. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. presented the highest levels of AMR in both dogs and cats. Within the Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli showed low levels of AMR compared to Klebsiella, Proteus, or Enterobacter spp. Respiratory tract infections caused by K. pneumoniae presented higher AMR in cats. By contrast, Pasteurella isolates from the respiratory tract were highly sensitive to all the antimicrobials in cats and dogs. Data from this study could be used to guide empirical antimicrobial selection in companion animal veterinary practices in the Iberian Peninsula.

scholarly journals Overview of coronavirus - Understanding origin, pathogenesis, clinical features & diagnostic approach to COVID-19 in Indian scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Bilolikar AK ◽  
Reddy SG ◽  
Banerjee J ◽  
Fatima R ◽  
Poonam AR
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Protein Receptor ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In early December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as it is now called, occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Vaccines to prevent human coronavirus infections are not yet available. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads primarily when people are in close contact with small droplets produced by an infected person, identified as “super spreaders”. COVID-19 can be fatal among high-risk groups patients >60 yr. The envelope spike “S” protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 use host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells of airway epithelium and alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, and pulmonary cells. The most common clinical features are fever (80-90%), cough (60-80%) and breathlessness (18-46%). The other symptoms include myalgia, sore throat, loss of taste and smell, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Infection control practices to be followed stringently by Health Care Workers (HCW). Standard precautions to be maintained. Specimen to be packed in triple container packing. Cold temperature to be maintained during transport and storage. Laboratory tests of COVID-19 are broadly categorized into two methods: (1) Nucleic acid based assay: RT-PCR, TrueNAT, CBNAAT & (2) Immunoassay: Can be broadly divided into 2 types: Antigen based assay: Rapid antigen test, Antibody based assay: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; laboratory diagnosis; SARS-CoV-2

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