scholarly journals Synovial Fibrosis Involvement in Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Runlin Xing ◽  
Zhengquan Huang ◽  
Liang Ding ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Pannus Formation ◽  
Nerve Sprouting ◽  
Bone Changes

Bone changes have always been the focus of research on osteoarthritis, but the number of studies on synovitis has increased only over the last 10 years. Our current understanding is that the mechanism of osteoarthritis involves all the tissues that make up the joints, including nerve sprouting, pannus formation, and extracellular matrix environmental changes in the synovium. These factors together determine synovial fibrosis and may be closely associated with the clinical symptoms of pain, hyperalgesia, and stiffness in osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarize the consensus of clinical work, the potential pathological mechanisms, the possible therapeutic targets, and the available therapeutic strategies for synovial fibrosis in osteoarthritis to gain insight and provide a foundation for further study.

How Physical Interactions Shape Bacterial Biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenike Maier
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Macroscopic Objects ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Repulsive Forces ◽  
Biofilm Structure

Biofilms are structured communities formed by a single or multiple microbial species. Within biofilms, bacteria are embedded into extracellular matrix, allowing them to build macroscopic objects. Biofilm structure can respond to environmental changes such as the presence of antibiotics or predators. By adjusting expression levels of surface and extracellular matrix components, bacteria tune cell-to-cell interactions. One major challenge in the field is the fact that these components are very diverse among different species. Deciphering how physical interactions within biofilms are affected by changes in gene expression is a promising approach to obtaining a more unified picture of how bacteria modulate biofilms. This review focuses on recent advances in characterizing attractive and repulsive forces between bacteria in correlation with biofilm structure, dynamics, and spreading. How bacteria control physical interactions to maximize their fitness is an emerging theme. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Alveolar macrophages: novel therapeutic targets for respiratory diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamelia N. Lim ◽  
Maritza M. Cervantes ◽  
Linh K. Pham ◽  
Alissa C. Rothchild
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Inhaled Antibiotics ◽  
Potential Risks

Abstract Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lung-resident myeloid cells that sit at the interface of the airway and lung tissue. Under homeostatic conditions, their primary function is to clear debris, dead cells and excess surfactant from the airways. They also serve as innate pulmonary sentinels for respiratory pathogens and environmental airborne particles and as regulators of pulmonary inflammation. However, they have not typically been viewed as primary therapeutic targets for respiratory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of AMs in various lung diseases, explore the potential therapeutic strategies to target these innate cells and weigh the potential risks and challenges of such therapies. Additionally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we examine the role AMs play in severe disease and the therapeutic strategies that have been harnessed to modulate their function and protect against severe lung damage. There are many novel approaches in development to target AMs, such as inhaled antibiotics, liposomal and microparticle delivery systems, and host-directed therapies, which have the potential to provide critical treatment to patients suffering from severe respiratory diseases, yet there is still much work to be done to fully understand the possible benefits and risks of such approaches.

scholarly journals Different Therapeutic Strategies to Tackle the Infection Associated with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meemansha Sharma ◽  
Thakur Uttam Singh ◽  
Madhu Cholenahalli Lingaraju ◽  
Subhashree Parida
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Present Book ◽  
Short Period

Covid-19 is a pandemic and the whole world is facing the loss in terms of morbidity and mortality of the human resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for various therapeutic agents or drugs to treat the covid-19 patients. Although, vaccination process is under way, it is not possible to provide the vaccination to whole world in a short period. Therefore, it is an essential strategy to work on the various therapeutic aspects of covid-19 treatment. The present book chapter will discuss and review the various aspects of the treatment strategies of the covid-19. Further, we will provide an overview of the virus and host based potential therapeutic targets along with existing therapeutics which are effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Also, the novel vaccines are being developed against covid-19 deadly virus will be discussed.

scholarly journals Subchondral Bone Remodeling: A Therapeutic Target for Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Zhu ◽  
Yau Tsz Chan ◽  
Patrick S. H. Yung ◽  
Rocky S. Tuan ◽  
Yangzi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

There is emerging awareness that subchondral bone remodeling plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). This review presents recent investigations on the cellular and molecular mechanism of subchondral bone remodeling, and summarizes the current interventions and potential therapeutic targets related to OA subchondral bone remodeling. The first part of this review covers key cells and molecular mediators involved in subchondral bone remodeling (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone extracellular matrix, vascularization, nerve innervation, and related signaling pathways). The second part of this review describes candidate treatments for OA subchondral bone remodeling, including the use of bone-acting reagents and the application of regenerative therapies. Currently available clinical OA therapies and known responses in subchondral bone remodeling are summarized as a basis for the investigation of potential therapeutic mediators.

scholarly journals The Extracellular Matrix and Pancreatic Cancer: A Complex Relationship

Cancers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Weniger ◽  
Kim Honselmann ◽  
Andrew Liss
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Tumor Perfusion ◽  
Tissue Pressure ◽  
Physical Cues ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis ◽  
Mechanical Influence

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extraordinarily dense fibrotic stroma that impedes tumor perfusion and delivery of anticancer drugs. Since the extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises the bulk of the stroma, it is primarily responsible for the increased interstitial tissue pressure and stiff mechanical properties of the stroma. Besides its mechanical influence, the ECM provides important biochemical and physical cues that promote survival, proliferation, and metastasis. By serving as a nutritional source, the ECM also enables PDAC cells to survive under the nutrient-poor conditions. While therapeutic strategies using stroma-depleting drugs have yielded disappointing results, an increasing body of research indicates the ECM may offer a variety of potential therapeutic targets. As preclinical studies of ECM-targeted drugs have shown promising effects, a number of clinical trials are currently investigating agents with the potential to advance the future treatment of PDAC. Thus, the present review seeks to give an overview of the complex relationship between the ECM and PDAC.

scholarly journals Dissimilar Appearances Are Deceptive–Common microRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies in Liver Cancer and Melanoma

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Lisa Linck-Paulus ◽  
Claus Hellerbrand ◽  
Anja K. Bosserhoff ◽  
Peter Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNAs as therapeutic targets in two cancer types that were frequently described to be driven by miRNAs—melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By focusing on common microRNAs and associated pathways in these—at first sight—dissimilar cancer types, we aim at revealing similar molecular mechanisms that are evolved in microRNA-biology to drive cancer progression. Thereby, we also want to outlay potential novel therapeutic strategies. After providing a brief introduction to general miRNA biology and basic information about HCC and melanoma, this review depicts prominent examples of potent oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs, which have been proven to drive diverse cancer types including melanoma and HCC. To develop and apply miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment in the future, it is essential to understand how miRNA dysregulation evolves during malignant transformation. Therefore, we highlight important aspects such as genetic alterations, miRNA editing and transcriptional regulation based on concrete examples. Furthermore, we expand our illustration by focusing on miRNA-associated proteins as well as other regulators of miRNAs which could also provide therapeutic targets. Finally, design and delivery strategies of miRNA-associated therapeutic agents as well as potential drawbacks are discussed to address the question of how miRNAs might contribute to cancer therapy in the future.

scholarly journals Vestibular migraine: An update on current understanding and future directions

Cephalalgia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Chou Huang ◽  
Shuu-Jiun Wang ◽  
Amir Kheradmand
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Vestibular Migraine ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Migraine Headaches ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Vestibular Symptoms ◽  
Narrative Literature Review

Background Vestibular migraine is among the most common causes of recurrent vertigo in the general population. Despite its prevalence and high impact on healthcare cost and utilization, it has remained an under-recognized condition with largely unknown pathophysiology. In the present article, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of vestibular migraine. Methods We undertook a narrative literature review on the epidemiology, presentations, clinical and laboratory findings, pathophysiology, and treatments of vestibular migraine. Results Currently, the diagnosis of vestibular migraine relies solely on clinical symptoms since clinical tests of vestibular function are typically normal, or difficult to interpret based on inconsistent results reported in earlier studies. The challenges related to diagnosis of vestibular migraine lie in its relatively broad spectrum of manifestations, the absence of typical migraine headaches with vestibular symptoms, and its very recent definition as a distinct entity. Here, we highlight these challenges, discuss common vestibular symptoms and clinical presentations in vestibular migraine, and review the current aspects of its clinical diagnosis and evaluation. The concepts related to the pathophysiology and treatment of vestibular migraine are also discussed. Conclusion Vestibular migraine is still underdiagnosed clinically. Future studies are needed to address the pathophysiological mechanisms and investigate effective treatment regimens.

Biology and structure of the zona pellucida: a target for immunocontraception

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Epifano ◽  
J Dean
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Specific Structure ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Made In

Although reversible interference of sperm-egg interactions with pharmacological agents has not yet been achieved, animal models have provided increasing evidence that immunological reagents directed against mammalian gametes can effectively inhibit fertilization. One potential target of immunocontraception is the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix that surrounds the growing oocyte and ovulated egg. Recent advances in our knowledge of the biosynthesis and molecular biology of the zona pellucida have provided much information useful in the rational design of immunocontraceptive vaccines. There remain, however, major obstacles to using immunological reagents to prevent fertilization, including potential toxic side effects, the lack of adequate delivery systems and the possibility of incomplete reversibility. This review summarizes current understanding of the production of the zona pellucida during folliculogenesis, the structure of the conserved proteins and genes in the zona pellucida, and the progress made in the development of immunocontraceptive strategies that focus on this oocyte-specific structure.

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