The Influence of Cesarean Section on the Composition and Development of Gut Microbiota During the First 3 Months of Life

The intestinal microbiota has emerged as a critical regulator of growth and development in the early postnatal period of life. Cesarean section (CS) delivery is one of the strongest disrupting factors of the normal colonization process and has been reported as a risk factor for disorders in later life. In this study, we dynamically and longitudinally evaluated the impact of CS on the initial colonization pattern and development of gut microbiota by 16 healthy Chinese infants with fecal samples collected at 9 time points (day 5, day 8, day 11, week 2, week 4, week 6, week 7, month 2, and month 3) during the first 3 months of life. The V3–V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were analyzed by Illumina sequencing. In comparison with vaginally delivered (VD) infants, infants born by CS showed decreased relative abundance of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides and enrichment of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Clostridioides, and Veillonella. Most interestingly, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was found to be significantly higher in the CS group than in the VD group from day 5 until month 3. Besides, the results of microbial functions showed that the VD group harbored significantly higher levels of functional genes in vitamin B6 metabolism at day 5, day 8, week 2, week 4, week 6, week 7, month 2, and month 3 and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism at day 5, while the phosphotransferase system and starch and sucrose metabolism involved functional genes were plentiful in the CS group at day 11, week 2, week 4, week 6, week 7, and month 2 and at week 2, week 7, and month 2, respectively. Our results establish a new evidence that CS affected the composition and development of gut microbiota in the first 3 months and provide a novel insight into strategies for CS-related disorders in later life.

Download Full-text

The gut-microbiota-brain axis in autism: what Drosophila models can offer?

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

10.1186/s11689-021-09378-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Safa Salim ◽

Ayesha Banu ◽

Amira Alwa ◽

Swetha B. M. Gowda ◽

Farhan Mohammad

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Brain Disorders ◽

Mediated Communication ◽

The Impact ◽

Insight Into ◽

Drosophila Models

AbstractThe idea that alterations in gut-microbiome-brain axis (GUMBA)-mediated communication play a crucial role in human brain disorders like autism remains a topic of intensive research in various labs. Gastrointestinal issues are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although gut microbiome and microbial metabolites have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we have summarized recent findings in human and animal models highlighting the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. We have discussed genetic and neurobehavioral characteristics of Drosophila as an animal model to study the role of GUMBA in ASD. The utility of Drosophila fruit flies as an amenable genetic tool, combined with axenic and gnotobiotic approaches, and availability of transgenic flies may reveal mechanistic insight into gut-microbiota-brain interactions and the impact of its alteration on behaviors relevant to neurological disorders like ASD.

Download Full-text

Feasibility of Metatranscriptome Analysis from Infant Gut Microbiota: Adaptation to Solid Foods Results in Increased Activity of Firmicutes at Six Months

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2017/9547063 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Floor Hugenholtz ◽

Jarmo Ritari ◽

Lotta Nylund ◽

Mark Davids ◽

Reetta Satokari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Transcriptional Profiling ◽

Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽

Stool Samples ◽

The Impact ◽

Increased Activity ◽

Insight Into

Newborns are rapidly colonized by microbes and their intestinal tracts contain highly dynamic and rapidly developing microbial communities in the first months of life. In this study, we describe the feasibility of isolating mRNA from rapidly processed faecal samples and applying deep RNA-Seq analysis to provide insight into the active contributors of the microbial community in early life. Specific attention is given to the impact of removing rRNA from the mRNA on the phylogenetic and transcriptional profiling and its analysis depth. A breastfed baby was followed in the first six months of life during adaptation to solid food, dairy products, and formula. It was found that, in the weaning period, the total transcriptional activity of Actinobacteria, mainly represented by Bifidobacterium, decreased while that of Firmicutes increased over time. Moreover, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, including the canonical Bifidobacteria as well as Collinsella, were found to be important contributors to carbohydrate fermentation and vitamin biosynthesis in the infant intestine. Finally, the expression of Lactobacillus rhamnosus-like genes was detected, likely following transfer from the mother who consumed L. rhamnosus GG. The study indicates that metatranscriptome analysis of the infant gut microbiota is feasible on infant stool samples and can be used to provide insight into the core activities of the developing community.

Download Full-text

Gut Microbiota Shift in Obese Adolescents Born by Cesarean Section

International Journal of Biomedicine ◽

10.21103/article10(4)_oa19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 424-429

Author(s):

Evgenia Novikova ◽

Natalia Belkova ◽

Anna Pogodina ◽

Anastasia Romanitsa ◽

Elizaveta Klimenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Human Reproduction ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Illumina Platform ◽

Scientific Center ◽

Variable Regions ◽

Obese Adolescents

Background: It is known that in the early postnatal period a variety of factors affect the gut microbiota (GM) composition, including delivery mode. The effect of delivery mode on the human GM in the late postnatal period remains unexplored. A shift of GM composition due to delivery mode may contribute to the development of obesity in adulthood. Methods and Results: The study included six adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years treated and examined at the Clinic of the Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction (Irkutsk, Russia) in 2016. Stool samples were collected following the standard operating procedures according to the International Human Microbiome Standards. Metasequencing of V3-V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was performed by the Novogene Company (China) on the Illumina platform. Bioinformatic analysis was done by the bri-shur.com services. Sequencing reads were presented as normalized values. In general, the GM composition of obese adolescents born by cesarean section was characterized by composition heterogeneity within the Bacteroidetes phylum and the dominance of certain phylotypes as signs of dysbiosis for each adolescent. We detected an increased abundance of phyla Bacteroides and Proteobacteria, and an absence of Tenericutes in obese adolescents born by Caesarean section. On the level of genera, the prevalence of Bacteroides and Bacteroides S24-7 phylotypes, and the absence of the RF39 phylotype, led to the GM shift associated with a cesarean section or obesity. Conclusion: Obese adolescents born by cesarean section delivery present the shift in GM composition.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics during Pregnancy or Lactation on the Intestinal Microbiota of Children Born by Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14020341 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 341

Author(s):

Sandra Martín-Peláez ◽

Naomi Cano-Ibáñez ◽

Miguel Pinto-Gallardo ◽

Carmen Amezcua-Prieto

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Online Databases ◽

Key Factor ◽

Probiotic Strains ◽

The Impact

The gut microbiota is a key factor in the correct development of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have found differences between the gut microbiota of newborns delivered by cesarean section compared to those vaginally delivered. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics during pregnancy and/or lactation on the development of the gut microbiota of the C-section newborns. We selected experimental studies in online databases from their inception to October 2021. Of the 83 records screened, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The probiotics used belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, and Streptococcus, or a combination of those, with dosages varying between 2 × 106 and 9 × 1011 CFU per day, and were consumed during pregnancy and/or lactation. Probiotic strains were combined with galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, or bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides in the synbiotic formulas. Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions led to beneficial gut microbiota in cesarean-delivered newborns, closer to that in vaginally delivered newborns, especially regarding Bifidobacterium colonization. This effect was more evident in breastfed infants. The studies indicate that this beneficial effect is achieved when the interventions begin soon after birth, especially the restoration of bifidobacterial population. Changes in the infant microbial ecosystem due to the interventions seem to continue after the end of the intervention in most of the studies. More interventional studies are needed to elucidate the optimal synbiotic combinations and the most effective strains and doses for achieving the optimal gut microbiota colonization of C-section newborns.

Download Full-text

Should Attitudinal Views toward Innovation Development Play a Role in Policy in Peripheral EU Regions?: New Evidence from Vouchers Program in Northern Ireland

Journal of Innovation Management ◽

10.24840/2183-0606_006.002_0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 121-137

Author(s):

Sean M. McDonald ◽

Remi C. Claire ◽

Alastair H. McPherson

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

Policy Design ◽

Regional Economic Development ◽

Innovation Development ◽

Regional Economic ◽

Eu Regions ◽

Future Policy ◽

The Impact ◽

New Evidence

The impact and effectiveness of policies to support collaboration for Research & Development (R&D) and Innovation is critical to determining the success of regional economic development. (O’Kane, 2008) The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the level of success of the Innovation Vouchers Program operated by Invest Northern Ireland (Invest NI) from 2009 to 2013 and address if attitudinal views towards innovation development should play in a role in future policy design in peripheral EU regions.

Download Full-text

Aleksey Peshkov as an editor of Samarskaya Gazeta

Voprosy literatury ◽

10.31425/0042-8795-2020-4-128-138 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 128-138

Author(s):

A. S. Bik-Bulatov

Keyword(s):

Local History ◽

Organizational Skills ◽

First Time ◽

New Evidence ◽

Insight Into ◽

Shed Light

The article uses little known letters of M. Gorky, many of which were published for the first time in 1997, as well as findings of Samara-based experts in local history to shed light on the writer’s work as editor-in-chief of the Samarskaya Gazeta newspaper in 1895. The researcher introduces hitherto unstudied reminiscences of the journalist D. Linyov (Dalin) about this period, which reference a letter by Gorky, now lost. The paper details a newly discovered episode of Gorky’s professional biography as a journalist: it concerns his campaign against a Samara ‘she-wolf,’ the madam of a local brothel A. Neucheva. Linyov’s reminiscences turn out to be an important and interesting source, offering an insight into the daily grind of the young editor Gorky, providing new evidence of his excellent organizational skills, and describing his moral and social stance. The author presents his work in the context of a recently initiated broader discussion about the need to map out all Russian periodicals for the period until 1917, as well as all research devoted to individual publications.

Download Full-text