Faculty Opinions recommendation of The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease.

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

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Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

10.3389/fcvm.2021.759735 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Shuangyue Li ◽

Georgios Kararigas

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Host Health ◽

Health And Disease ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

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Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Interaction with Food Components

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21103688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3688 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pamela Vernocchi ◽

Federica Del Chierico ◽

Lorenza Putignani

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Human Gut ◽

Food Components ◽

Host Health ◽

Wide Variability ◽

Gut Microbe ◽

A Cell ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Biochemical Mechanisms

The human gut contains trillions of microbes that play a central role in host biology, including the provision of key nutrients from the diet. Food is a major source of precursors for metabolite production; in fact, diet modulates the gut microbiota (GM) as the nutrients, derived from dietary intake, reach the GM, affecting both the ecosystem and microbial metabolic profile. GM metabolic ability has an impact on human nutritional status from childhood. However, there is a wide variability of dietary patterns that exist among individuals. The study of interactions with the host via GM metabolic pathways is an interesting field of research in medicine, as microbiota members produce myriads of molecules with many bioactive properties. Indeed, much evidence has demonstrated the importance of metabolites produced by the bacterial metabolism from foods at the gut level that dynamically participate in various biochemical mechanisms of a cell as a reaction to environmental stimuli. Hence, the GM modulate homeostasis at the gut level, and the alteration in their composition can concur in disease onset or progression, including immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders, as well as cancer. Understanding the gut microbe–nutrient interactions will increase our knowledge of how diet affects host health and disease, thus enabling personalized therapeutics and nutrition.

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Time-restricted feeding induces Lactobacillus- and Akkermansia-specific functional changes in the rat fecal microbiota

npj Biofilms and Microbiomes ◽

10.1038/s41522-021-00256-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Palomba ◽

Alessandro Tanca ◽

Marcello Abbondio ◽

Rosangela Sau ◽

Monica Serra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Protein Metabolism ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Restricted Feeding ◽

Dietary Regimen ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Host Health ◽

Key Factor ◽

The Impact

AbstractDiet is a key factor influencing gut microbiota (GM) composition and functions, which in turn affect host health. Among dietary regimens, time-restricted (TR) feeding has been associated to numerous health benefits. The impact of TR feeding on the GM composition has been mostly explored by means of metagenomic sequencing. To date, however, little is known about the modulation of GM functions by this dietary regimen. Here, we analyzed the effects of TR feeding on GM functions by evaluating protein expression changes in a rat model through a metaproteomic approach. We observed that TR feeding has a relevant impact on GM functions, specifically leading to an increased abundance of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and expressed by Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila. Taken together, these results contribute to deepening our knowledge about the key relationship between diet, GM, and health.

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Novel approaches for analysing gut microbes and dietary polyphenols: challenges and opportunities

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.042127-0 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 156 (11) ◽

pp. 3224-3231 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

R. A. Kemperman ◽

S. Bolca ◽

L. C. Roger ◽

E. E. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Health Effects ◽

Fruit And Vegetables ◽

Human Gut ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Host Health ◽

The Impact

Polyphenols, ubiquitously present in the food we consume, may modify the gut microbial composition and/or activity, and moreover, may be converted by the colonic microbiota to bioactive compounds that influence host health. The polyphenol content of fruit and vegetables and derived products is implicated in some of the health benefits bestowed on eating fruit and vegetables. Elucidating the mechanisms behind polyphenol metabolism is an important step in understanding their health effects. Yet, this is no trivial assignment due to the diversity encountered in both polyphenols and the gut microbial composition, which is further confounded by the interactions with the host. Only a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of dietary polyphenols on the complex human gut microbiota and these were mainly focused on single polyphenol molecules and selected bacterial populations. Our knowledge of gut microbial genes and pathways for polyphenol bioconversion and interactions is poor. Application of specific in vitro or in vivo models mimicking the human gut environment is required to analyse these diverse interactions. A particular benefit can now be gained from next-generation analytical tools such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allowing a wider, more holistic approach to the analysis of polyphenol metabolism. Understanding the polyphenol–gut microbiota interactions and gut microbial bioconversion capacity will facilitate studies on bioavailability of polyphenols in the host, provide more insight into the health effects of polyphenols and potentially open avenues for modulation of polyphenol bioactivity for host health.

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Biomarkers of a Healthy Nordic Diet—From Dietary Exposure Biomarkers to Microbiota Signatures in the Metabolome

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rikard Landberg ◽

Kati Hanhineva

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Large Scale ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Current Status ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Nordic Diet ◽

Health And Disease ◽

The Impact

Whole diets and dietary patterns are increasingly highlighted in modern nutrition and health research instead of single food items or nutrients alone. The Healthy Nordic Diet is a dietary pattern typically associated with beneficial health outcomes in observational studies, but results from randomized controlled trials are mixed. Dietary assessment is one of the greatest challenges in observational studies and compliance is a major challenge in dietary interventions. During the last decade, research has shown the great importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease. Studies have have both shown that the Nordic diet affects the gut microbiota and that the gut microbiota predicts the effects of such a diet. Rapid technique developments in the area of high-throughput mass spectrometry have enabled the large-scale use of metabolomics both as an objective measurement of dietary intake as well as in providing the final readout of the endogenous metabolic processes and the impact of the gut microbiota. In this review, we give an update on the current status on biomarkers that reflect a Healthy Nordic Diet or individual components thereof (food intake biomarkers), biomarkers that show the effects of a Healthy Nordic Diet and biomarkers reflecting the role of a Healthy Nordic Diet on the gut microbiota as well as how the gut microbiota or derived molecules may be used to predict the effects of a Healthy Nordic Diet on different outcomes.

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Signaling Pathways Associated with Metabolites of Dietary Fibers Link to Host Health

10.5772/intechopen.99586 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kavita Rani ◽

Jitendra Kumar ◽

Sonia Sangwan ◽

Nampher Masharing ◽

Murli Dhar Mitra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Human Life ◽

Well Being ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Bacterial Fermentation ◽

Host Health ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽

Metabolic Activities

Food is a basic requirement for human life and well-being. On the other hand, diet is necessary for growth, health and defense, as well as regulating and assisting the symbiotic gut microbial communities that inhabit in the digestive tract, referred to as the gut microbiota. Diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota. The quality and quantity of diet affects their metabolism which creates a link between diet. The microorganisms in response to the type and amount of dietary intake. Dietary fibers, which includes non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) are neither neither-digested nor absorbed and are subjected to bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in the formation of different metabolites called SCFAs. The SCFAs have been reported to effect metabolic activities at the molecularlevel. Acetate affects the metabolic pathway through the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and free fatty acid receptor2 (FFAR2/GPR43) while butyrate and propionate transactivate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ/NR1C3) and regulate the PPARγ target gene Angptl4 in colonic cells of the gut. The NDCs via gut microbiota dependent pathway regulate glucose homeostasis, gut integrity and hormone by GPCR, NF-kB, and AMPK-dependent processes. In this chapter, we will focus on dietary fibers, which interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of metabolites and discuss how dietary fiber impacts gut microbiota ecology, host physiology, and health and molecule mechanism of dietary fiber on signaling pathway that linked to the host health.

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Potential roles of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose in modulating gut microbiome in mice

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99052-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Takashi Ito ◽

Takaaki Totoki ◽

Seiya Takada ◽

Shotaro Otsuka ◽

Ikuro Maruyama

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Metabolomic Profile ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

The Impact ◽

Metagenomic Approach ◽

Caecal Microbiota ◽

Microbial Effects

AbstractThe gut microbiota has tremendous potential to affect the host’s health, in part by synthesizing vitamins and generating nutrients from food that is otherwise indigestible by the host. 1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose (1,5-AF) is a monosaccharide with a wide range of bioactive potentials, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects. Based on its potential benefits and minimal toxicity, it is anticipated that 1,5-AF will be used as a dietary supplement to support general health. However, the effects of 1,5-AF on the gut microbiota are yet to be clarified. Here, using an unbiased metagenomic approach, we profiled the bacterial taxa and functional genes in the caecal microbiota of mice fed a diet containing either 2% 1,5-AF or a reference sweetener. Supplementation with 1,5-AF altered the composition of the gut microbiota, enriching the proportion of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. 1,5-AF also altered the metabolomic profile of the gut microbiota, enriching genes associated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. These findings support the potential benefits of 1,5-AF, but further studies are required to clarify the impact of 1,5-AF on health and disease.

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Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.756486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Li Xi ◽

Xinxi Qin ◽

Yumin Song ◽

Jincheng Han ◽

Zhiqiang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Fungal Diversity ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Microbial Structure ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Host Health ◽

Health And Disease ◽

The Relationship

The structure and composition of gut microbiota correlate with the occurrence and development of host health and disease. Diarrhea can cause alterations in gut microbiota in animals, and the changes in the gut microbial structure and composition may affect the development of diarrhea. However, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of diarrhea on gut fungal composition and structure, particularly in Baer's pochard (Aythya baeri). The current study was performed for high-throughput sequencing of the fungal-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to detect the differences of gut mycobiota in healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard. Results showed that the gut mycobiota not only decreased significantly in diversity but also in structure and composition. Statistical analysis between two groups revealed a significant decrease in the abundance of phylum Rozellomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Kickxellomycota in diarrheal Baer's pochard. At the genus levels, fungal relative abundance changed significantly in 95 genera, with 56 fungal genera, such as Wickerhamomyces, Alternaria, Penicillium, Cystofilobasidium, and Filobasidium, increasing significantly in the gut of the diarrheal Baer's pochard. In conclusion, the current study revealed the discrepancy in the gut fungal diversity and community composition between the healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard, laying the basis for elucidating the relationship between diarrhea and the gut mycobiota in Baer's pochard.

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