Characterization of Thermophilic Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Composting

Composting involves the selection of a microbiota capable of resisting the high temperatures generated during the process and degrading the lignocellulose. A deep understanding of the thermophilic microbial community involved in such biotransformation is valuable to improve composting efficiency and to provide thermostable biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery. This study investigated the lignocellulose-degrading thermophilic microbial culturome at all the stages of plant waste composting, focusing on the dynamics, enzymes, and thermotolerance of each member of such a community. The results revealed that 58% of holocellulose (cellulose plus hemicellulose) and 7% of lignin were degraded at the end of composting. The whole fungal thermophilic population exhibited lignocellulose-degrading activity, whereas roughly 8–10% of thermophilic bacteria had this trait, although exclusively for hemicellulose degradation (xylan-degrading). Because of the prevalence of both groups, their enzymatic activity, and the wide spectrum of thermotolerance, they play a key role in the breakdown of hemicellulose during the entire process, whereas the degradation of cellulose and lignin is restricted to the activity of a few thermophilic fungi that persists at the end of the process. The xylanolytic bacterial isolates (159 strains) included mostly members of Firmicutes (96%) as well as a few representatives of Actinobacteria (2%) and Proteobacteria (2%). The most prevalent species were Bacillus licheniformis and Aeribacillus pallidus. Thermophilic fungi (27 strains) comprised only four species, namely Thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens, of whom A. fumigatus and T. lanuginosus dominated. Several strains of the same species evolved distinctly at the stages of composting showing phenotypes with different thermotolerance and new enzyme expression, even not previously described for the species, as a response to the changing composting environment. Strains of Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, T. lanuginosus, and A. fumigatus exhibiting considerable enzyme activities were selected as potential candidates for the production of thermozymes. This study lays a foundation to further investigate the mechanisms of adaptation and acquisition of new traits among thermophilic lignocellulolytic microorganisms during composting as well as their potential utility in biotechnological processing.

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Identification and Characterization of Thermostable Y-Family DNA Polymerases η, ι, κ and Rev1 From a Lower Eukaryote, Thermomyces lanuginosus

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences ◽

10.3389/fmolb.2021.778400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Vaisman ◽

John P. McDonald ◽

Mallory R. Smith ◽

Sender L. Aspelund ◽

Thomas C. Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Dna Polymerases ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽

Thermophilic Fungi ◽

Domains Of Life ◽

Y Family ◽

Identification And Characterization ◽

Lower Eukaryote

Y-family DNA polymerases (pols) consist of six phylogenetically separate subfamilies; two UmuC (polV) branches, DinB (pol IV, Dpo4, polκ), Rad30A/POLH (polη), and Rad30B/POLI (polι) and Rev1. Of these subfamilies, DinB orthologs are found in all three domains of life; eubacteria, archaea, and eukarya. UmuC orthologs are identified only in bacteria, whilst Rev1 and Rad30A/B orthologs are only detected in eukaryotes. Within eukaryotes, a wide array of evolutionary diversity exists. Humans possess all four Y-family pols (pols η, ι, κ, and Rev1), Schizosaccharomyces pombe has three Y-family pols (pols η, κ, and Rev1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae only has polη and Rev1. Here, we report the cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of the four Y-family pols from the lower eukaryotic thermophilic fungi, Thermomyces lanuginosus. Apart from the expected increased thermostability of the T. lanuginosus Y-family pols, their major biochemical properties are very similar to properties of their human counterparts. In particular, both Rad30B homologs (T. lanuginosus and human polɩ) exhibit remarkably low fidelity during DNA synthesis that is template sequence dependent. It was previously hypothesized that higher organisms had acquired this property during eukaryotic evolution, but these observations imply that polι originated earlier than previously known, suggesting a critical cellular function in both lower and higher eukaryotes.

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Production and Characterization of a Tumor-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Act19 Recognizing an Epitope Distinctive from Sialosyl-Tn on the TAG72 Antigen

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089169307900113 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 58-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jim Xiang ◽

Terence Moyana ◽

Zhinan Chen ◽

Wenzhou Han ◽

Tiejing Ping ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Immunoperoxidase Staining ◽

Renal Tubules ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Embryonic Tissues ◽

Tumor Associated Antigen ◽

Selection Of ◽

Small And Large Intestine

Aims A murine monoclonal antibody ACT19 directed at the TAG72 tumor-associated antigen, which was originally defined by the B72.3 antibody, was established. Methods This was done by immunizing mice with the bovine mucin followed by the selection of hybridomas secreting antibodies with the desired specificity. In order to better characterize this antibody, its immunoreactivity was compared to that of the B72.3 antibody. Results The data showed that the ACT19 antibody bound specifically to the TAG72 antigen as the B72.3 antibody did. However, there were some differences between ACT19 and B72.3. Firstly, the immunoreactivity of ACT19 for the bovine mucin was lower than that of B72.3. Secondly, the immunoreactivity of ACT19 for the TAG72 antigen was not inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine, nor was that of B72.3. Thirdly, ACT19 did not compete the binding reactivity of B72.3 for the TAG72 antigen. This suggests that the epitope defined by ACT19 is different from the sialosyl-Tn epitope recognized by B72.3. Immunoperoxidase staining of various tumors, normal and embryonic tissues for ACT19 was carried out. For the various tumors, only adenocarcinomas from the colon and stomach showed remarkable positivity. All the normal tissues were negative, except for weak positivity involving the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex, and intestinal goblet cells. Embryonic tissues showed a wide spectrum of positivity with staining of the small and large intestine, stomach and renal tubules. Conclusions The ACT19 antibody appears to be a useful marker for colon and stomach cancers, and this additional anti-TAG72 antibody may be useful in conjunction with the B72.3 antibody in pathology and clinical application.

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Applications of Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Characterization of Metal Machinability

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100101967 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 442-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.E. Murr ◽

A.B. Draper

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

State Physics ◽

Test Material ◽

Milling Machine ◽

Rotary Table ◽

Solid State Physics ◽

Materials Properties ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Selection Of

The industrial characterization of the machinability of metals and alloys has always been a very arbitrarily defined property, subject to the selection of various reference or test materials; and the adoption of rather naive and misleading interpretations and standards. However, it seems reasonable to assume that with the present state of knowledge of materials properties, and the current theories of solid state physics, more basic guidelines for machinability characterization might be established on the basis of the residual machined microstructures. This approach was originally pursued by Draper; and our presentation here will simply reflect an exposition and extension of this research.The technique consists initially in the production of machined chips of a desired test material on a horizontal milling machine with the workpiece (specimen) mounted on a rotary table vice. A single cut of a specified depth is taken from the workpiece (0.25 in. wide) each at a new tool location.

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Caracterização da Peneira Média em Clones de Coffea canephora

REVISTA FIMCA ◽

10.37157/fimca.v5i2.58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 28-31

Author(s):

Darlan Darlan Sanches Barbosa Alves ◽

Victor Mouzinho Spinelli ◽

Marcos Santana Moraes ◽

Carolina Augusto De Souza ◽

Rodrigo da Silva Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Improvement ◽

Block Design ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Coffee Production ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Four Blocks ◽

Selection Of

Introdução: O estado de Rondônia se destaca como tradicional produtor de café, sendo o segundo maior produtor brasileiro de C. canephora. No melhoramento genético de C. canephora, a seleção de plantas de elevada peneira média está associada à bebida de qualidade superior. Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de clones de C. canephora para o tamanho dos grãos, mensurado a partir da avaliação da peneira média (PM). Materiais e Métodos: Para isso, foi conduzido ao longo de dois anos agrícolas experimento no campo experimental da Embrapa no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO, para a avaliação da peneira média de 130 genótipos (clones) com características das variedades botânicas Conilon, Robusta e híbridos intervarietais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições de quatro plantas por parcela. Resultados: Não houve resultados significativos para a interação clones X anos, indicando uma maior consistência no comportamento das plantas ao longo do tempo. Porém foram observadas diferenças significativas para o tamanho dos grãos entre os genótipos avaliados, possibilitando selecionar genótipos superiores. Conclusão: Os genótipos agruparam-se em cinco classes de acordo com o teste de média, subsidiando a caracterização de um gradiente de variabilidade da característica avaliada ABSTRACTIntroduction: Coffea canephora accounts for approximately 35% of the world's coffee production. The state of Rondônia stands out as a traditional coffee producer, being the second largest Brazilian producer of C. canephora. In the classical genetic improvement of C. anephora, the selection of plants of high average sieve is associated with a drink of superior quality. Objectives: The objective of this udy was to evaluate the genetic variability of Coffea canephora clones for the agronomic medium sieve (PM). Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Embrapa, municipality of OuroPreto do Oeste-RO, located at coordinates 10º44'53 "S and 62º12'57". One hundred thirty genotypes (clones) of botanical characteristics Conilon, Robusta and intervarietal hybrids were evaluated in the agricultural years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and four plants per plot, spacing 3.5 x 1.5 meters between plants. Results: Significant difference was found for the grain size. According to the F test, at 5% probability, the genotypes were grouped into five classes according to the mean test. Conclusion: The results obtained subsidized the characterization of a variability gradient of the evaluated trait.

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In Vitro Characterization of the Antibacterial Spectrum of Novel Bacterial Type II Topoisomerase Inhibitors of the Aminobenzimidazole Class

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.50.4.1228-1237.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1228-1237 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Nagraj Mani ◽

Christian H. Gross ◽

Jonathan D. Parsons ◽

Brian Hanzelka ◽

Ute Müh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Dna Gyrase ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Topoisomerase Iv ◽

Low Frequencies

ABSTRACT Antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly important in the battle against bacterial resistance to all currently used classes of antibiotics. Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (topoIV) are the familiar targets of fluoroquinolone and coumarin antibiotics. Here we present the characterization of two members of a new class of synthetic bacterial topoII ATPase inhibitors: VRT-125853 and VRT-752586. These aminobenzimidazole compounds were potent inhibitors of both DNA gyrase and topoIV and had excellent antibacterial activities against a wide spectrum of problematic pathogens responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, and mycobacteria. Consistent with the novelty of their structures and mechanisms of action, antibacterial potency was unaffected by commonly encountered resistance phenotypes, including fluoroquinolone resistance. In time-kill assays, VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, causing 3-log reductions in viable cells within 24 h. Finally, similar to the fluoroquinolones, relatively low frequencies of spontaneous resistance to VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were found, a property consistent with their in vitro dual-targeting activities.

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Elaboration and Characterization of the Properties of Refractory Cr Base Alloys

Advances in Science and Technology ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.46 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. 46-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laurent Royer ◽

Stéphane Mathieu ◽

Christophe Liebaut ◽

Pierre Steinmetz

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Melting Point ◽

Molten Glass ◽

Energy Production ◽

Creep Properties ◽

Refractory Alloys ◽

Industrial Use ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Selection Of

For energy production and also for the glass industry, finding new refractory alloys which could permit to increase the process temperatures to 1200°C or more is a permanent challenge. Chromium base alloys can be good candidates, considering the melting point of Cr itself, and also its low corrosion rate in molten glass. Two families of alloys have been studied for this purpose, Cr-Mo-W and Cr-Ta-X alloys (X= Mo, Si..). A finer selection of compositions has been done, to optimize their chemical and mechanical properties. Kinetics of HT oxidation by air, of corrosion by molten glass and also creep properties of several alloys have been measured up to 1250°C. The results obtained with the best alloys (Cr-Ta base) give positive indications as regards the possibility of their industrial use.

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Organelle Genetics in Plants

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2104

Author(s):

Pedro Robles ◽

Víctor Quesada

Keyword(s):

Rna Editing ◽

Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽

Genome Engineering ◽

Plant Mitochondria ◽

Plastid Dna ◽

Chloroplast Genomes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Organelle Genetics ◽

Selection Of

Eleven published articles (4 reviews, 7 research papers) are collected in the Special Issue entitled “Organelle Genetics in Plants.” This selection of papers covers a wide range of topics related to chloroplasts and plant mitochondria research: (i) organellar gene expression (OGE) and, more specifically, chloroplast RNA editing in soybean, mitochondria RNA editing, and intron splicing in soybean during nodulation, as well as the study of the roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OGE in plant adaptation to environmental stress; (ii) analysis of the nuclear integrants of mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs) or plastid DNA (NUPTs); (iii) sequencing and characterization of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes; (iv) recent advances in plastid genome engineering. Here we summarize the main findings of these works, which represent the latest research on the genetics, genomics, and biotechnology of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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Selection of lactose-adapted cells in vinca minor and Dantura innoxia cultures; location and characterization of β-galactosidase and lactase activities

Plant Science ◽

10.1016/0168-9452(88)90058-1 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 83-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O.C. Elavummoottil ◽

S. Duret ◽

A. Vannereau ◽

L. Cosson ◽

J.C. Mestre

Keyword(s):

Vinca Minor ◽

Selection Of

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Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4221

Author(s):

Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽

Svend Borup Jensen ◽

Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽

Lars Jødal ◽

Pia Afzelius

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Animal Models ◽

Porcine Model ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Radioactive Tracers ◽

The Individual ◽

Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

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Characterization of Carrier Phase-Based Positioning in Real-World Jamming Conditions

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13142680 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2680

Author(s):

Søren Skaarup Larsen ◽

Anna B. O. Jensen ◽

Daniel H. Olesen

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Carrier Phase ◽

Reference Station ◽

Baseline Length ◽

Dual Frequency ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

The Impact ◽

Single Versus ◽

Selection Of

GNSS signals arriving at receivers at the surface of the Earth are weak and easily susceptible to interference and jamming. In this paper, the impact of jamming on the reference station in carrier phase-based relative baseline solutions is examined. Several scenarios are investigated in order to assess the robustness of carrier phase-based positioning towards jamming. Among others, these scenarios include a varying baseline length, the use of single- versus dual-frequency observations, and the inclusion of the Galileo and GLONASS constellations to a GPS only solution. The investigations are based on observations recorded at physical reference stations in the Danish TAPAS network during actual jamming incidents, in order to realistically evaluate the impact of real-world jamming on carrier phase-based positioning accuracy. The analyses performed show that, while there are benefits of using observations from several frequencies and constellations in positioning solutions, special care must be taken in solution processing. The selection of which GNSS constellations and observations to include, as well as when they are included, is essential, as blindly adding more jamming-affected observations may lead to worse positioning accuracy.

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