scholarly journals DexA70, the Truncated Form of a Self-Produced Dextranase, Effectively Disrupts Streptococcus mutans Biofilm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Liu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Maofeng Wang ◽  
Fengyu Zhang ◽  
Chuandong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Truncated Form ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Billions of people suffer from dental caries every year in spite of the effort to reduce the prevalence over the past few decades. Streptococcus mutans is the leading member of a specific group of cariogenic bacteria that cause dental caries. S. mutans forms biofilm, which is highly resistant to harsh environment, host immunity, and antimicrobial treatments. In this study, we found that S. mutans biofilm is highly resistant to both antimicrobial agents and lysozyme. DexA70, the truncated form of DexA (amino acids 100–732), a dextranase in S. mutans, prevents S. mutans biofilm formation and disassembles existing biofilms within minutes at nanomolar concentrations when supplied exogenously. DexA70 treatment markedly enhances biofilm sensitivity to antimicrobial agents and lysozyme, indicating its great potential in combating biofilm-related dental caries.

Formation of Cariogenic Bacterial Biofilm on Vanillin-Incorporated Resin-Based Dental Sealant

2021 ◽  
Vol 889 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Boonyanit Thaweboon ◽  
Sroisiri Thaweboon
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Dental Sealants ◽  
Dental Sealant

Tooth decay or dental caries is an important oral health problem involving people of all age groups. The disease is the outcome of the demineralize process in which aciduric and acidogenic bacteria in a biofilm decompose tooth structure. Dental sealant, a resin material, which is applied on the occlusal pit and fissure surfaces of the teeth as a protective layer has been commonly used to prevent dental caries. However, the microbial effect on food residue is found to be a major cause of microleakage of sealant and secondary caries. Several types of antimicrobial agents were introduced to increase the caries preventive effect of dental sealants. Vanillin, the main component of flavoring agent vanilla, has been found to have antimicrobial property against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of vanillin-incorporated dental sealant against biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria. Dental sealant resin samples (Clinpro; 3M ESPE, USA) were prepared in 96-well plate in accordance with the amount of vanillin adding (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 5% vanillin). The cariogenic bacterial suspensions of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 were added to saliva-coated samples and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 atmosphere for 48 h to allow the biofilm formation. The quantity of vital biofilm was determined by WST Microbial Cell Counting Kit (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, USA) at 460 nm. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were applied to the statistical analysis. A significant inhibitory effect against L. casei biofilm was observed in all vanillin incorporated samples (0.5%, 1% and 5% vanillin) compared with samples without vanillin. The percentage of biofilm reduction was 32-39%. For S. mutans, the suppressive effect was noticed only at >1% vanillin with 18-25% biofilm reduction. In conclusion, the incorporation of vanillin to dental sealants could decrease biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria (S. mutans and L. casei). The use of dental sealants containing vanillin could be a promising measure to prevent dental caries due to their antibacterial biofilm formation property.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus Plantarum 108 Inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Neha Srivastava ◽  
Kassapa Ellepola ◽  
Nityasri Venkiteswaran ◽  
Louis Yi Ann Chai ◽  
Tomoko Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mixed Species

Streptococcus mutans is the principal biofilm forming oral pathogen associated with dental caries. Studies have shown that Candida albicans, a commensal oral fungus is capable of forming pathogenic mixed-species biofilms with S. mutans. The treatment of bacterial and fungal infections using conventional antimicrobial agents has become challenging due to the antimicrobial resistance of the biofilm mode of growth. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of secretory components of Lactobacillus plantarum 108, a potentially promising probiotic strain, against S. mutans and C. albicans single and mixed-species biofilms. L. plantarum 108 supernatant inhibited S. mutans and C. albicans single-species biofilms as shown by XTT reduction assay, crystal violet assay, and colony forming units counting. The probiotic supernatant significantly inhibited the S. mutans and C. albicans mixed-species biofilm formation. The pre-formed mixed-species biofilms were also successfully reduced. Confocal microscopy showed poorly developed biofilm architecture in the probiotic supernatant treated biofilms. Moreover, the expression of S. mutans genes associated with glucosyltransferase activity and C. albicans hyphal specific genes (HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3) were down-regulated in the presence of the probiotic supernatant. Altogether, the data demonstrated the capacity of L. plantarum 108 supernatant to inhibit the S. mutans and C. albicans mixed-species biofilms. Herein, we provide a new insight on the potential of probiotic-based strategies to prevent bacterial-fungal mixed-species biofilms associated with dental caries.

scholarly journals Suppressive Effects of Octyl Gallate on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation, Acidogenicity, and Gene Expression

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vika Gabe ◽  
Tomas Kacergius ◽  
Saleh Abu-Lafi ◽  
Mouhammad Zeidan ◽  
Basheer Abu-Farich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Biofilm Development

The accumulation of biofilm by Streptococcus mutans bacteria on hard tooth tissues leads to dental caries, which remains one of the most prevalent oral diseases. Hence, the development of new antibiofilm agents is of critical importance. The current study reports the results from testing the effectiveness of octyl gallate (C8-OG) against: (1) S. mutans biofilm formation on solid surfaces (polystyrene, glass), (2) acidogenicity, (3) and the expression of biofilm-related genes. The amount of biofilm formed by S. mutans bacteria was evaluated using the colorimetric method and optical profilometry. The pH of the biofilm growth medium was measured with microelectrode. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of genes encoding glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glucosyltransferases B, -C, -D (gtfB, -C, -D), and the F-ATPase β subunit of the F1 protein (atpD). The results show that C8-OG significantly diminished biofilm formation by exposed S. mutans on solid surfaces and suppressed acidogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, compared to unexposed bacteria (p < 0.05). The C8-OG concentration of 100.24 µM inhibited S. mutans biofilm development on solid surfaces by 100% and prevented a decrease in pH levels by 99%. In addition, the RT-qPCR data demonstrate that the biofilm-producing bacteria treated with C8-OG underwent a significant reduction in gene expression in the case of the four genes under study (gbpB, gtfC, gtfD, and atpD), and there was a slight decrease in expression of the gtfB gene. However, C8-OG treatments did not produce significant expression change compared to the control for the planktonic cells, although there was a significant increase for the atpD gene. Therefore, C8-OG might be a potent antibiofilm and/or anticaries agent for oral formulations that aim to reduce the prevalence of dental caries.

scholarly journals Baicalein Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilms and Dental Caries-Related Virulence Phenotypes

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Aparna Vijayakumar ◽  
Hema Bhagavathi Sarveswari ◽  
Sahana Vasudevan ◽  
Karthi Shanmugam ◽  
Adline Princy Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Surface Attachment ◽  
First Time

Dental caries, the most common oral disease, is a major public healthcare burden and affects more than three billion people worldwide. The contemporary understanding of the need for a healthy microbiome and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has resulted in an urgent need to identify compounds that curb the virulence of pathobionts without microbial killing. Through this study, we have demonstrated for the first time that 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (Baicalein) significantly downregulates crucial caries-related virulence phenotypes in Streptococcus mutans. Baicalein significantly inhibited biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans UA159 (MBIC50 = 200 μM), without significant growth inhibition. Notably, these concentrations of baicalein did not affect the commensal S. gordonii. Strikingly, baicalein significantly reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation and acid production by S. mutans. Mechanistic studies (qRT-PCR) showed downregulation of various genes regulating biofilm formation, surface attachment, quorum sensing, acid production and competence. Finally, we demonstrate the potential translational value of baicalein by reporting synergistic interaction with fluoride against S. mutans biofilms.

Anti-Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans by Jasmine Mouthwash

2018 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 323-327
Author(s):  
Sroisiri Thaweboon ◽  
Boonyanit Thaweboon
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Causative Microorganism ◽  
Warm Temperate

Streptococcus mutans has been reported to be a major causative microorganism for oral biofilm associated with dental caries. Jasmine sambac or Arabian jasmine is a species of jasmine native to tropical and warm temperate regions particularly West and Southeast Asia. The antimicrobial activities of essential oil extracted from the flowers of J. sambac have been shown to attract researchers. Objective: To determine the anti-biofilm formation of S. mutans by mouthwash containing jasmine oil. Materials and Methods: S. mutans KPSK2, the cariogenic strain of oral streptococci was used in the study. The 24-h biofilms of S. mutans were formed on polystyrene plates treated with jasmine mouthwash. The 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and phosphate buffer saline mouthwash were used as a positive and negative control respectively. The amount of biofilm was quantified by crystal violet staining and spectrophotometry at an optical density of 595 nm. Results: Jasmine mouthwash showed a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation by decreasing 43% of biofilm whereas that of chlorhexidine showed 71% reduction. Conclusion: The anti-biofilm formation property of jasmine mouthwash was elucidated; therefore it might be another drug of choice that can be used as an adjunct to control the oral health in the prevention of dental caries.

Anti-biofilm activity of α-mangostin isolated from Garcinia mangostana L.

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Phuong T.M. Nguyen ◽  
Bac H. Vo ◽  
Nhung T. Tran ◽  
Quyen D. Van
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Surface Activities ◽  
Topical Applications

Abstract This study was carried out to further examine the anti-biofilm activity of α-mangostin (αMG) isolated from Garcinia mangostana L. grown in Vietnam, against a strongly biofilm producing Streptococcus mutans, a major causative agent of dental caries. The obtained data indicated that topical applications (twice-daily, 60 s exposure each) of 150 μM αMG during biofilm formation on the surfaces of hydroxyapatite disks (sHA) by S. mutans UA159 resulted in 30.7% reduction in biofilm accumulation after 68 h of growth. The treatment did not affect the viability of S. mutans cells in the biofilms. The surface activities of two key enzymes responsible for biofilm formation, i.e. the glycosyltransferases GtfB and GtfC, were reduced by 20 and 35%, respectively (vs. vehicle control, P < 0.05). Interestingly, αMG specifically targeted S. mutans in mixed biofilms, resulting in the decrease of the S. mutans population and total biofilm biomass. αMG was also found to accumulate within the biofilm of S. mutans up to 4.5 μg/biofilm, equal to a concentration of >10 μM/biofilm. In conclusion, this study confirmed anti-biofilm activity of αMG against S. mutans. A brief exposure to αMG may suppress biofilm formation by targeting key enzymes imvolved in biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic Regulation of Virulence Genes in Streptococcus mutans by the Conserved Small Protein SprV

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoharan Shankar ◽  
Mohammad S. Hossain ◽  
Indranil Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Bacteriocin Production ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tooth Surfaces

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, an oral pathogen associated with dental caries, colonizes tooth surfaces as polymicrobial biofilms known as dental plaque. S. mutans expresses several virulence factors that allow the organism to tolerate environmental fluctuations and compete with other microorganisms. We recently identified a small hypothetical protein (90 amino acids) essential for the normal growth of the bacterium. Inactivation of the gene, SMU.2137, encoding this protein caused a significant growth defect and loss of various virulence-associated functions. An S. mutans strain lacking this gene was more sensitive to acid, temperature, osmotic, oxidative, and DNA damage-inducing stresses. In addition, we observed an altered protein profile and defects in biofilm formation, bacteriocin production, and natural competence development, possibly due to the fitness defect associated with SMU.2137 deletion. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that nearly 20% of the S. mutans genes were differentially expressed upon SMU.2137 deletion, thereby suggesting a pleiotropic effect. Therefore, we have renamed this hitherto uncharacterized gene as sprV (streptococcal pleiotropic regulator of virulence). The transcript levels of several relevant genes in the sprV mutant corroborated the phenotypes observed upon sprV deletion. Owing to its highly conserved nature, inactivation of the sprV ortholog in Streptococcus gordonii also resulted in poor growth and defective UV tolerance and competence development as in the case of S. mutans. Our experiments suggest that SprV is functionally distinct from its homologs identified by structure and sequence homology. Nonetheless, our current work is aimed at understanding the importance of SprV in the S. mutans biology. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans employs several virulence factors and stress resistance mechanisms to colonize tooth surfaces and cause dental caries. Bacterial pathogenesis is generally controlled by regulators of fitness that are critical for successful disease establishment. Sometimes these regulators, which are potential targets for antimicrobials, are lost in the genomic context due to the lack of annotated homologs. This work outlines the regulatory impact of a small, highly conserved hypothetical protein, SprV, encoded by S. mutans. We show that SprV affects the transcript levels of various virulence factors required for normal growth, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, genetic competence, and bacteriocin production.

scholarly journals Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Stearate Inhibits the Growth of Streptococcus mutans: A Promising New Approach in Caries Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Melok ◽  
Lee Lee ◽  
Siti Mohamed Yussof ◽  
Tinchun Chu
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Green Tea Polyphenol

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main etiological bacteria present in the oral cavity that leads to dental caries. All of the S. mutans in the oral cavity form biofilms that adhere to the surfaces of teeth. Dental caries are infections facilitated by the development of biofilm. An esterified derivative of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate-stearate (EGCG-S), was used in this study to assess its ability to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The effect of EGCG-S on bacterial growth was evaluated with colony forming units (CFU) and log reduction; biofilm formation was qualitatively determined by Congo red assay, and quantitatively determined by crystal violet assay, fluorescence-based LIVE/DEAD assays to study the cell viability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes. The results indicated that EGCG-S was able to completely inhibit growth and biofilm formation at concentrations of 250 µg/mL. Its effectiveness was also compared with a commonly prescribed mouthwash in the United States, chlorhexidine gluconate. EGCG-S was shown to be equally effective in reducing S. mutans growth as chlorhexidine gluconate. In conclusion, EGCG-S is potentially an anticariogenic agent by reducing bacterial presence in the oral cavity.

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