scholarly journals Environmental Biofilms as Reservoirs for Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Flores-Vargas ◽  
Jordyn Bergsveinson ◽  
John R. Lawrence ◽  
Darren R. Korber
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Chemical Cue ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Characterizing the response of microbial communities to a range of antibiotic concentrations is one of the strategies used to understand the impact of antibiotic resistance. Many studies have described the occurrence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance in microbial communities from reservoirs such as hospitals, sewage, and farm feedlots, where bacteria are often exposed to high and/or constant concentrations of antibiotics. Outside of these sources, antibiotics generally occur at lower, sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). The constant exposure to low concentrations of antibiotics may serve as a chemical “cue” that drives development of antibiotic resistance. Low concentrations of antibiotics have not yet been broadly described in reservoirs outside of the aforementioned environments, nor is the transfer and dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes within natural microbial communities fully understood. This review will thus focus on low antibiotic-concentration environmental reservoirs and mechanisms that are important in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance to help identify key knowledge gaps concerning the environmental resistome.

scholarly journals Withdraw of prophylactic antimicrobials does not change resistome in pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Loayza Villa ◽  
Alejandro Torres ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Gabriel Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The use of antimicrobials in the animal industry has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antimicrobial-resistance genes which can be transferred to human microbiota through the food chain or the environment. To reduce the influx of antibiotic-resistance to the human microbiota, restrictions on antimicrobials (in food animals) have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of an antimicrobial restriction on the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in pigs (PCI 1050) from an Ecuadorian farm. Results: No differences in antimicrobial resistant coliforms or antimicrobial resistance genes (richness and abundance) were found when we compared animals fed with or without antibiotics. Nevertheless, the absence of antimicrobials in pigs didn’t impact the productive performance of animals. Conclusion: Fitness costs of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria within intestinal microbiota of animals seems to be overestimated. Avoiding antimicrobials as prophylactics in pigs fed is not enough to control maintenance and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

De-escalation of antimicrobial therapy in ICU settings with high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria: a multicentre prospective observational cohort study in patients with sepsis or septic shock

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 3665-3674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Routsi ◽  
Aikaterini Gkoufa ◽  
Kostoula Arvaniti ◽  
Stelios Kokkoris ◽  
Alexandros Tourtoglou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Sofa Score ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background De-escalation of empirical antimicrobial therapy, a key component of antibiotic stewardship, is considered difficult in ICUs with high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Objectives To assess the feasibility and the impact of antimicrobial de-escalation in ICUs with high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Methods Multicentre, prospective, observational study in septic patients with documented infections. Patients in whom de-escalation was applied were compared with patients without de-escalation by the use of a propensity score matching by SOFA score on the day of de-escalation initiation. Results A total of 262 patients (mean age 62.2 ± 15.1 years) were included. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens comprised 62.9%, classified as MDR (12.5%), extensively drug-resistant (49%) and pandrug-resistant (1.2%). In 97 (37%) patients de-escalation was judged not feasible in view of the antibiotic susceptibility results. Of the remaining 165 patients, judged as patients with de-escalation possibility, de-escalation was applied in 60 (22.9%). These were matched to an equal number of patients without de-escalation. In this subset of 120 patients, de-escalation compared with no de-escalation was associated with lower all-cause 28 day mortality (13.3% versus 36.7%, OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.66, P = 0.006); ICU and hospital mortality were also lower. De-escalation was associated with a subsequent collateral decrease in the SOFA score. Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed de-escalation as a significant factor for 28 day survival (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14–0.70, P = 0.005). Conclusions In ICUs with high levels of antimicrobial resistance, feasibility of antimicrobial de-escalation was limited because of the multi-resistant pathogens isolated. However, when de-escalation was feasible and applied, it was associated with lower mortality.

scholarly journals Antibiotics resistance in pathogenic bacteria isolated from water and sediment around the floating fish farms in the Nha Trang bay

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4A) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Nguyen Kim Hanh ◽  
Nguyen Trinh Duc Hieu ◽  
Nguyen Minh Hieu ◽  
Vo Hai Thi ◽  
Pham Thi Mien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Nha Trang Bay ◽  
The Impact

To assess the impact of antibiotic use in aquaculture in Nha Trang bay, we conducted this study with the aim of assessing antibiotic resistance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria isolated from water and sediment around shrimp/fish cages in the Nha Trang bay. 109 strains of Vibrio, Salmonella-Shigella and Aeromonas groups were isolated in the surrounding environment of farming areas in Dam Bay and Hon Mieu. Antimicrobial resistance test of these 109 strains showed that in the water environment in Dam Bay, TET (96.6%) and NIT (92.5%) were the two antibiotics with the highest rates of resistant bacteria while no bacteria were resistant to RIF. All 5 types of antibiotics had a statistically insignificant percentage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water samples at Hon Mieu, ranging from 33.3% to 68.9%. Also in the water environment, the rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Dam Bay was not influenced by the distance to the cages (42.5–66.6%). Meanwhile, in Hon Mieu, the highest rate of resistant bacteria was observed at the distance of 200 m (100%) away from cages and the lowest rate at the distance of 100 m (20%). In the sediment environment around the cages, both the Dam Bay and Hon Mieu farming areas showed the highest rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria against TET, NIF and RIF had the lowest rate of resistant bacteria. Among the total of 109 strains tested for antibiotic resistance, 2 strains labeled TCBS_HM200 m and SS_HM200 m were found to be resistant to all 5 tested antibiotics. These two strains were respectively identified as Vibrio harveyi and Oceanimonas sp.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into Selection for Antibiotic Resistance in Complex Microbial Communities

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee K. Murray ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
Xiaole Yin ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Angus Buckling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Clinical Environments ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Antibiotic Degradation

ABSTRACTRecent research has demonstrated that selection for antibiotic resistance occurs at very low antibiotic concentrations in single-species experiments, but the relevance of these findings when species are embedded in complex microbial communities is unclear. We show that the strength of selection for naturally occurring resistance alleles in a complex community remains constant from low subinhibitory to above clinically relevant concentrations. Selection increases with antibiotic concentration before reaching a plateau where selection remains constant over a 2-order-magnitude concentration range. This is likely to be due to cross protection of the susceptible bacteria in the community following rapid extracellular antibiotic degradation by the resistant population, shown experimentally through a combination of chemical quantification and bacterial growth experiments. Metagenome and 16S rRNA analyses of sewage-derived bacterial communities evolved under cefotaxime exposure show preferential enrichment forblaCTX-Mgenes over all other beta-lactamase genes, as well as positive selection and co-selection for antibiotic resistant, opportunistic pathogens. These findings have far-reaching implications for our understanding of the evolution of antibiotic resistance, by challenging the long-standing assumption that selection occurs in a dose-dependent manner.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistance is one of the greatest global issues facing society. Still, comparatively little is known about selection for resistance at very low antibiotic concentrations. We show that the strength of selection for clinically important resistance genes within a complex bacterial community can remain constant across a large antibiotic concentration range (wide selective space). Therefore, largely understudied ecological compartments could be just as important as clinical environments for selection of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Widely Used Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectants Can Promote Antibiotic Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjae Kim ◽  
Michael R. Weigand ◽  
Seungdae Oh ◽  
Janet K. Hatt ◽  
Raj Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Gene Cloning ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

ABSTRACTWhile the misuse of antibiotics has clearly contributed to the emergence and proliferation of resistant bacterial pathogens, with major health consequences, it remains less clear if the widespread use of disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chlorides (BAC), a different class of biocides than antibiotics, has contributed to this problem. Here, we provide evidence that exposure to BAC coselects for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and describe the underlying genetic mechanisms. After inoculation with river sediment, BAC-fed bioreactors selected for several bacterial taxa, including the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa, that were more resistant to several antibiotics than their counterparts in a control (no BAC) bioreactor. A metagenomic analysis of the bioreactor microbial communities, confirmed by gene cloning experiments with the derived isolates, suggested that integrative and conjugative elements encoding a BAC efflux pump together with antibiotic resistance genes were responsible for these results. Furthermore, the exposure of theP. aeruginosaisolates to increasing concentrations of BAC selected for mutations inpmrB(polymyxin resistance) and physiological adaptations that contributed to a higher tolerance to polymyxin B and other antibiotics. The physiological adaptations included the overexpression ofmexCD-oprJmultidrug efflux pump genes when BAC was added in the growth medium at subinhibitory concentrations. Collectively, our results demonstrated that disinfectants promote antibiotic resistance via several mechanisms and highlight the need to remediate (degrade) disinfectants in nontarget environments to further restrain the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCEBenzalkonium chlorides (BAC) are biocides broadly used in disinfectant solutions. Disinfectants are widely used in food processing lines, domestic households, and pharmaceutical products and are typically designed to have a different mode of action than antibiotics to avoid interfering with the use of the latter. Whether exposure to BAC makes bacteria more resistant to antibiotics remains an unresolved issue of obvious practical consequences for public health. Using an integrated approach that combines metagenomics of natural microbial communities with gene cloning experiments with isolates and experimental evolution assays, we show that the widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants promote clinically relevant antibiotic resistance. Therefore, more attention should be given to the usage of these disinfectants, and their fate in nontarget environments should be monitored more tightly.

scholarly journals Twenty-year trends in antimicrobial resistance from aquaculture and fisheries in Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schar ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
D. G. Joakim Larsson ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
China And India ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health. However, in aquatic animals—the fastest growing food animal sector globally—AMR trends are seldom documented, particularly in Asia, which contributes two-thirds of global food fish production. Here, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of 749 point prevalence surveys reporting antibiotic-resistant bacteria from aquatic food animals in Asia, extracted from 343 articles published in 2000–2019. We find concerning levels of resistance to medically important antimicrobials in foodborne pathogens. In aquaculture, the percentage of antimicrobial compounds per survey with resistance exceeding 50% (P50) plateaued at 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28 to 37%] between 2000 and 2018. In fisheries, P50 decreased from 52% [95% CI 39 to 65%] to 22% [95% CI 14 to 30%]. We map AMR at 10-kilometer resolution, finding resistance hotspots along Asia’s major river systems and coastal waters of China and India. Regions benefitting most from future surveillance efforts are eastern China and India. Scaling up surveillance to strengthen epidemiological evidence on AMR and inform aquaculture and fisheries interventions is needed to mitigate the impact of AMR globally.

Impact of anthropogenic activities on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Tripathi ◽  
Eddie Cytryn
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ecological Boundaries ◽  
Clinical Environments

Antibiotics are considered to be one of the major medical breakthroughs in history. Nonetheless, over the past four decades, antibiotic resistance has reached alarming levels worldwide and this trend is expected to continue to increase, leading some experts to forecast the coming of a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. Although antibiotic resistance in pathogens is traditionally linked to clinical environments, there is a rising concern that the global propagation of antibiotic resistance is also associated with environmental reservoirs that are linked to anthropogenic activities such as animal husbandry, agronomic practices and wastewater treatment. It is hypothesized that the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) within and between environmental microbial communities can ultimately contribute to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Nonetheless, the scope of this phenomenon is not clear due to the complexity of microbial communities in the environment and methodological constraints that limit comprehensive in situ evaluation of microbial genomes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in non-clinical environments, specifically focusing on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries and the contribution of this phenomenon to global antibiotic resistance.

A PCR-DGGE approach to evaluate the impact of wastewater source on the antibiotic resistance diversity in treated wastewater effluent

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1323-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sigala ◽  
A. Unc
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Source Type ◽  
The Impact

Increased incidence of antibiotics in human-affected environments is raising concerns about increase in acquired antibiotic resistance by environmental bacteria. Wastewater collection and treatment systems are likely significant anthropogenic sinks and vectors for antibiotics and associated antibiotic resistance. Typical municipal treatment plants collect wastewaters of various sources, including well-established antibiotic resistance reservoirs such as hospitals, intensive care units and nursing homes, and integrate them with sources not commonly identified as major sources of antibiotic resistance, such as residential or industrial sources. A comprehensive PCR-DGGE diversity analysis of wastewater antibiotic-resistant bacteria was performed to evaluate the role of various wastewater sources in the discharge of antibiotic resistance by a municipal treatment plant. Wastewater sources are clearly inducing resistance in the final effluent but the role of each source type is highly variable, likely as a function of variable environmental conditions or water use patterns. Comparisons between primary treatment and secondary treatment stages indicate a strong role of the intensity of the wastewater treatment in the diversity profiles of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While pervasiveness of antibiotic resistance in the system impedes clear discrimination between sources in the tested system, there are indications of specific source type related impacts.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in surface waters from a coastal lagoon of Southern Brazil under the impact of anthropogenic activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Belize Leite ◽  
Magda Antunes de Chaves ◽  
Athos Aramis Thopor Nunes ◽  
Louise Jank ◽  
Gertrudes Corção
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Class I ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The Impact

Wastes arising from human activities can reach water bodies and contribute significantly to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations in aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivable antibiotic resistant bacterial populations from a coastal lagoon impacted by agriculture and urbanization activities. Water samples were collected in low and peak season and characterized regarding physicochemical variables, microbiological indicators and the presence of antimicrobial residues. In order to analyze the presence of resistant bacterial populations, the samples were grown in the presence of nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, imipenem and tetracycline. Genes associated with β-lactamic resistance (blaCTX-M-like, blaGES-like, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23-like, blaSHV-like, blaTEM-like and blaSPM-1), class I integron and efflux systems (tetA, tetB, acrA, acrB, tolC, adeA, adeB, adeR, adeS, mexB, mexD, mexF and mexY) were analyzed by conventional in vitro amplification. Although antimicrobials residues were below the detection limit, resistant bacteria and resistance determinants - blaGES, class I integron, adeS, acrA, acrB, tolC, mexB, mexF - were present at almost all points, in both seasons and for all antimicrobials assessed. The high numbers of resistant bacteria counts observed after the antibiotic treatment were positively correlated to the urbanization effects on the Lagoon. Some resistant populations were even higher in the low season samples, indicating the importance of a systematic evaluation of antibiotic resistance on water resources.

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