Dynamic regional model of the US apple industry: Consequences of supply or demand shocks due to pest or disease outbreaks and control

AbstractThree major human coronavirus disease outbreaks, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), occurred in the twenty-first century and were caused by different coronaviruses (CoVs). All these viruses are considered to have originated from bats and transmitted to humans through intermediate hosts. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, disease agent of COVID-19, shared around 80% genomic similarity, and thus belong to SARS-related CoVs. As a natural reservoir of viruses, bats harbor numerous other SARS-related CoVs that could potentially infect humans around the world, causing SARS or COVID-19 like outbreaks in the future. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of CoVs on geographical distribution, genetic diversity, cross-species transmission potential and possible pathogenesis in humans, aiming for a better understanding of bat SARS-related CoVs in the context of prevention and control.

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A HIPAA Security and Privacy Compliance Audit and Risk Assessment Mitigation Approach

International Journal of Cyber Research and Education ◽

10.4018/ijcre.2021070103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 28-45

Author(s):

Young B. Choi ◽

Christopher E. Williams

Keyword(s):

Healthcare System ◽

Information Assurance ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Privacy Requirements ◽

Security Controls ◽

The Us ◽

Compliance Audit ◽

And Control ◽

Health Laws

Data breaches have a profound effect on businesses associated with industries like the US healthcare system. This task extends more pressure on healthcare providers as they continue to gain unprecedented access to patient data, as the US healthcare system integrates further into the digital realm. Pressure has also led to the creation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Omnibus Rule, and Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health laws. The Defense Information Systems Agency also develops and maintains security technical implementation guides that are consistent with DoD cybersecurity policies, standards, architectures, security controls, and validation procedures. The objective is to design a network (physician's office) in order to meet the complexity standards and unpredictable measures posed by attackers. Additionally, the network must adhere to HIPAA security and privacy requirements required by law. Successful implantation of network design will articulate comprehension requirements of information assurance security and control.

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IoT-based Precision Agriculture Platform: A Review

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.38197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1419-1421

Author(s):

Rutvik Solanki

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Iot Platforms ◽

High Level ◽

New Applications ◽

And Control ◽

Use Of Internet ◽

The Internet Of Things

Abstract: Technological advancements such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are helping to boost the global agricultural sector as it is expected to grow by around seventy percent in the next two decades. There are sensor-based systems in place to keep track of the plants and the surrounding environment. This technology allows farmers to watch and control farm operations from afar, but it has a few limitations. For farmers, these technologies are prohibitively expensive and demand a high level of technological competence. Besides, Climate change has a significant impact on crops because increased temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of disease outbreaks, resulting in crop losses and potentially irreversible plant destruction. Because of recent advancements in IoT and Cloud Computing, new applications built on highly innovative and scalable service platforms are now being developed. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions has enormous promise for improving the quality and safety of agricultural products. Precision farming's telemonitoring system relies heavily on Internet of Things (IoT) platforms; therefore, this article quickly reviews the most common IoT platforms used in precision agriculture, highlighting both their key benefits and drawbacks

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Dot map cartograms for detection of infectious disease outbreaks: an application to Q fever, the Netherlands and pertussis, Germany

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.26.30562 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (26) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Loes Soetens ◽

Susan Hahné ◽

Jacco Wallinga

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Q Fever ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Point Pattern ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

Public Health Professionals ◽

Potential Source ◽

High Incidence ◽

And Control

Geographical mapping of infectious diseases is an important tool for detecting and characterising outbreaks. Two common mapping methods, dot maps and incidence maps, have important shortcomings. The former does not represent population density and can compromise case privacy, and the latter relies on pre-defined administrative boundaries. We propose a method that overcomes these limitations: dot map cartograms. These create a point pattern of cases while reshaping spatial units, such that spatial area becomes proportional to population size. We compared these dot map cartograms with standard dot maps and incidence maps on four criteria, using two example datasets. Dot map cartograms were able to illustrate both incidence and absolute numbers of cases (criterion 1): they revealed potential source locations (Q fever, the Netherlands) and clusters with high incidence (pertussis, Germany). Unlike incidence maps, they were insensitive to choices regarding spatial scale (criterion 2). Dot map cartograms ensured the privacy of cases (criterion 3) by spatial distortion; however, this occurred at the expense of recognition of locations (criterion 4). We demonstrate that dot map cartograms are a valuable method for detection and visualisation of infectious disease outbreaks, which facilitates informed and appropriate actions by public health professionals, to investigate and control outbreaks.

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Surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis (1992–2009) and food-borne disease outbreaks (1996–2009) in Italy, with a focus on the Piedmont and Lombardy regions

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.17.08.20098-en ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

Author(s):

L Mughini-Gras ◽

C Graziani ◽

F Biorci ◽

A Pavan ◽

R Magliola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Notification System ◽

Lombardy Region ◽

Additional Information ◽

Regional Systems ◽

Infectious Gastroenteritis ◽

Food Borne ◽

Notification Data ◽

And Control

We describe trends in the occurrence of acute infectious gastroenteritis (1992 to 2009) and food-borne disease outbreaks (1996 to 2009) in Italy. In 2002, the Piedmont region implemented a surveillance system for early detection and control of food-borne disease outbreaks; in 2004, the Lombardy region implemented a system for surveillance of all notifiable human infectious diseases. Both systems are internet based. We compared the regional figures with the national mean using official notification data provided by the National Infectious Diseases Notification System (SIMI) and the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), in order to provide additional information about the epidemiology of these diseases in Italy. When compared with the national mean, data from the two regional systems showed a significant increase in notification rates of non-typhoid salmonellosis and infectious diarrhoea other than non-typhoid salmonellosis, but for food-borne disease outbreaks, the increase was not statistically significant. Although the two regional systems have different objectives and structures, they showed improved sensitivity regarding notification of cases of acute infectious gastroenteritis and, to a lesser extent, food-borne disease outbreaks, and thus provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of these diseases in Italy.

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Applying probability-weighted incubation period distributions to traditional wind rose methodology to improve public health investigations of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268820000230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 148 ◽

Author(s):

D. Bays ◽

E. Bennett ◽

T. Finnie

Keyword(s):

Incubation Period ◽

Probability Distributions ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Relative Volume ◽

Wind Rose ◽

Outbreak Management ◽

Legionnaires Disease ◽

Potential Improvement ◽

And Control

Abstract In the event of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak, rapid location and control of the source of bacteria are crucial for outbreak management and regulation. In this paper, we describe an enhancement of the traditional wind rose for epidemiological use; shifting the focus of measurement from relative frequency of the winds speeds and directions to the relative volume of air carried, whilst also incorporating probability distributions of disease incubation periods to refine identification of the important wind directions during a cases window of exposure, i.e. from which direction contaminated aerosols most likely originated. The probability-weighted wind rose offers a potential improvement over the traditional wind rose by weighting the importance of wind measurements through incorporation of probability of exposure given an individual's time of symptom onset (obtained through knowledge of the incubation period), and by instead focusing on the volume of carrying air which offers better insight into the most probable direction of the source. This then provides a probabilistic distribution of which direction the wind was blowing around the time of infection. We discuss how the probability-weighted wind rose can be implemented during a Legionnaires' disease outbreak, and how outbreak control teams might use it as supportive evidence to identify the most likely direction of the contaminated source from the presumed site of exposure. In addition, this paper discusses how minor adjustments can be made to the method allowing the probability-weighted wind rose to be applied to other non-communicable airborne diseases, providing the disease's probability distribution for the incubation period distribution is well known.

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Exposure and Black Migrancy in Teju Cole

New Global Studies ◽

10.1515/ngs-2019-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 60-79

Author(s):

Nicholas Gamso

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

Knowledge Production ◽

World Literature ◽

Literary Culture ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

The Novel ◽

Critical Studies ◽

The Us ◽

History Of ◽

And Control

AbstractThrough a reading of Teju Cole’s novel Open City (2011), this article argues that the exposure of black migrants constitutes the principal organizing conceit of global literary culture and knowledge production. The novel’s protagonist, a Nigerian emigre named Julius, is faced with ceaseless scrutiny as he traverses urban spaces in the US, Europe, and West Africa, meeting other migrants. In staging Julius’ encounters with others, the novel allegorizes a structure of racialized subjection continuous with the modern history of western epistemology and glaringly present in the contemporary. Yet it also provides grounds for a recursive ethic of opacity, which Julius eagerly endorses. The article surveys critical studies of race, migration, infrastructure, and world literature, in addition to Cole’s writings on photography. The aim is not only to uncover the logics of racialization at play in the enactment of culture, but also to conceive of culture itself as a historical infrastructure of privation and control.

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Diversity of Practical Quota Systems for Farmland Preservation: A Multicountry Comparison and Analysis

Environment and Planning C Government and Policy ◽

10.1068/c09174 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 211-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Rong Tan ◽

Volker Beckmann

Keyword(s):

Transaction Cost Economics ◽

Reference Points ◽

Farmland Preservation ◽

Quota System ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Comparison And Analysis ◽

And Control ◽

Land Use Control

Diverse quota systems are designed and implemented in different countries to preserve farmland. Choosing a quota system for farmland preservation is thus an important issue for policy makers and researchers. In order to explain this diversity and reveal shared principles for the choice of a quota system in practice, we compare typical quota arrangements in four countries through a model of transaction cost economics (TCE). We examine agricultural zoning in the Netherlands, the transferable development right in the US, command-and-control quotas and their supplemented trading mode in China, and the debated tradable planning permits for land-use control in Germany. Our comparison not only shows that extending TCE into tradable quota theory is feasible, but also compares experience with the tools of farmland preservation across the four countries. Furthermore, the shared principles we discover could also be reference points for the rest of the world.

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