scholarly journals Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin ◽  
Denis Burdakov
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Neuronal Membrane ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuronal Interactions ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Neuronal Processing ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

Across sleep and wakefulness, brain function requires inter-neuronal interactions lasting beyond seconds. Yet, most studies of neural circuit connectivity focus on millisecond-scale interactions mediated by the classic fast transmitters, GABA and glutamate. In contrast, neural circuit roles of the largest transmitter family in the brain–the slow-acting peptide transmitters–remain relatively overlooked, or described as “modulatory.” Neuropeptides may efficiently implement sustained neural circuit connectivity, since they are not rapidly removed from the extracellular space, and their prolonged action does not require continuous presynaptic firing. From this perspective, we review actions of evolutionarily-conserved neuropeptides made by brain-wide-projecting hypothalamic neurons, focusing on lateral hypothalamus (LH) neuropeptides essential for stable consciousness: the orexins/hypocretins. Action potential-dependent orexin release inside and outside the hypothalamus evokes slow postsynaptic excitation. This excitation does not arise from modulation of classic neurotransmission, but involves direct action of orexins on their specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to ion channels. While millisecond-scale, GABA/glutamate connectivity within the LH may not be strong, re-assessing LH microcircuits from the peptidergic viewpoint is consistent with slow local microcircuits. The sustained actions of neuropeptides on neuronal membrane potential may enable core brain functions, such as temporal integration and the creation of lasting permissive signals that act as “eligibility traces” for context-dependent information routing and plasticity. The slowness of neuropeptides has unique advantages for efficient neuronal processing and feedback control of consciousness.

scholarly journals The G protein-Coupled Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 controls neuronal macroautophagy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Donoso ◽  
Luisa Speranza ◽  
Magdalena Kalinowska ◽  
Catherine Castillo ◽  
Claudia De Sanctis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Autophagy Flux ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 ◽  
Mglu1 Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, highly regulated catabolic process critical to neuronal homeostasis, function and survival throughout organismal lifespan. However, the external factors and signals that control autophagy in neurons are still poorly understood. Here we report that the G protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1) contributes to control basal autophagy in the brain. Autophagy is upregulated in the brain of adult mGlu1 knockout mice and genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of native mGlu1 receptors enhances autophagy flux in neurons. The evolutionarily conserved adaptor protein FEZ1, identified by a genome-wide screen as mGlu1 receptor interacting partner, was found to participate in the regulation of neuronal autophagy and to be required for repression of autophagy flux by the mGlu1 receptor. Furthermore, FEZ1 appears to enable association of mGlu1 with Ulk1, a core component of the autophagy pathway. Thus, we propose that the mGlu1 receptor contributes to restrain constitutive autophagy in neurons.

scholarly journals Regulation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy T Smith ◽  
Donald K Clifton ◽  
Robert A Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion ◽  
Negative Feedback Regulation ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

The Kiss1 gene codes for a family of peptides that act as endogenous ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. Spontaneous mutations or targeted deletions of GPR54 in man and mice produce hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. Centrally administered kisspeptins stimulate gonadotropin secretion by acting directly on GnRH neurons. Sex steroids regulate the expression of KiSS-1 mRNA in the brain through direct action on KiSS-1 neurons. In the arcuate nucleus (Arc), sex steroids inhibit the expression of KiSS-1, suggesting that these neurons serve as a conduit for the negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion. In the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), sex steroids induce the expression of KiSS-1, implying that KiSS-1 neurons in this region may have a role in the preovulatory LH surge (in the female) or sexual behavior (in the male).

scholarly journals Regulation of Drosophila Long-Term Courtship Memory by Ecdysis Triggering Hormone

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Soo Lee ◽  
Michael E. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Brain Exposure ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Ecdysis Triggering Hormone ◽  
The Brain

Endocrine state is an important determinant of learning and memory in animals. InDrosophila, rejection of male courtship overtures by mated females leads to an aversive response manifested as courtship memory. Here we report that ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) is an obligatory enabler of long-term courtship memory (LTM). ETH deficiency suppresses LTM, whereas augmented ETH release reduces the minimum training period required for LTM induction. ETH receptor knockdown either in the mushroom body (MB) γ lobe or in octopaminergic dorsal-anterior-lateral (DAL) neurons impairs memory performance, indicating its direct action in these brain areas. Consistent with these findings, brain exposure to ETH mobilizes calcium in MB γ lobe neuropils and DAL neurons. ETH receptor (ETHR) knockdown in the corpus allatum (CA) to create juvenile hormone (JH) deficiency also suppresses LTM, as does knockdown of the JH receptor Met in the MB γ lobe, indicating a convergence of ETH and JH signaling in this region of the brain. Our findings identify endocrine-enabled neural circuit components in the brain that are critical for persistent behavioral changes resulting from aversive social experience.

scholarly journals THE NEURAL CIRCUIT FOR THE CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC CHOICE AND COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE VALUES

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M BORODINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Material Component ◽  
The Brain

Economic choice in human behavior involves a reliable calculation by accepting subjective values. The purpose of our study is to study the neural circuit of the brain in order to assess the adoption of specific economic decisions to improve the material component of each subject of the study. Economic choice is calculated and compared with subjective values by using an experiment. The hypothesis is that the anterior lobe of the brain is responsible for the correctness of economic decisions,and the center for making economic choices is oriented directly in the orbitofrontal cortex. The results obtained in other areas of the brain are consistent with the idea that correct economic choice decisions are made in the orbitofrontal cortex, and indicate that value signals influence many brain functions that determine the main economic principles. Thus, based on the research data, we can draw conclusions about the direct relationship of the cerebral cortex, economic decision-making and the influence of subjective values. This research is of great importance in increasing the success of any person, namely their material security, economically correct choice and acceptance of motivation in any given situation.

scholarly journals Orexin/Hypocretin and MCH Neurons: Cognitive and Motor Roles Beyond Arousal

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Concetti ◽  
Denis Burdakov
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Pharmacological Blockade ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is classically implicated in sleep-wake control. It is the main source of orexin/hypocretin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptides in the brain, which have been both implicated in arousal state switching. These neuropeptides are produced by non-overlapping LH neurons, which both project widely throughout the brain, where release of orexin and MCH activates specific postsynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors. Optogenetic manipulations of orexin and MCH neurons during sleep indicate that they promote awakening and REM sleep, respectively. However, recordings from orexin and MCH neurons in awake, moving animals suggest that they also act outside sleep/wake switching. Here, we review recent studies showing that both orexin and MCH neurons can rapidly (sub-second-timescale) change their firing when awake animals experience external stimuli, or during self-paced exploration of objects and places. However, the sensory-behavioral correlates of orexin and MCH neural activation can be quite different. Orexin neurons are generally more dynamic, with about 2/3rds of them activated before and during self-initiated running, and most activated by sensory stimulation across sensory modalities. MCH neurons are activated in a more select manner, for example upon self-paced investigation of novel objects and by certain other novel stimuli. We discuss optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations of orexin and MCH neurons, which combined with pharmacological blockade of orexin and MCH receptors, imply that these rapid LH dynamics shape fundamental cognitive and motor processes due to orexin and MCH neuropeptide actions in the awake brain. Finally, we contemplate whether the awake control of psychomotor brain functions by orexin and MCH are distinct from their “arousal” effects.

TEORI KECERDASAN, PENDIDIKAN ANAK, DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM KELUARGA

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskinul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Logics

The education system in Indonesia emphasize on academic intelligence, whichincludes only two or three aspects, more than on the other aspects of intelligence. For thatreason, many children who are not good at academic intelligence, but have good potentials inother aspects of intelligence, do not develop optimally. They are often considered and labeledas "stupid children" by the existing system. This phenomenon is on the contrary to the theoryof multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner, who argues that intelligence is theability to solve various problems in life and produce products or services that are useful invarious aspects of life.Human intelligence is a combination of various general and specific abilities. Thistheory is different from the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) that involves only languageskills, mathematical, and spatial logics. According to Gardner, there are nine aspects ofintelligence and its potential indicators to be developed by each child born without a braindefect. What Gardner suggested can be considered as a starting point to a perspective thatevery child has a unique individual intelligence. Parents have to treat and educate theirchildren proportionally and equitably. This treatment will lead to a pattern of education that isfriendly to the brain and to the plurality of children’s potential.More than the above points, the notion that multiple intelligences do not just comefrom the brain needs to be followed. Humans actually have different immaterial (spiritual)aspects that do not refer to brain functions. The belief in spiritual aspects and its potentialsmeans that human beings have various capacities and they differ from physical capacities.This is what needs to be addressed from the perspective of education today. The philosophyand perspective on education of the educators, education stakeholders, and especially parents,are the first major issue to be addressed. With this step, every educational activity andcommunication within the family is expected to develop every aspect of children'sintelligence, especially the spiritual intelligence.

scholarly journals (Ascorb)ing Pb Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1311
Author(s):  
Faraz Ahmad ◽  
Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Developmental Exposure ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Pb Exposure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potent Therapeutic Agent

Lead (Pb) neurotoxicity is a major concern, particularly in children. Developmental exposure to Pb can alter neurodevelopmental trajectory and has permanent neuropathological consequences, including an increased vulnerability to further stressors. Ascorbic acid is among most researched antioxidant nutrients and has a special role in maintaining redox homeostasis in physiological and physio-pathological brain states. Furthermore, because of its capacity to chelate metal ions, ascorbic acid may particularly serve as a potent therapeutic agent in Pb poisoning. The present review first discusses the major consequences of Pb exposure in children and then proceeds to present evidence from human and animal studies for ascorbic acid as an efficient ameliorative supplemental nutrient in Pb poisoning, with a particular focus on developmental Pb neurotoxicity. In doing so, it is hoped that there is a revitalization for further research on understanding the brain functions of this essential, safe, and readily available vitamin in physiological states, as well to justify and establish it as an effective neuroprotective and modulatory factor in the pathologies of the nervous system, including developmental neuropathologies.

Simulation of sports movement training based on machine learning and brain-computer interface

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Linuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Joint Learning ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Brain

Injuries and hidden dangers in training have a greater impact on athletes ’careers. In particular, the brain function that controls the motor function area has a greater impact on the athlete ’s competitive ability. Based on this, it is necessary to adopt scientific methods to recognize brain functions. In this paper, we study the structure of motor brain-computer and improve it based on traditional methods. Moreover, supported by machine learning and SVM technology, this study uses a DSP filter to convert the preprocessed EEG signal X into a time series, and adjusts the distance between the time series to classify the data. In order to solve the inconsistency of DSP algorithms, a multi-layer joint learning framework based on logistic regression model is proposed, and a brain-machine interface system of sports based on machine learning and SVM is constructed. In addition, this study designed a control experiment to improve the performance of the method proposed by this study. The research results show that the method in this paper has a certain practical effect and can be applied to sports.

A bigger brain for a more complex environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-816
Author(s):  
Umberto di Porzio
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Newborn Brain ◽  
Neuronal Interactions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe environment increased complexity required more neural functions to develop in the hominin brains, and the hominins adapted to the complexity by developing a bigger brain with a greater interconnection between its parts. Thus, complex environments drove the growth of the brain. In about two million years during hominin evolution, the brain increased three folds in size, one of the largest and most complex amongst mammals, relative to body size. The size increase has led to anatomical reorganization and complex neuronal interactions in a relatively small skull. At birth, the human brain is only about 20% of its adult size. That facilitates the passage through the birth canal. Therefore, the human brain, especially cortex, develops postnatally in a rich stimulating environment with continuous brain wiring and rewiring and insertion of billions of new neurons. One of the consequence is that in the newborn brain, neuroplasticity is always turned “on” and it remains active throughout life, which gave humans the ability to adapt to complex and often hostile environments, integrate external experiences, solve problems, elaborate abstract ideas and innovative technologies, store a lot of information. Besides, hominins acquired unique abilities as music, language, and intense social cooperation. Overwhelming ecological, social, and cultural challenges have made the human brain so unique. From these events, as well as the molecular genetic changes that took place in those million years, under the pressure of natural selection, derive the distinctive cognitive abilities that have led us to complex social organizations and made our species successful.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABAB receptor function

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (22) ◽  
pp. eabg3362
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Shaye ◽  
Benjamin Stauch ◽  
Cornelius Gati ◽  
Vadim Cherezov
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gabab Receptor ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid G protein–coupled receptors (GABAB) represent one of the two main types of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. These receptors act both pre- and postsynaptically by modulating the transmission of neuronal signals and are involved in a range of neurological diseases, from alcohol addiction to epilepsy. A series of recent cryo-EM studies revealed critical details of the activation mechanism of GABAB. Structures are now available for the receptor bound to ligands with different modes of action, including antagonists, agonists, and positive allosteric modulators, and captured in different conformational states from the inactive apo to the fully active state bound to a G protein. These discoveries provide comprehensive insights into the activation of the GABAB receptor, which not only broaden our understanding of its structure, pharmacology, and physiological effects but also will ultimately facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic drugs and neuromodulators.

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