scholarly journals Biocontrol Potential of Essential Oils in Organic Horticulture Systems: From Farm to Fork

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuru Chang ◽  
Philip F. Harmon ◽  
Danielle D. Treadwell ◽  
Daniel Carrillo ◽  
Ali Sarkhosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Organic Horticulture

In recent decades, increasing attention has been paid to food safety and organic horticulture. Thus, people are looking for natural products to manage plant diseases, pests, and weeds. Essential oils (EOs) or EO-based products are potentially promising candidates for biocontrol agents due to their safe, bioactive, biodegradable, ecologically, and economically viable properties. Born of necessity or commercial interest to satisfy market demand for natural products, this emerging technology is highly anticipated, but its application has been limited without the benefit of a thorough analysis of the scientific evidence on efficacy, scope, and mechanism of action. This review covers the uses of EOs as broad-spectrum biocontrol agents in both preharvest and postharvest systems. The known functions of EOs in suppressing fungi, bacteria, viruses, pests, and weeds are briefly summarized. Related results and possible modes of action from recent research are listed. The weaknesses of applying EOs are also discussed, such as high volatility and low stability, low water solubility, strong influence on organoleptic properties, and phytotoxic effects. Therefore, EO formulations and methods of incorporation to enhance the strengths and compensate for the shortages are outlined. This review also concludes with research directions needed to better understand and fully evaluate EOs and provides an outlook on the prospects for future applications of EOs in organic horticulture production.

scholarly journals Essential oils: a review on their salient biological activities and major delivery strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Sujata Paul ◽  
El Bethel Lalthavel Hmar ◽  
James H. Zothantluanga ◽  
Hemanta Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Molecular Complexes ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Delivery Strategies

Essential oils are volatile, complex products of plants as secondary metabolites and include terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenols and oxides. In recent years, out of 3000 essential oils obtained from plant origin only 300 essential oils have gained extensive attention for applications in various fields. In this review, we discuss the major biological activities associated with EOs as antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic agents. Different routes for delivery of essential oil along with the problems associated with essential oils like high volatility, low stability, permeability, bioavailability, poor water solubility, susceptibility to oxidation, decomposition, photosensitization and skin irritation are also highlighted. Furthermore, strategies to solve the mentioned problems are suggested by different nanoencapsulating systems. These include polymer-based nanocarriers, lipid-based nanocarriers and molecular complexes. It is believed that nanoencapsulation of essential oils will improve their therapeutic activity and delivery.

scholarly journals An Overview of Micro- and Nanoemulsions as Vehicles for Essential Oils: Formulation, Preparation and Stability

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Pavoni ◽  
Diego Romano Perinelli ◽  
Giulia Bonacucina ◽  
Marco Cespi ◽  
Giovanni Filippo Palmieri
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Stability Issues

The interest around essential oils is constantly increasing thanks to their biological properties exploitable in several fields, from pharmaceuticals to food and agriculture. However, their widespread use and marketing are still restricted due to their poor physico-chemical properties; i.e., high volatility, thermal decomposition, low water solubility, and stability issues. At the moment, the most suitable approach to overcome such limitations is based on the development of proper formulation strategies. One of the approaches suggested to achieve this goal is the so-called encapsulation process through the preparation of aqueous nano-dispersions. Among them, micro- and nanoemulsions are the most studied thanks to the ease of formulation, handling and to their manufacturing costs. In this direction, this review intends to offer an overview of the formulation, preparation and stability parameters of micro- and nanoemulsions. Specifically, recent literature has been examined in order to define the most common practices adopted (materials and fabrication methods), highlighting their suitability and effectiveness. Finally, relevant points related to formulations, such as optimization, characterization, stability and safety, not deeply studied or clarified yet, were discussed.

Investigating the influence of aromatic moieties on the formulation of hydrophobic natural products and drugs in poly(2-oxazoline) based amphiphiles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Luxenhofer ◽  
Michael M Lübtow ◽  
Lukas Hahn ◽  
Thomas Lorson ◽  
Rainer Schobert
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
High Drug Loading

Many natural compounds with interesting biomedical properties share one physicochemical property, namely a low water solubility. Polymer micelles are, among others, a popular means to solubilize hydrophobic compounds. The specific molecular interactions between the polymers and the hydrophobic drugs are diverse and recently it has been discussed that macromolecular engineering can be used to optimize drug loaded micelles. Specifically, π-π stacking between small molecules and polymers has been discussed as an important interaction that can be employed to increase drug loading and formulation stability. Here, we test this hypothesis using four different polymer amphiphiles with varying aromatic content and various natural products that also contain different relative amounts of aromatic moieties. While in the case of paclitaxel, having the lowest relative content of aromatic moieties, the drug loading decreases with increasing relative aromatic amount in the polymer, the drug loading of curcumin, having a much higher relative aromatic content, is increased. Interestingly, the loading using schizandrin A, a dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignan with intermediate relative aromatic content is not influenced significantly by the aromatic content of the polymers employed. The very high drug loading, long term stability, the ability to form stable highly loaded binary coformulations in different drug combinations, small sized formulations and amorphous structures in all cases, corroborate earlier reports that poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles exhibit an extraordinarily high drug loading and are promising candidates for further biomedical applications. The presented results underline that the interaction between the polymers and the incorporated small molecules are complex and must be investigated in every specific case.<br>

An Evidence-Based Review of Antitussive Herbs Containing Essential Oils in Traditional Persian Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayda Hosseinkhani ◽  
Bijan Ziaeian ◽  
Kamran Hessami ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas ◽  
Ali Kashkooe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Troublesome Symptom ◽  
Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Cough is one of the most common medical symptoms for which medical advice is sought. Although cough is a protective reflex responsible for clearing the airways from secretions and foreign bodies, it can be a troublesome symptom that causes discomfort to patients. Due to the increasing interest in herbal remedies in the both developed and developing countries, in the current study, we aimed to overview medicinal herbs containing essential oils used as antitussive agents according to the Traditional Persian Medicine [TPM] textbooks. We summarized the relevant scientific evidence on their possible pharmacological actions. Methods: To collect the evidence for treatment of cough or “seaal” [cough in ancient books] from TPM sources, five main medicinal Persian manuscripts were studied. The antitussive herbs were listed and their scientific names were identified and authenticated in accordance with botanical reference books. ScienceDirect and PubMed online databases were searched for related mechanisms of action of the reported medicinal plants. Results: The number of 49 herbs containing essential oils were recommended in TPM for the treatment of cough; 21 of them had at least one known mechanism of action for cough suppression in the scientific literature. According to this review, most of the cited medicinal plants were assessed for either nitric oxide inhibitory or antitussive/expectorant activities. Conclusion: In addition to advantageous effects of antitussive herbs noted by TPM, the present review highlighted some recent evidence-based data on these promising candidates that could be used as an outline for future research on their medicinal use.

scholarly journals The Use of Essential Oils from Thyme, Sage and Peppermint against Colletotrichum acutatum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Armina Morkeliūnė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Lina Šernaitė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Biological Protection

The Colletotrichum spp. is a significant strawberry pathogen causing yield losses of up to 50%. The most common method to control plant diseases is through the use of chemical fungicides. The findings of plants antimicrobial activities, low toxicity, and biodegradability of essential oils (EO), make them suitable for biological protection against fungal pathogens. The aim is to evaluate the inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum by thyme, sage, and peppermint EO in vitro on detached strawberry leaves and determine EO chemical composition. Our results revealed that the dominant compound of thyme was thymol 41.35%, peppermint: menthone 44.56%, sage: α,β-thujone 34.45%, and camphor: 20.46%. Thyme EO inhibited C. acutatum completely above 200 μL L−1 concentration in vitro. Peppermint and sage EO reduced mycelial growth of C. acutatum. In addition, in vitro, results are promising for biological control. The detached strawberry leaves experiments showed that disease reduction 4 days after inoculation was 15.8% at 1000 μL L−1 of peppermint EO and 5.3% at 800 μL L−1 of thyme compared with control. Our findings could potentially help to manage C. acutatum; however, the detached strawberry leaves assay showed that EO efficacy was relatively low on tested concentrations and should be increased.

Physicochemical and antibacterial properties of fabricated ovalbumin–carvacrol gel nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 5133-5141
Author(s):  
Sheng-qi Rao ◽  
Guang-wei Xu ◽  
Hua-wei Zeng ◽  
Xiang-feng Zheng ◽  
Qin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Antibacterial Property ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Poor Stability

The applications of carvacrol are limited due to its poor stability, water solubility and high volatility. Herein we fabricated ovalbumin–carvacrol gel nanoparticles and then improved solubility, stability and antibacterial property of carvacrol.

scholarly journals Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽  
Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽  
Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽  
Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Macedo Rondon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test.  OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and  toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect.

scholarly journals Potentially Effective and Safe Anti-Helicobacter pylori Natural Products: Chemometric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislava D. Kocic ◽  
Dobrila M. Stankovic Dordevic ◽  
Marija V. Dimitrijevic ◽  
Marija S. Markovic ◽  
Dragoljub L. Miladinovic
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
H Pylori

The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to three essential oils (EOs), 12 naturally occurring monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated and phenolic monoterpenes and three reference antibiotics were studied. Classification and comparison of essential oils and monoterpenes on the basis of their chemical composition and antibacterial activity were made by the utilization of principal component analyses (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). The most abundant compound in the Thymus glabrescens Willd. and Thymus pulegioides L. EOs is geraniol (33.8% and 52.5%), while the main constituent in Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. EO is limonene (16,1%). The compound that was the most active against H. pylori was carvacrol. EOs of T. glabrescens and S. kitaibelii exhibit higher antibacterial ability in comparison with all monoterpenes, except carvacrol, probably based on the concept of synergistic activity of essential oil components. PCA separated essential oils based on chemical composition and explain 96.5% of the total variance in the first two principal components. Essential oils, phenolic monoterpenes and two antibiotics were classified in the same sub-cluster within AHC analyses. EOs of T. glabrescens and S. kitaibelii can be used to treat infections caused by H. pylori, as a potentially effective, cheap and safe natural products. Further research of antibacterial activity of selected monoterpenes, essential oils and standard antibiotic combinations, as well as clinical study are required.

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